Economically, social liberalism is based on thesocial market economy and views thecommon good as harmonious with the individual's freedom.[9] Social liberals overlap withsocial democrats in acceptingmarket intervention more than other liberals;[10] its importance is considered auxiliary compared to social democrats.[11] Ideologies that emphasize its economic policy includewelfare liberalism,[12]New Deal liberalism andNew Democrats in the United States,[13] andKeynesian liberalism.[14]Cultural liberalism is an ideology that highlights its cultural aspects. The world has widely adopted social liberal policies.[15]
John Stuart Mill contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. Mill developed this philosophy by liberalising the concept ofconsequentialism to promote a rights based system.[29] He also developed his liberal dogma by combining the idea of using autilitarian foundation to base upon the idea of individual rights.[30] The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. Ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by impartially having formulated and applied laws could not establish an equal right to liberty. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have anequal opportunity for success.[31]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group of British thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case againstlaissez-faire classical liberalism. It argued in favour of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism.[1] The New Liberals, including intellectualsThomas Hill Green,Leonard Hobhouse andJohn A. Hobson, saw individual liberty achievable only under favourable social and economic circumstances.[2] In their view, the poverty, squalor, and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state could alleviate these conditions.
Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would grow into the welfare state after the Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom ... was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals.[32][33]
However, the German left-liberal movement fragmented into wings and new parties over the 19th century. The main objectives of the left-liberal parties—theGerman Progress Party and its successors—were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, secret and equal but obligation-tied suffrage, and protection of private property. At the same time, they were strongly opposed to creating awelfare state, which they calledstate socialism. The main differences between the left-liberal parties were:
TheNational-Social Association, founded by the Protestant pastorFriedrich Naumann also maintained contacts with the left liberals.[36] He tried to draw workers away fromMarxism by proposing a mix of nationalism and Protestant-Christian-value-inflected social liberalism to overcome class antagonisms by non-revolutionary means. Naumann called this a "proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism". Although the party could not win any seats and soon dissolved, he remained influential in theoretical German left-liberalism.
In theWeimar Republic, theGerman Democratic Party was founded and came into an inheritance of the left-liberal past and had a leftist social wing[37] and a rightist economic wing but heavily favoured the democratic constitution over a monarchist one. Its ideas of a socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty, and rights among all workers struggled due to the economic sanctions of theTreaty of Versailles, but it influenced localcooperative enterprises.[38][39]
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Free Democratic Party was dominated byconservative liberals,national liberals andclassical liberals. However, in the 1970s, the party was briefly influenced byprogressive and social liberal ideas which culminated in the 1971 Freiburg Thesis programme.[41] Among other things, the party committed itself to "self-determination", "democratization of society", a "reform of capitalism" and a form ofecoliberalism which prioritized "environmental protection over profit and personal gains".[42] In 1977, the social liberal era came to an end with the moreeconomically liberal Kiel Thesis programme (Kieler Thesen) effectively setting the party back on a classical liberal course.
As the Free Democrats discarded social liberal ideas in a more conservative and economically liberal approach,[43] some members left the party and formed the social liberalLiberal Democrats in 1982.[44][45] Other social liberals have found a new home in Germany's Green partyAlliance 90/The Greens.[46]
In France,solidaristic thinkers, includingAlfred Fouillée andÉmile Durkheim, developed the social-liberal theory in the Third Republic.Sociology inspired them, and they influenced radical politicians likeLéon Bourgeois. They explained that a more extensive division of labour caused more opportunity andindividualism and inspired more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works and welfare schemes. However, they wanted the state to coordinate rather than manage, encouraging cooperative insurance schemes among individuals. Their main objective was to remove barriers to social mobility rather than create a welfare state.[47]
Social liberalism was a term in the United States to differentiate it fromclassical liberalism orlaissez-faire. It dominated political and economic thought for several years until the word branched off from it around theGreat Depression and theNew Deal.[48][49] In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economistsRichard Ely,John Bates Clark, andHenry Carter Adams—influenced both bysocialism and theEvangelical Protestant movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy towardlabour unions. However, none developed a systematic political philosophy, and they later abandoned their flirtations with socialist thinking. In 1883,Lester Frank Ward published the two-volumeDynamic Sociology. He formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking thelaissez-faire policies advocated byHerbert Spencer andWilliam Graham Sumner. The historianHenry Steele Commager ranked Ward alongsideWilliam James,John Dewey, andOliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and called him the father of the modern welfare state.[50] A writer from 1884 until the 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by Hobhouse, Green, and Ward—advocated socialist methods to achieve liberal goals. John Dewey's expanding popularity as an economist also coincided with the greaterGeorgist movement that rose in the 1910s, pinnacling with the presidency ofWoodrow Wilson.[51] America later incorporated some social liberal ideas into theNew Deal,[52] which developed as a response to theGreat Depression when Franklin D. Roosevelt came into office.
