Left Party Vänsterpartiet | |
|---|---|
_logo.svg){kind=logo} | |
| Abbreviation | V |
| Chairperson | Nooshi Dadgostar |
| Secretary | Aron Etzler [sv] |
| Parliamentary group leader | Samuel Gonzalez Westling |
| Founders | Zeth Höglund Carl Winberg |
| Founded | 13 May 1917; 108 years ago (13 May 1917) |
| Split from | Swedish Social Democratic Party |
| Headquarters | Kungsgatan 84,Stockholm |
| Youth wing | Young Left |
| Membership(2023) |  26,942[1] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| European affiliation | European Left Alliance for the People and the Planet Now the People ! |
| European Parliament group | The Left in the European Parliament |
| Nordic affiliation | Nordic Green Left Alliance |
| Colours | Crimson Red White |
| Riksdag | 24 / 349 |
| European Parliament | 2 / 21 |
| County councils[9] | 147 / 1,720 |
| Municipal councils[9] | 811 / 12,614 |
| Website | |
| vansterpartiet.se | |
TheLeft Party (Swedish:Vänsterpartiet[ˈvɛ̂nːstɛrpaˌʈiːɛt]ⓘ,V) is asocialist[10][11][12] political party inSweden. On economic issues, the party opposesprivatisations[13] and advocates for increased public expenditures. In foreign policy, the party isEurosceptic,[14] being critical of theEuropean Union,NATO and opposing Sweden’s entry into theeurozone.[5][15][16] It attempted to get Sweden to join theNon-Aligned Movement in 1980, but did not succeed.[17] The party iseco-socialist,[18] and supportsrepublicanism.[10][12][19] It stands on theleft-wing of the political spectrum.[20][21][22]
The party has never been part of a government at the national level; however, it has lent parliamentary support to governments led in theRiksdag by theSwedish Social Democratic Party. From 1998 to 2006, the Left Party was in aconfidence and supply arrangement with the ruling Social Democrats and theGreen Party. Between 2014 and 2018, it supported theminority government of Social Democrats and Greens in the Riksdag, extending this cooperation to many of Sweden'scounties andmunicipalities; and from 2018 to 2021, until the outset of the2021 Swedish government crisis, it offered passive support to theLöfven II cabinet formed under the January Agreement, though disagreeing with some of the policies mandated by the Agreement.
The party originates from the split of the Social Democrats in 1917, into theSwedish Social Democratic Left Party (Sveriges socialdemokratiska vänsterparti[ˈsvæ̌rjɛssʊsɪˈɑ̂ːldɛmʊˌkrɑːtɪskaˈvɛ̂nːstɛrpaˌʈiː]ⓘ;abbr.SSV), becoming theCommunist Party of Sweden in 1921. In 1967, the party was renamed toLeft Party – the Communists (Vänsterpartiet Kommunisterna[ˈvɛ̂nːstɛrpaˌʈiːɛtkɔmɵˈnɪ̌sːtɛɳa]ⓘ;abbr.VPK); it adopted its current name in 1990.[23] The Left Party is a member of theNordic Green Left Alliance, and its twoMEPs sit inThe Left in the European Parliament (GUE/NGL) group.[24] In 2018, the party joined ”Now the People !”. It is also part of theEuropean Left Alliance for the People and the Planet; a pan-European party that supports an alternative to capitalism.[25]
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Revolutionary fervour engulfed Sweden in 1917.[26] Riots took place in many cities. InVästervik, a workers' council took control of day-to-day affairs. InStockholm, soldiers marched together with workers onMay Day. In the upper-class neighbourhood of Stockholm,Östermalm, residents formed paramilitary structures to defend themselves from a possible armed revolution.[27]
The party originated as a split from theSwedish Social Democratic Party in 1917, as the Swedish Social Democratic Left Party (Sveriges socialdemokratiska vänsterparti, SSV). The split occurred when the Social Democratic Party did not support the 1917 Bolshevik revolution in Russia, whereas the SSV did support the Bolsheviks. Another reason for the split was the opposition to Social Democratic cooperation with theLiberals and increasing militarism. The SSV brought with them 15 of the 87 Social Democratic members of parliament and the party's youth wing. Many of the breakaways were inspired by Lenin's revolutionary Bolsheviks, others by libertarian socialism. Almost all SSV leaders eventually returned to the Social Democrats (SAP), but the foundation was laid for a party on the left wing of the labor movement.[28]
In 1921, in accordance with the 21 theses of theComintern, the party name was changed to Communist Party of Sweden (Swedish:Sveriges kommunistiska parti[ˈsvæ̌rjɛskɔmɵˈnɪ̌sːtɪskapaˈʈiː]ⓘ, SKP[ɛskoːˈpeː]ⓘ).[29] Liberal and non-revolutionary elements were purged, later regrouping under the nameSSV. In total, 6,000 out of 17,000 party members were expelled.[citation needed]
Zeth Höglund, the main leader of the party during the split from the Social Democrats, himself left the party in 1924. Höglund was displeased with developments inMoscow after the death ofVladimir Lenin, and thus he founded his ownCommunist Party, independent from the Comintern. Around 5,000 party members followed Höglund.
