Lee Berger | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Lee Rogers Berger (1965-12-22)December 22, 1965 (age 60) Shawnee Mission, Kansas, U.S. |
| Citizenship |
|
| Alma mater | |
| Spouse | Jacqueline Berger |
| Children | 2 |
| Awards | Time 100, 2016 - most influential people in the American world |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Paleoanthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence |
| Institutions | University of the Witwatersrand |
| Thesis | Functional morphology of the hominoid shoulder, past and present. (1994) |
| Doctoral advisor | Phillip V. Tobias |
| Website | www |
Lee Rogers Berger (born December 22, 1965) is an American-South Africanpaleoanthropologist andNational Geographic Explorer-in-Residence.[1][2][3] He is best known for his discovery of theAustralopithecus sediba type site,Malapa;[4] his leadership of Rising Star Expedition in the excavation ofHomo naledi atRising Star Cave;[5] and theTaung Bird of Prey Hypothesis.[6][7]
Berger is known not only for his discoveries, but also for his unusually public persona in paleoanthropology, and for making his most notable discoveriesopen-access projects. He gives hundreds of talks per year, and has had a close relationship with National Geographic for many years, appearing in several of their shows and documentaries.[8]
Berger was born inShawnee Mission,Kansas in 1965, but was raised outside ofSylvania,Georgia in the United States.[9][10] As a youth, Berger was active in the Boy Scouts,Future Farmers of America, and president ofGeorgia 4-H. In 1984, Berger was named Georgia's Youth Conservationist of the Year for his work in conserving the threatenedgopher tortoise. He is a DistinguishedEagle Scout, and received theBoy Scouts of AmericaHonor Medal for saving a life in 1987.[11][12]
He graduated fromGeorgia Southern University in 1989 with a degree inanthropology/archaeology and a minor ingeology.
He undertook doctoral studies inpalaeoanthropology at theUniversity of the Witwatersrand (Wits) inSouth Africa underProfessor Phillip Tobias, focusing his research on the shoulder girdle of early hominins; he graduated in 1994. In 1991, he began his long term work at theGladysvale site. This marked the same year that his team discovered the first early hominin remains from the site, making Gladysvale the first new early hominin site to be discovered in South Africa since 1948.[13] In 1993, he was appointed to the position of research officer in the Paleo-Anthropology Research Unit (PARU) (now the Evolutionary Sciences Institute; ESI) at Wits.
He became a postdoctoral research fellow and research officer at the University of the Witwatersrand in 1995. He has been the leader of the Palaeoanthropology Research Group and has taken charge of fossilhominin excavations, includingSterkfontein,Swartkrans, and Gladysvale. In 2004, he was promoted to Reader inHuman Evolution and the Public Understanding ofScience. He is presently a research professor in the same topic at the Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI) and the Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences (CoE Pal) at Wits.
Berger served as Executive Officer of the Palaeo-Anthropological Scientific Trust (PAST) (now the Palaeontological Scientific Trust; PAST) from 1994 to 2001.[14][15] Berger served on the committee for successful application for World Heritage Site Status for theUNESCO Sterkfontein,Swartkans,Kromdraai, and Environs site. He also served on theMakapansgat site development committee, as well as the committee for bothMakapansgat andTaung's application for World Heritage site status.[16] He was also a founding Trustee of theJane Goodall Trust South Africa.[17]
Berger served with the Royal Society of South Africa, Northern Branch, between 1996 and 1998, and served as Secretary in 1996 and 1997. He also served on the Fulbright Commission, South Africa, chairing it in 2005, and chairing its Program Review Committee from 2002 to 2004.[17]
Berger is a Fellow of theRoyal Society of South Africa and serves on the Senior Advisory Board of theGlobal Young Academy. In 1997 he was appointed to an adjunct professorial position in the Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy atDuke University in DurhamNorth Carolina and the following year as an honorary assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology at theUniversity of Arkansas.