David Lloyd George, who became closely associated with this new liberalism and vigorously supported expanding social welfare
The welfare state grew gradually and unevenly from the late 19th century but fully developed following World War II, along with themixed market economy and generalwelfare capitalism.[53] Also calledembedded liberalism, social liberal policies gained broad support across the political spectrum because they reduced society's disruptive and polarizing tendencies without challenging the capitalist economic system. Businesses accepted social liberalism in the face of widespread dissatisfaction with theboom and bust cycle of the earlier financial system as it seemed to them to be a lesser evil than more left-wing modes of government. Characteristics of social liberalism were cooperation between big business, government, and labour unions. Governments could assume a vital role because the wartime economy had strengthened their power, but the extent to which this occurred varied considerably among Western democracies.[54] Social liberalism is also a generallyinternationalist ideology.[55] Social liberalism has also historically been an advocate forliberal feminism among other forms social progress.[56]
The first notable implementation of social liberal policies occurred under theLiberal Party in Britain from 1906 until 1914. These initiatives became known as theLiberal welfare reforms. The main elements included pensions for poor older adults, andhealth, sickness, and unemployment insurance. These changes were accompanied byprogressive taxation, particularly in thePeople's Budget of 1909. The old system of charity relying on thePoor Laws and supplemented by private charity, public cooperatives, and private insurance companies was in crisis, giving the state added impetus for reform. The Liberal Party caucus elected in 1906 also contained more professionals, including academics and journalists, sympathetic to social liberalism. The large business owners had mostly deserted the Liberals for theConservatives, the latter becoming the favourite party for commercial interests. Both business interests and trade unions regularly opposed the reforms. Liberals most identified with these reforms were Prime MinisterH. H. Asquith,John Maynard Keynes,David Lloyd George (especially asChancellor of the Exchequer), andWinston Churchill (asPresident of the Board of Trade), in addition to the civil servant (and later Liberal MP)William Beveridge.[60]
Most of thesocial democratic parties in Europe (notably theBritish Labour Party) have taken on strong influences of social liberal ideology. Despite Britain's two major parties coming from the traditions of socialism and conservatism, the most substantive political and economic debates of recent times were between social liberal and classical liberal concepts.[61]
Alexander Rüstow, a German economist, first proposed the German variant of economically social liberalism. In 1932, he dubbed this kind of social liberalismneoliberalism while speaking at the Social Policy Association. However, that term now carries a meaning different from the one proposed by Rüstow. Rüstow wanted an alternative to socialism and the classical liberal economics developed in theGerman Empire. In 1938, Rüstow met with various economic thinkers—includingLudwig Mises,Friedrich Hayek, andWilhelm Röpke—to determine how and what could renew liberalism. Rüstow advocated a powerful state to enforce free markets and state intervention to correctmarket failures. However, Mises argued that monopolies and cartels operated because of state intervention and protectionism and claimed that the only legitimate role for the state was to abolish barriers to market entry. He viewed Rüstow's proposals as negating market freedom and saw them as similar to socialism.[40]
Following World War II, the West German government adopted Rüstow's neoliberalism, now usually calledordoliberalism or thesocial market economy, underLudwig Erhard. He was the Minister of Economics and later became Chancellor. Erhard lifted price controls and introduced free markets. While Germany's post-war economic recovery was due to these policies, the welfare state—which Bismarck had established—became increasingly costly.[40]
State can't take the place of individuals, but, it must take into consideration the individuals to make them improve and develop theirselves. Etatism includes the work that individuals won't do because they can't make profit or the work which are necessary for national interests. Just as it is the duty of the state to protect the freedom and independence of the country and to regulate internal affairs, the state must take care of the education and health of its citizens. The state must take care of the roads, railways, telegraphs, telephones, animals of the country, all kinds of vehicles and the general wealth of the nation to protect the peace and security of the country. During the administration and protection of the country, the things we just counted are more important than cannons, rifles and all kinds of weapons. (...) Private interests are generally the opposite of the general interests. Also, private interests are based on rivalries. But, you can't create a stable economy only with this. People who think like that are delusional and they will be a failure. (...) And, work of an individual must stay as the main basis of economic growth. Not preventing an individual's work and not obstructing the individual's freedom and enterprise with the state's own activities is the main basis of the principle of democracy.[63]