On 23 and 24 January 1926, the SKP organized a trade union conference with delegates representing 80,000 organized workers. This was followed in 1927 by a conference of the National Association of the Unemployed, where the party called for the abolition of the Unemployment Commission (AK).
In 1929, a major split, the largest in the history of the party, took place.Nils Flyg,Karl Kilbom,Ture Nerman, all MPs, and the majority of the party membership, were expelled by the Comintern. The expelled were calledKilbommare, and those loyal to the Comintern were calledSillenare (after their leaderHugo Sillén). Out of 17,300 party members, 4,000 sided with Sillén and the Comintern. Conflicts erupted locally over control of party offices and property. In Stockholm, the office of the central organ, held by the Kilbommare, was besieged by Comintern loyalists. Fist-fights erupted inGothenburg in a clash over control of the party office. Effectively, the Kilbom-Flyg factions continued to operate their party under the name ofSocialist Party, soon renamedSocialistiska partiet. Notably, they took with them the central media organ of the party,Folkets Dagblad Politiken. The SKP started new publications, includingNy Dag andArbetar-Tidningen.
Under Sillén's leadership, the party adhered to the "class against class" line, denouncing any co-operation with the Social Democrats.Sven Linderot, a dynamic young leader, become the party chairman.
The infamousÅdalen shootings of unarmed demonstrating workers took place in 1931. This development led to increased labour militancy and gave new life to the crisis-ridden SKP.
TheSpanish Civil War began in 1936. The SKP and its youth wing sent a sizeable contingent to fight in theInternational Brigades. 520 Swedes took part in the brigades and 164 of them died there.[30] Simultaneously, extensive solidarity work for theSecond Spanish Republic and the people of Spain was organized in Sweden.
During the 1930s, the party was rebuilt; as the Kilbom-Flyg party crumbled, the party base was enhanced. By 1939, SKP had 19,116 members.
TheSecond World War (1939–1945) was a difficult time for the SKP. The party was the sole political force in Sweden supporting theSoviet Union in theWinter War, which was frequently used as a pretext for the repression against the party. The SKP also supported Soviet military expansion along its Western border.Ny Dag, the main party organ, wrote on 26 July: "The border states have been liberated from their dependence on imperialist superpowers through the help of the great socialist worker's state."[a]
Moreover, the party supported theMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The Central Committee adopted a declaration in September 1939, which read: "The ruling cliques in England and France have, in fear of Bolshevism, in their badly hidden sympathy for Fascism, in fear of workers' power in Europe, refused to enter into an agreement with conditions acceptable to the Soviet Union to effectively crush the plans of the warmongers. They have supported the Poland's refusal to accept Soviet help. The Soviet Union has thus, in clear accordance with its consequent policy of peace, through a non-aggression pact with Germany, sought to defend the 170 million people of the first socialist state against Fascist attacks and the bottomless misery of a world war."[31]
WhenNazi Germany invadedNorway in April 1940, the SKP took a neutral stance. In an article in Ny Dag, the German takeover in Norway was described as a "setback for British imperialism".[32]
Following orders by the German delegation inStockholm, the Swedish government took several repressive measures against the party. The main publications were effectively proscribed (they were banned from transportation, meaning it was illegal to carry SKP newspapers in any form of vehicle). Key cadres of the party and youth league were detained in camps, officially as a part of their military service. In total, 3500 people were interned at ten different camps, the great majority of them communists.[33] Many party activists went underground, including the chairman. A complete ban on the party was discussed in government circles, but never came into effect.[34]
In 1940, the office of the regional party organ inNorrbotten,Norrskensflamman, was bombed. Five people, including two children, were killed. This constitutes the deadliest terrorist act committed in Sweden in the twentieth century. One of the financial supporters of the group behind the attack, Paul Wretlind, was a regional leader of theLiberal Party in Stockholm.
