TheLebanese Armed Forces (LAF;Arabic:القوات المسلحة اللبنانية,romanized: Al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥa al-Lubnāniyya), also known as theLebanese Army[3] (Arabic:الجيش اللبناني,romanized: Al-Jaish al-Lubnani), is the nationalmilitary of theRepublic of Lebanon. It consists of three branches, the ground forces, theair force, and thenavy. The motto of the Lebanese Armed Forces is "Honor, Sacrifice, Loyalty" (Arabic:شرف · تضحية · وفاء,romanized: Sharaf.Tadhia.Wafa). In politically unstable Lebanon, the Lebanese army has been described as one of the few state institutions in the country trusted by both the Lebanese population and the international community; and a guarantor of stability in multi-sectarian Lebanon.
The Lebanese Armed Forces emblem consists of aLebanon cedar tree surrounded by twolaurel leaves, positioned above the symbols of the three branches: theground forces represented by the twobayonets, thenavy represented by ananchor, and theair force represented by two wings.
The Lebanese Armed Forces' primary missions include defending Lebanon and its citizens against external aggression, maintaining internal stability and security, confronting threats against the country's vital interests, engaging in social development activities and undertaking relief operations in coordination with public andhumanitarian institutions.[4]
The armed forces consist of 84,200 active personnel with the ground force consisting of approximately 80,000 troops, the air force 2,500 personnel and 1,700 in the naval force. The remaining personnel are commanders, advisors, engineers and members of the special forces. The LAF is an all-volunteer force. All three branches are operated and coordinated by the LAF Commander; a position customarily held by a Maronite Catholic Christian, from the ministry of defence which is located inYarzeh, east of Lebanon's capital,Beirut. The current commander in chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces is GeneralJoseph Aoun.[5] Currently, the LAF is ranked sixth in the world in terms of growth, with the number of military personnel doubling over the period between 1985 and 2000.[6] The country has six military colleges and schools. Lebanese officers are sent to other countries such as the United States, Russia or other parts of Europe to receive additional training.
The equipment of the LAF is outdated due to lack of funds, political bickering and until the 2000s, the presence of foreign forces. The Lebanese government is working with its partners to improve the armed forces' capabilities. After the conclusion of theLebanese Civil War, the LAF decided to repair as much of its equipment as it could, while being aided by modest donations from other states. The United States remains a key partner for Lebanon in this improvement process.[7] About 85% of the LAF's equipment is US-made, with the remaining being UK, French, and Soviet-made.[8]
During the period ofsemi-autonomous province ofMount Lebanon Mutasarrifate between 1861 and 1914, the province reportedly had its own army of volunteer militias which gained the attention of a traveler in 1914, contending: "the free independent bearing of these mountaineers was in striking contrast to that of the underpaid, underfed and poorly clothed conscripts of the regular [Ottoman] army".[9]
The beginnings of the modern Lebanese Army arose during 1916, when the French government established the "Legion of the Orient", which included Lebanese soldiers.[10] After a postWorld War ILeague of Nations mandate was established over Lebanon in April 1920, France formed theArmy of the Levant, which was later reorganized to include the locally recruitedTroupes Spéciales du Levant (Special Troops of the Levant). These indigenous troops were diverse units composed ofLebanese,Syrian,Circassian andKurdish enlisted personnel; all commanded predominantly by French officers. By 1938, theTroupes Speciales numbered 10,000 with 306 officers, of whom only 88 were French.[11] In addition to the locally engagedTroupes Speciales;North African,Senegalese andFrench military units served in Syria and the Lebanon.
Later in 1926, the Lebanese First Sharp Shooters Unit was created out of the Special Troops of the Levant; it is considered to be a direct precursor to the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF).[10]
DuringWorld War II, Lebanese troops fought in Lebanon with theVichy French forces againstFree French andBritish forces. After the Vichy forces in theMiddle East surrendered in July 1941, volunteers from theTroupes Spéciales du Levant enlisted in the Free French forces and participated in combat inItaly,North Africa, and southern France.[12] In 1943, prior to the declaration of Lebanese independence, all the military units were combined in one brigade, the Fifth Brigade, under the command ofGeneral Fouad Chehab. On the day Lebanon declared independence, the Lebanese Third Sharp Shooters(tirailleurs) Regiment was placed at the disposal of the Lebanese government in order to maintain security. In June of the same year, the French reconstituted units of theTroupes Spéciales du Levant, which were then attached to the British forces in the Middle East. The majority of the Lebanese Armed Forces remained a part of theFrench Army in Lebanon.[12]
After Lebanon gained independence in 1943, the Lebanese government formed an official delegation in 1944 to negotiate with the French the terms related to handing over the LAF. After nearly three weeks of talks, the joint French-British Command decreed that responsibility for armed units under French control was to be handed over to the Independent Government of Lebanon.[10] These units were part of the Troupes Spéciales du Levant and totaled about 3,000 men.[12] On August 1, 1945, at 00:00 hours, the LAF was placed under full authority of the Lebanese National Government; this day is commemorated annually as Lebanese Army Day.[10]
After establishing authority over the LAF in 1945, the Lebanese government intentionally kept its armed forces small and weak due to the country's unique internal politics.Christian politicians feared thatMuslims might use the armed forces as a vehicle for seizing power in a militarycoup. They also appeared unwilling to incur the cost of maintaining a large well equipped army.[12] Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Lebanon never spent more than 4% of itsGNP on the military budget.[12] Many Christian Lebanese also feared that a large army would inevitably force Lebanon into theArab–Israeli conflict. However, Muslim politicians were also worried that a strong army could be used against Muslim interests because it would be commanded by Christians. At the same time they tended to feel that the military should be strong enough to play a part in the Arab-Israeli struggle.[12] In addition to the two major conflicting views, prominent Lebanese politicians of the myriad of religious denominations in Lebanon have also tended to be feudal warlords commanding their own private militias and feared that a strong army would endanger their personal power.[12]
On 6 June 1948, the 3rd battalion of the Lebanese Army, backed byArab Liberation Army, foughtIsraeli forces occupying the Lebanese villages ofQadas andMalkieh and captured them, subsequently handing them over to the ALA and withdrawing by 8 July.[13][10][14] This was the first major combat operation for the Lebanese Armed Forces under the independent Lebanese government.