Moreover, Atatürk said this in his opening speech on 1 November 1937: "Unless there is an absolute necessity, themarkets can't be intervened; also, no markets can be completely free."[64] Also it was said byİsmet İnönü that Atatürk's principle ofetatism wasKeynesian and a Turkish variant ofNew Deal.[65]
The post-war governments of other countries in Western Europe also followed social liberal policies. These policies were implemented primarily byChristian democrats andsocial democrats as liberal parties in Europe declined in strength from their peak in the 19th century.[66]
American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. While the economic policies of theNew Deal appearedKeynesian, there was no revision of liberal theory in favour of more significant state initiatives. Even though the United States lacked an effective socialist movement, New Deal policies often appeared radical and were attacked by the right. American liberalism would eventually evolve into a moreanti-communist ideology as a result.[68]American exceptionalism was likely the reason for the separate development ofmodern liberalism in the United States, which kept mainstream American ideology within a narrow range.[69]
John Rawls' principal work,A Theory of Justice (1971), can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, noted for its use ofanalytic philosophy and advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources.[70] According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue their conception of what is desirable. At the same time, the greater society must maintain a socially just distribution of goods. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest.[71]A Theory of Justice counteredutilitarian thinking in the tradition ofJeremy Bentham, instead following theKantian concept of asocial contract, picturing society as a mutual agreement betweenrational citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the equal liberty principle in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set offundamental liberties, followed by the fair equality of opportunity and difference, thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This framework repeated itself in the equation ofJustice as Fairness. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within the 1970s political and philosophic academia.[72] Rawls may therefore be a "patron saint" of social liberalism.[61]
Following economic problems in the 1960s and 1970s, liberal thought underwent some transformation. Keynesian financial management faced criticism for interfering with the free market. At the same time, increased welfare spending funded by higher taxes prompted fears of lower investment, lowerconsumer spending, and the creation of a "dependency culture." Trade unions often caused high wages and industrial disruption, while total employment was considered unsustainable. Writers such asMilton Friedman andSamuel Brittan, whom Friedrich Hayek influenced, advocated a reversal of social liberalism. Their policies—often calledneoliberalism—had a significant influence on Western politics, most notably on the governments of United Kingdom Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher and the United States PresidentRonald Reagan. They pursued policies ofderegulation of the economy and reduction in spending on social services.[15]
Part of the reason for the collapse of the social liberal coalition was a challenge in the 1960s and 1970s from financial interests that could operate independently of national governments. A related reason was the comparison of ideas such as socialized medicine, advocated by politicians such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing criticisms and being dubbed as socialist by conservatives during the midst of theRed Scare, notably by the previously mentioned Reagan.[73] Another cause was the decline of organized labour which had formed part of the coalition but was also a support for left-wing ideologies challenging the liberal consensus. Related to this were the downfall of working-class consciousness and the growth of the middle class. The push by the United States and the United Kingdom, which had been least accepting of social liberalism for trade liberalization, further eroded support.[74]
From the end of the 20th century, at the same time that it was losing political influence, social liberalism experienced an intellectual revival with several substantial authors, including John Rawls (political philosophy),Amartya Sen (philosophy and economy),Ronald Dworkin (philosophy of law),Martha Nussbaum (philosophy),Bruce Ackerman (constitutional law), and others.[75]
In North America, social liberalism (as Europe would refer to it) tends to be the dominant form of liberalism present, so in common parlance, "liberal" refers to social liberals. InCanada, social liberalism is held by theLiberal Party of Canada, while in theUnited States, social liberalism is a significant force within theDemocratic Party.[citation needed]
Some notable scholars and politicians ordered by date of birth who are generally considered as having made significant contributions to the evolution of social liberalism as a political ideology include:
^Also known asnew liberalism in the United Kingdom,[1][2]modern liberalism in the United States (where it is also simply known asliberalism),[3][4]left-liberalism (German:Linksliberalismus) in Germany,[5][6][7] andprogressive liberalism (Spanish:liberalismo progresista) inSpanish-speaking countries[8]
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^Hoensbroech, Paul Kajus Graf (1912).Der Linksliberalismus. Leipzig.