During the war, the largest co-ordinated police action in Swedish history took place against the party. 3,000 policemen took part in raids on party offices and homes of party members all over the country. However, the raids failed to produce any evidence of any criminal activity by the party.
The party actively supported resistance struggles in Norway andDenmark. In northern Sweden, party-affiliated workers stole dynamite from mines and smuggled them to the Norwegian resistance. In other parts, the party gave shelter to anti-fascist refugees.
As the military fortunes of theThird Reich waned, the party regained a strong position in Swedish politics. In the parliamentary elections of 1944, SKP got 10.3% of the vote.
In 1945, there was a nationwide metal workers' strike, led by SKP.
In the 1946 municipal elections, the SKP received 11.2% of the vote. Party membership reached its historical peak, at 51,000. These developments, along with developments in the international arena and new Soviet policies ofpeaceful co-existence, led the party to initiate a re-adjustment of its role in Swedish politics. The electoral gains strengthened the perception that the party would be able to come to power within the parliamentary framework. Likewise, the idea of a "united front" with the Social Democrats gained ground in intra-party debates. The party's trade union policy was changed to adopt a less combative position towards social democracy within thetrade union movement. These changes met with some resistance in the party ranks.
However, the onset of theCold War became a difficult challenge to the party. The electoral gains of the post-war years would not last long. The prime ministerTage Erlander declared his intention to turn "every trade union into a battlefield against the communists".[35] Communists were purged from the trade union movement. However, the party continued its development of the united front strategy.
In the 1952 parliamentary by-elections inJämtland andKristianstad, the party decided to withdraw its lists, in order toensure that the Social Democrats would not lose the elections. The party leadership argued that communists had to make an effort to "ensure a labour majority in theRiksdag". Moreover, the two concerned counties were electoral districts where it was highly unlikely that any communist MP would be elected. However, the leftist minority within the party (led bySet Persson) saw the new line as a capitulation to the Social Democrats.
Another issue concerned the youth league. The party took the initiative to create a broad-based youth movement, looking at similar developments in countries likeFinland. In 1952, Democratic Youth (Demokratisk Ungdom[dɛmʊˈkrɑ̌ːtɪskˈɵ̂ŋdʊm]ⓘ) was founded as a broad youth movement, parallel to the existing Young Communist League of Sweden. The hard-liners saw this as diluting the political character of the movement.
An issue of high symbolic importance was the party's decision to promote jointMay Day rallies with the Social Democrats. Yet another issue was the decision to give financial support to the "labour press", which was essentially in the hands of the Social Democrats.
In March 1951,Hilding Hagberg became party chairman.[36]
The intra-party polemic reached its peak at the 1953 party congress. Persson fiercely expressed his criticism, particularly towards the new party chairman Hagberg, whom he branded as an opportunist. Persson was in turn accused of being an egoist, and of wanting to divide and damage the party. Criticism was directed towards Persson by Knut Senander andNils Holmberg, who said that Persson had to be held accountable for lack of political orientation and anti-party actions. Both Senander and Holmberg were considered as being part of the leftist faction of the party, but on this occasion they appeared as the most firebrand defenders of the party line. Only a handful of delegates defended Persson, and those who did clearly highlighted that they did not fully share Persson's critique of the line of the party leadership. In a highly emotional conclusion to the debate, Persson declared his resignation from the SKP in a speech to the congress. After his departure a purge was carried out against Persson's followers within the party, of whom several were expelled.
WhenJoseph Stalin died the same year, the party organized a memorial, which was addressed byC.-H. Hermansson.
When theHungarian revolt broke out in 1956, internal party debate surged regarding the position the party should take. In the end, the party leadership chose to support the official Soviet line.
In 1961, leading party members founded the travel agency Folkturist, which specialized in tours of Eastern Europe.[37]
In 1964, C.-H. Hermansson was elected party chairman. Hermansson came from an academic background, unlike previous party leaders. Hermansson initiated a change in the political direction of the party towardsEurocommunism andNordicpopular socialism.