Berger was lead author of a controversial report of the discovery in 2006 of what he and colleagues claimed were small-bodied humans inPalau,Micronesia.[18][non-primary source needed][19][20] Scholars have disputed the argument that these individuals arepygmoid in stature, or that they were the result of insular dwarfism;[19][21] in an article titled "Small Scattered Fragments Do Not a Dwarf Make", anthropologistsScott M. Fitzpatrick (NC State), Greg C. Nelson (University of Oregon), and Geoffrey Clark (Australian National University) conclude that "[p]rehistoric Palauan populations were normal-sized and exhibit traits that fall within the normal variation forHomo sapiens," hence, concluding that their evidence did "not support the claims by Berger et al. (2008) that there were smaller-bodied populations living in Palau or that insular dwarfism took place"[22] Berger and co-authors Churchill and De Klerk replied to the study, saying "the logical flaws and misrepresentations in Fitzpatrick and coworker's paper are too numerous to discuss in detail" and that their restudy report "amounts to a vacuousargument from authority... andad hominem assault, and brings little new data to bear on the question of body size and skeletal morphology in early Palauans".[23]John Hawks, the paleoanthropologist who edited the original Palau article forPLoS ONE, has replied in part to some of the dissenting researchers' claims (in his personal web blog).[24]
In August 2008, Berger's 9-year-old son Matthew found aclavicle and ajawbone embedded in a rock nearMalapa Cave in South Africa.[25] Subsequent excavation, headed by Berger, led to the discovery of numerous bones nearby that dated back nearly two million years. Along with various co-authors, Berger published a series of articles between 2010 and 2013 in the journalScience that describe what they call a new species,Australopithecus sediba, which had a mixture of primitive and modern characteristics. The finding was particularly promising because it potentially revealed a previously unknown transitional species between the more ape-like australopithecines and the more human-likeHomo habilis.[26][27] Berger claimed that this new finding represented "the most probable ancestor" of modern-dayHomo sapiens.[8]
His work at the Malapa site was significant not only because of the discovery itself, but also because of the way he and his collaborators shared information about their findings. While most paleoanthropological investigations are known for a high level of secrecy, he worked to make thesediba site anopen access project. In addition to sharing digital data, he made the fossils found available on request to researchers wanting to study them themselves.[28]
On September 13, 2013, two recreational cavers, Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker, discovered a previously unknown, remote chamber within the well knownRising Star cave system. Discovering the floor of this chamber (now known as the Dinaledi Chamber or UW-101) littered with human-like bones, the pair reported their finds to a colleague, who in turn brought them to the attention of Berger. Recognizing their importance, and unable to access the chamber himself due to his size, Berger organized an expedition over social media that brought six qualified researchers in from around the world to commence an excavation of the remains in November 2013.[29] An early career workshop was organized in May 2014 that brought together 54 local and international scientists to describe and study the more than 1,550 fossils recovered. In September 2015, the team announcedHomo naledi as a newhominin species, citing its unique mosaic of more ancestral and human-like traits.[30] Other fossil bearing localities in the system were given the site numbers 102 to 104, though research regarding them has not yet been published.[31]
On June 4, 2023, an article discussing the Dinaledi subchamber excavations and definitively citing "rock engravings made byHomo naledi…" was uploaded to the open-access preprint repositorybioRxiv, with Berger cited as lead author.[32] The next day, he publicly announced new findings and two further publications regarding the excavations, during a memorial conference hosted byStony Brook University in honor of Kenyan paleoanthropologistRichard Leakey, who died in January 2022.[33] Berger stated that he and his colleagues had established the existence ofintentional burials, thecontrolled use of fire, and the carving of primitiverock art byHomo naledi in the subchamber. The two papers were made available on bioRxiv later that day.