^Felix Rachfahl (1912).Eugen Richter und der Linksliberalismus im Neuen Reiche. Berlin.
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^Klaus P. Fischer, ed. (2007).America in White, Black, and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 39.
^Great Courses, ed. (2014).The Modern Political Tradition: Episode 17: Progressivism and New Liberalism. Great Courses.[ISBN missing]
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^Muzammil Quraishi, ed. (2020).Towards a Malaysian Criminology: Conflict, Censure and Compromise. Springer Nature. p. 83.ISBN9781137491015.The urgent need for a meaningful theoretical perspective and research agenda is driven by an observation that both left liberalism (progressivism) and right liberalism (neoliberalism) have neutralised traditional conservative socialist discourses.
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^Weiler, Peter (2016).The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889–1914 (2016).ExcerptArchived 19 October 2016 at theWayback Machine.
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^Na, Inho (200).Sozialreform oder Revolution: Gesellschaftspolitische Zukunftsvorstellungen im Naumann-Kreis 1890–1903/04. Tectum Verlag. p. 27.
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^Philip Mendes, ed. (2007).Australia's Welfare Wars Revisited: The Players, the Politics and the Ideologies. Springer Nature. p. 123.ISBN9780868409917.
^Judith Brett (1994)."Ideology". In Judith Brett; James A. Gillespie; Murray Goot (eds.).Developments in Australian Politics. Macmillan Education AU. p. 5.ISBN978-0-7329-2009-8.Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved22 April 2018.
^Gwenda Tavan (2005).The Long, Slow Death of White Australia. Scribe Publications. p. 193.
^Law Commission of Canada (2011).Law and Citizenship. UBC Press. p. 6.ISBN9780774840798.The party became infused with social liberalism in the 1940s and 1950s.
^Prentice, Susan (2004). "Manitoba's childcare regime: Social liberalism in flux".Canadian Journal of Sociology.29 (2):193–207.doi:10.1353/cjs.2004.0029.S2CID145708797.
^Smith, Miriam (2005). "Social movements and judicial empowerment: Courts, public policy, and lesbian and gay organizing in Canada".Politics & Society.33 (2):327–353.doi:10.1177/0032329205275193.S2CID154613468.The Liberal Party of Canada, the party that championed the Charter, is strongly identified with the document and uses the social liberalism of the Charter as a distinctive badge of party identification.
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^Breyman, Steve (2019).Movement Genesis: Social Movement Theory And The West German Peace Movement. "The Liberal Democrats (Liberale Demokraten or LD) split from the FDP to create their own social-left liberal alternative."
^De Lucia, Dario (2017).Dal PCI al PD. Imprimatur editore.Le culture di riferimento dei politici appartenenti al Partito democratico sono: la socialdemocrazia, il cristianesimo sociale e il liberalismo sociale [The reference cultures of politicians belonging to the Democratic Party are: social democracy, social Christianity and social liberalism].
^Hearl, Derek (1988). "The Luxembourg Liberal Party". In Kirchner, Emil Joseph (ed.).Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 376–395.ISBN978-0-521-32394-9.
^Terzis, Georgios (2007).European Media Governance: National and Regional Dimensions. Intellect Books. p. 135.ISBN978-1-84150-192-5.