Ahead of the 1967 party congress, a heated debate took place. Several distinct tendencies were present. One section wanted to transform the party into a non-communist party, along the lines of the DanishSocialist People's Party (SF), and thus proposed that the party should change its name toVänsterpartiet ("Left Party"). Another section, largely based amongst the trade union cadre of the party, wanted to maintain the SKP's communist character and the fraternal bond with theCPSU. Former party leader Hagberg, who was associated with the pro-Soviet group, tried to launch the nameArbetets Parti (pronounced[ˈârːbeːtɛtspaˈʈiː]ⓘ; "Party of Labour"), as a compromise. The party leadership came up with another compromise, and the name was changed to Left Party – the Communists (VPK). VPK continued on the Eurocommunist course, but with a loud pro-Soviet minority grouped aroundNorrskensflamman. Moreover, there was a small pro-Chinese group led byBo Gustafsson and Nils Holmberg, that left the party to formCommunist Party of Sweden (Kommunistiska Förbundet Marxist-Leninisterna; KFML) at the time of the congress. The youth wing broke away, eventually formingMarxist-Leninistiska Kampförbundet (MLK).
In 1968, VPK was the first Swedish party to publicly condemn theSoviet intervention in Czechoslovakia. The party organized a demonstration outside the Soviet embassy in Stockholm, which was addressed by Hermansson. This disapproval of Soviet aggression was exceptional among the Western communist parties.[citation needed] The party line on Czechoslovakia irritated the pro-Soviet minority.
In the municipal elections of 1968, the VPK received 3,8% of the votes, the party's worst electoral result in the post-war era. Lacking a functioning youth and student wing, the party was unable to capitalize on the international surge of youth radicalism.
At the onset of protests against theU.S. war in Vietnam, the VPK launched the Swedish Vietnam Committee. The Committee demanded 'Peace in Vietnam' and appealed for all-party unity on the issue. The committee was rapidly out-manoeuvered by theUnited NLF Groups (DFFG), an organization led by the KFML that was actively supporting the armed struggle of theNational Liberation Front of South Vietnam. Soon, the VPK left the Swedish Vietnam Committee and many members became active in the DFFG.
In 1970, the youth wing was refounded asKommunistisk Ungdom (pronounced[kɔmɵˈnɪ̌sːtɪskˈɵ̂ŋdʊm]ⓘ; KU).
In 1972, the party shifted towards a more leftist position with the adaptation of a new programme. The neo-Leninist tendency emerged as an important section of the party.
In 1975,Lars Werner was elected party chairman. The runner-up candidate was Rolf Hagel of the pro-Soviet group. Werner was elected with 162 votes at the party congress. Hagel got 74 votes.
In February 1977, the pro-Soviet minority left the party, and founded theWorkers' Party – Communists (APK). The founders of the APK took with them the newspaperNorrskensflamman and two MPs (Hagel and Alf Löwenborg). Between 1,500 and 2,000 VPK members joined the APK.[b]
In 1980, the VPK was active in the "No"-campaign in thereferendum on nuclear power.
In 1990, the VPK changed its name toVänsterpartiet ((v), Left Party) and ceased to be a communist party.
In 1993, Werner resigned.Gudrun Schyman was elected party chairman.
In the 1994 parliamentary elections, the party received 6.2% of the vote. The prolonged electoral crisis of the party thus ended. The party's influence started to grow, especially amongst the youth. In the same year, the party was active in the "No"-campaign in thereferendum on joining the European Union.
Having passed through a period of severe crisis, the party began to regain public support during the mid-1990s. In retrospect, the main factor behind this shift was not the party itself, but the fact that the Social Democrats had moved considerably towards the right in the preceding years, which had alienated much of its traditional voter base.
At the 1996 party congress, the Left Party declared itself to befeminist.
In 1998, the party obtained its best-ever result in a parliamentary election, winning 12% of the votes nationwide. Following the elections, the party entered into an arrangement with thesocial democrats, and started to support the government from outside.
In the2002 Swedish general election, the voteshare of the party dropped by 3% to a total of 8.3%. Simultaneously, the Social Democrats regained 3%.