[34][35] Over the next few weeks, Berger appeared on numerous talk show interviews, podcasts, YouTube channels, and other popular media formats, again stating conclusively that theHomo naledi had engaged in the aforementioned behaviors, despite no peer-reviewed evidence having been made public yet. He also discussed his team's decision to publish in the controversial open-access journaleLife, which announced in late 2022 that it would no longer engage in traditional accept/reject peer review starting in 2023, instead pursuing its own "public review", in which articles are accepted after an initial and unspecified "eLife assessment", all peer reviews are publicly accessible on the main article page, and all articles are published as "versions of record" regardless of the actual input from reviewers.[36] All three papers were made available on eLife as "reviewed preprints" on July 11, 2023.[37][38][39] 8 reviewers provided a total of 11 reviews on the three papers, all of which were severely critical. The reviews noted myriad issues such as extensive lack of relevant citation and evidence, misleading and prematurely conclusive language, and a widespread pattern of trying to prove a preconceived hypothesis (e.g. intentional burials as opposed to natural deposition) rather than following objective scientific process, with one reviewer describing the paper as "storytelling for a popular news article instead of a scientific paper", and another describing the overall perspective as "HARKing".[40] The reviews concluded that there was virtually no evidence to support the papers' narrative speculations about the observations in the cave to theexclusion of natural formation processes, and recommended against publication in the articles' current state without extensive revision and supplementary evidence. Berger et al. published a single response to all 11 reviews, visible on all three reviewed preprints alongside the peer reviews, briefly noting some of the received criticisms but ignoring others, and not specifying what (if any) revisions would be made to the papers, as is typical in the peer review and revision process.
During both the events of 2023 and the first public announcements of Dinaledi excavation findings in 2013, Berger has been widely criticized for rushing through the normal scientific review process and pursuing media blitz rather than responsible and skeptical public science communication.[41][42][43] Six days after the initial 2023 publications in eLife, a documentary about Berger and the Rising Star excavation entitledUnknown: Cave of Bones was released for streaming on Netflix.[44] On August 8, 2023, Penguin Random House published an autobiographical account about the excavations, written by Berger and University of Wisconsin anthropologistJohn Hawks.
In October 2023, Berger received extensive criticism from other scientists for taking specimens ofA. sediba andH. naledi into space aboard aVirgin Galactic craft, which was described as reckless, particularly as the specimen ofA. sediba was part of thetype specimen.[45]
Collaborative research papers by Berger have been recognized four times as being among the top 100 Science stories of the year byDiscover Magazine,[citation needed] an international periodical focusing on popular scientific issues. The first recognition came in 1995 for his co-authored work withRon Clarke of Wits on thetaphonomy of the Taung site and in 1998 for his co-authored work withHenry McHenry of theUniversity of California, Davis on limb lengths inAustralopithecus africanus.
He is aNational Press Photographers Association Humanitarian Award winner in 1987 for throwing his camera down while working as a news photographer for television stationWTOC and jumping into theSavannah River to save a drowning woman.[26] He is a Golden Plate Awardee of theAcademy of Achievement. In 1997, theNational Geographic Society inWashington, D.C. awarded him the first National Geographic Society Prize for Research and Exploration given for his research into human evolution.[27] In April 2016, Berger was selected byTime as one of its "100 most influential people".[46]
In 2023 he received the Friend of Darwin award from theNational Center for Science Education (NCSE) according to the executive directorAnn Reid for having "tirelessly promoted the cause of evolution education".[47]
Berger has resided in South Africa since 1989. His wife Jacqueline is aradiologist in the medical school at theUniversity of the Witwatersrand, the same university where he works.[48] They have a son, Matthew,[48] and a daughter.
Over one hundred scientific and popular articles including several books:
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)Subtitle: Old human remains found on the Pacific islands of Palau are caught in the crossfire between entertainment and science. Rex Dalton reports.
Subtitle: Scientists say the skeletons of a woman and boy could be one of the most important finds of recent times. A discovery by a 9-year-old led to finding the pair, dubbed Australopithecus sediba.
| Sites |  | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fossils | |||||
| Anthropology |
| ||||