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^Nam-Kook Kim, ed. (2016).Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia.Routledge.ISBN9781317093671.Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved14 January 2023.... The coalition brings together the Islamist Parti SeIslam Malaysia (PAS), the Chineseled left-liberal Democratic Action Party (DAP), originally the Malaysian branch of the Singapore People's Action Party, ...
^Orlović, Slaviša; Antonić, Slobodan; Vukomanović, Dijana; Stojiljković, Zoran; Vujačić, Ilija; Đurković, Miša; Mihailović, Srećko; Gligorov, Vladimir; Komšić, Jovan; Pajvančić, Marijana; Pantić, Dragomir (2007).Ideologija i političke stranke u Srbiji [Ideology and Political Parties in Serbia](PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Faculty of Political Sciences, Institute for Humanities.ISBN978-86-83767-23-6. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved17 July 2001.
^Daniel Matthews-Ferrero; Patrik Fritz; Robert Steenland (24 April 2019)."EU country briefing: Slovakia".EURACTIV.Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved13 April 2020.Recent presidential elections were seen as a crossroads: sticking with the old establishment in the form of SMER-supported EC Vice-President for Energy Union, Maroš Šefčovič, or a desire for change embodied in the political novice Zuzana Čaputová from the relatively new social liberal Progressive Slovakia (PS) party.
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^Denney, Steven (31 December 2015)."An Identity Crisis for South Korea's Opposition"Archived 8 March 2021 at theWayback Machine.The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 June 2019. "South Korea's main opposition social-liberal party is reeling (again) from intraparty factional struggle. Rebranded earlier this week "the Minjoo Party of Korea" (formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy), the party is searching for a new identity and direction after high profile and popular assemblyperson Ahn Cheol-soo defected on 13 December."
^"Seoul Mayor's Death Shocks South Korea".The Diplomat. 9 July 2019.Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved9 November 2021.Ryu Ho-jeong of the small liberal opposition Justice Party wrote on Facebook that she won't pay respects to Park, saying she doesn't want the alleged victim to "feel lonely." Her message drew both strong support and opposition online.
^"This South Korean Pastor 'Blessed' a Queer Festival. He's Now Being Investigated".Vice. 2 October 2020.Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved9 November 2021.The minor liberal Justice Party is now on its seventh attempt to pass the bill in the National Assembly. Previous attempts failed as conservative Christian groups have been lobbying against it since 2007. Lee believes that the bill's passing is long overdue.
^Emrah Aslan - daktilo1984.com (22 June 2021)."İyi Parti Raporu"(PDF) (in Turkish).Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved19 December 2022.Kamu yatırımlarına ve devlet müdahalesine dönük güçlü söylemler, devlet müdahalesi ile serbest piyasa vurgusu ve mali disiplin ile geniş kamu desteklerinin birlikte ifade edilmesi, İyi Parti'nin sosyal liberal olarak ifade edebileceğimiz karma bir ekonomik modele yakın durabileceğini göstermektedir.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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^abGoldstein, Amir (Spring 2011)."'We Have a Rendezvous With Destiny'—The Rise and Fall of the Liberal Alternative".Israel Studies.16 (1): 27, 32, 47.doi:10.2979/isr.2011.16.1.26.S2CID143487617.Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved13 April 2020.Thus, the PP continued to represent mostly white collar and government workers, intellectuals, and the labor intelligentsia, all of whom favored the social liberalism, broadly-based universal views, and social and religious pluralism that the party stood for.4(27); Kol wrote to Goldmann...: 'But the party must be founded on a clear ideological basis, and no such basis exists between our progressive humanistic liberalism and Herut.'20(32); Kol emphasized that, 'The Herut Movement and social liberalism cannot dwell together in the same house.'(47)
^Arthur Stockwin; Kweku Ampiah, eds. (2017).Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism.Lexington Books. p. 196.ISBN9781498537933.... of the debate is the left/liberal "peace movement" currently led by Japanese academics, including legal scholars, and more recently by students, but which until the end of the Cold War was spearheaded by the Japan Socialist Party.
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