In 2003, Schyman resigned following tax irregularities.Ulla Hoffmann took over as interim leader.
The 2004 party congress electedLars Ohly as the new party chairman. At the end of the year, Schyman left the party, becoming a parliamentary independent. Lars Ohly initially called himself a communist, but later retracted that statement.
In the same year, a two-part documentary on the party was broadcast on theSVT showUppdrag Granskning. The documentary focused mainly on the international relations of the party during the post-war era. Following the broadcast, debate surged once again concerning the relations of the party with the ruling parties in the former Socialist Bloc.[c]
The Left Democrats (Vänsterdemokraterna) party was formed on 28 March 2004, when the local branch of the Left Party inGnesta voted to leave the mother party. Between 2004 and 2006, the party held the two seats in the Gnesta municipal assembly. The Left Democrats was later, at a meeting inStockholm on 29 January 2006, constituted as a nationwide party with ambitions of contesting the 2006 parliamentary elections. In the 2006 election, the party gained 12 votes.[38] In 2007 the party was reconstituted as an association and was later dissolved.
In theSeptember 2006 election, the Left Party won 317,228 votes (5.8%; compared to 8.4% in 2002), and therefore 22 Riksdag seats (previously 30). In the2010 election, the party got 5.6% of the vote (334,053 votes) and 19 seats.
On 7 December 2008, the Social Democrats launched apolitical and electoral alliance known as theRed-Greens, together with the Left Party and theGreen Party.
The parties contested the2010 general election on a joint manifesto, but lost to the incumbentcentre-right coalitionThe Alliance. On 26 November 2010, the Red-Green alliance was dissolved.[39]
On 6 January 2012, after Ohly had announced his resignation, the Left Party congress electedJonas Sjöstedt as the new party chairman.
On 31 October 2020, the party electedNooshi Dadgostar as party leader, following the retirement of Sjöstedt.[40]
On 15 June 2021, the partywithdrew its support for the coalition government, after a disagreement on rent controls.[41]
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The party opposes further liberalization of theEmployment Protection Act, and vowed to initiate avote of no confidence against theLöfven II Cabinet if they were to attempt such a liberalization.[42] The party is the only one in the parliament to advocate for a 30-hour work week.[43]
The Left Party claims that Sweden does not havesocial equality in regard to gender. The party thus advocates the creation of a specific Minister of Social Equality, as well as to introduce the teaching of "feminist self-defence" inhigh schools.[44] Feminism as a concept was introduced in the party program in 1997, but it believes that it has always worked to strengthen women's rights. Feminist theory has grown into the party since the 1960s, when the women's movement gained a theoretical basis beyondMarxism.
During the 2020–2022 mandate period, five of the seven members (71%) of the Left Party's executive committee, and ten of the 16 other board members (63%), are female.
The party supports equality for theLGBT community in ''matrimonial law, inheritance law, and family law''. The party also sees its feminism as linked to its pro-LGBT stance.[45]
The party supports a generous immigration policy, granting refugeespermanent residency, and prioritizing family re-unification.[46][47] A strong welfare system and the uniting of families is necessary for refugees to be able to integrate in society, according to the Left Party.[48]
In regards to theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict, the party supports atwo-state solution based on the1967 border. The party calls for the freezing of EU trade agreements with Israel, ending Swedish military co-operation and arms trade with Israel, and a generalconsumer boycott of Israeli goods to put pressure on Israel.[49][50] The party became the second largest in Malmö and Gothenburg in the2024 EU election due to its strong support forPalestine, which attracted many voters ofMiddle Eastern descent.[51][52]
In February 2019, the party dropped a long-held policy that Sweden should leave the European Union.[53] However, by 2022 the party's platform was amended to support leaving the EU once again and called for theEuropean Parliament to be either abolished or fundamentally changed.[54] The party opposed NATO membership in 2022, with party leaderNooshi Dadgostar stating that it would not help the situation in Ukraine and only further exacerbate tensions in the Baltic.[55]
The Left Party advocates for the abolition of theSwedish monarchy, instead favoringrepublicanism.[19]
During its history, there have been several splits of various significance:
Percentage of votes by year:
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1917 | Zeth Höglund | 59,243 | 8.0 (#4) | 11 / 230 |  11 | Opposition |
| 1920 | 42,056 | 6.4 (#5) | 7 / 230 | 4 | Opposition | |
| 1921 | Ivar Vennerström | 80,355 | 4.6 (#5) | 7 / 230 |  | Opposition |
| 1924 | Nils Flyg | 63,301 | 3.6 (#6) | 4 / 230 | 3 | Opposition |
| 1928 | 151,567 | 6.4 (#5) | 8 / 230 | 4 | Opposition | |
| 1932 | Sven Linderot | 74,245 | 3.0 (#6) | 2 / 230 | 6 | External support |
| 1936 | 96,519 | 3.3 (#6) | 5 / 230 | 3 | External support | |
| 1940 | 101,424 | 3.5 (#5) | 3 / 230 | 2 | External support | |
| 1944 | 318,466 | 10.3 (#5) | 15 / 230 | 12 | External support | |
| 1948 | 244,826 | 6.3 (#5) | 8 / 230 | 7 | External support | |
| 1952 | Hilding Hagberg | 164,194 | 4.3 (#5) | 6 / 230 | 3 | External support |
| 1956 | 194,016 | 5.0 (#5) | 6 / 231 | 1 | Opposition | |
| 1958 | 129,319 | 3.4 (#5) | 5 / 231 | 1 | External support | |
| 1960 | 190,560 | 4.5 (#5) | 5 / 232 | | External support | |
| 1964 | C.-H. Hermansson | 221,746 | 5.2 (#5) | 8 / 233 | 3 | External support |
| 1968 | 145,172 | 3.0 (#5) | 3 / 233 | 5 | External support | |
| 1970 | 236,659 | 4.8 (#5) | 17 / 350 | 14 | External support | |
| 1973 | 274,929 | 5.3 (#5) | 19 / 350 | 2 | External support | |
| 1976 | Lars Werner | 258,432 | 4.8 (#5) | 17 / 349 | 2 | Opposition |
| 1979 | 305,420 | 5.6 (#5) | 20 / 349 | 3 | Opposition | |
| 1982 | 308,899 | 5.6 (#5) | 20 / 349 | | External support | |
| 1985 | 298,419 | 5.4 (#5) | 19 / 349 | 1 | External support | |
| 1988 | 314,031 | 5.8 (#5) | 21 / 349 | 2 | External support | |
| 1991 | 246,905 | 4.5 (#7) | 16 / 349 | 5 | Opposition | |
| 1994 | Gudrun Schyman | 342,988 | 6.2 (#5) | 22 / 349 | 6 | External support |
| 1998 | 631,011 | 12.0 (#3) | 43 / 349 | 21 | External support | |
| 2002 | 444,854 | 8.4 (#5) | 30 / 349 | 13 | External support | |
| 2006 | Lars Ohly | 324,722 | 5.9 (#6) | 22 / 349 | 8 | Opposition |
| 2010 | 334,053 | 5.6 (#7) | 19 / 349 | 3 | Opposition | |
| 2014 | Jonas Sjöstedt | 356,331 | 5.7 (#6) | 21 / 349 | 2 | External support |
| 2018 | 518,454 | 8.0 (#5) | 28 / 349 | 7 | External support | |
| 2022 | Nooshi Dadgostar | 437,050 | 6.8 (#4) | 24 / 349 | 4 | Opposition |
| Election | List leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Jonas Sjöstedt | 346,764 | 12.92 (#4) | 3 / 22 | New | GUE/NGL |
| 1999 | 400,073 | 15.82 (#3) | 3 / 22 | | ||
| 2004 | 321,344 | 12.79 (#4) | 2 / 19 | 1 | ||
| 2009 | Eva-Britt Svensson | 179,222 | 5.66 (#6) | 1 / 18 | 1 | |
| 2014 | Malin Björk | 234,272 | 6.30 (#7) | 1 / 20 | | |
| 2019 | 282,300 | 6.80 (#7) | 1 / 20 | | ||
| 2024 | Jonas Sjöstedt | 464,166 | 11.06 (#5) | 2 / 21 | 1 |
When the Left Social Democratic Party changed its name to Communist Party of Sweden at its fourth congress in 1921, he remained in its ranks.
520 Swedes joined the International Brigades in Spain and 164--almost a third--died there.
Upon his return, at the fifteenth party congress in March 1951, he surrendered the party presidency to Hilding Hagberg...
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