The Lebanese military has been described bythe Economist as one of the few respected institutions left in a fragmented Lebanon. Under the leadership of GeneralJoseph Aoun, the army has been considered immune to sectarian preferences as well as immune to corruption.[15] According to Nicholas Nasser, the LAF is "one of the few institutions that command the trust of both the vast majority of Lebanese citizens and international stakeholders".[16] Nasser described the army as the embodiment of amulti sectarian society which is able to work together.[16]
The Lebanese army today has 80,000 troops.[15] Due to sectarian pressures and the fragmented political system, the Lebanese army is held back from fulfilling its obligations to disarm Hizbullah. However the Lebanese military has been able to "operate as a police force", preventing sectarian violence and resolving tensions between refugees and localChristians. The military has also kept watch onShia refugees in non Shia areas fleeing warzones. According to the Economist, the army has also fought armed sectarian groups within Lebanon.[15] The LAF is also seen as key to maintaining stability within Lebanon.[16]
The LAF Command is headquartered at Yarzeh. The Military Council has 6 members which includes the Army Commander, the Chief of Staff and 4 generals representing the Sunnis, Shi’a, Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic.[17]
The Lebanese Ground Forces (Arabic:القوات البريّة,romanized: al-quwwat al-barriya,lit. 'Ground Forces') are by far the largest of the three branches of the military.[17]
The Lebanese Ground Forces consist of:[17]
TheFourth Brigade was previously active but was disbanded in 1984.
The Lebanese Air Force (Arabic:القوات الجوية اللبنانية,romanized: al-quwwat al-jawiyah al-lubnaniyah) currently has a number of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft including the BellUH-1H Huey,Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma,Gazelle,Cessna Caravan,Hawker Hunters, and various others. The air force is currently in the process of restoring its jet capabilities and considering the purchase of a small number of fighters or jet trainers.[17]
TheLebanese Navy, officially theLebanese Naval Forces (Arabic:القوات البحرية اللبنانية,romanized: al-quwwat al-bahriya al-lubnaniyah) is responsible for protectingLebanon'sterritorial waters,ports, and fighting illegal smuggling of goods. At the head of the naval hierarchy is the Navy Command, then it branches off into the quarter-general of the Navy, the Department of Naval Equipment Stores, the Naval School,Beirut Naval Base and theJounieh Naval Base.
The navy, which currently lacks a suitable amount of equipment, has approximately 50 vessels of various sizes and roles; however, it is trying to modernize itself and increase its size.
| Lebanese Armed Forces |
|---|
| Organization |
| Personnel |
| Topics of Lebanon |
The Lebanese Special Forces are the elite of the Lebanese Armed Forces. Those who enroll are subjected to rigorous training regimes and must be in peak physical and mental condition prior to their ascension to such a highly desired position. Each branch of the Armed Forces maintains its own form of Special Forces or Commandos. These include:
In 2008, the Lebanese Armed Forces started establishing theLebanese Special Operations Command in order to group the LAF's elite units. These special operations forces will include the Airborne Regiment, the Rangers Regiment, the Navy Commandos Regiment, and the Counter-Sabotage Regiment of the Military Intelligence. The initial size of the force will be less than two brigades, around 5,000 troops, but the plan is to enlarge it up to three brigades.[18]
The Lebanese Armed Forces has six official military colleges and schools that serve a wide variety of functions from officer training to overseeing national youth conscription programs. The recent emphasis on the First Flag Service Center is designed to help overcome the diverse nature of the population. The schools and colleges are:
The Staff and Command College, Military Academy, and Mountain Skiing Fighting School are training centers for Lebanese soldiers designed to upgrade the quality of their skills while the High Center for Military Sport is designed to keep them in peak physical shape (it also organizes sports groups and teams for international competition as well). The Training Institute is designed to help soldiers specialize in certain aspects of the military, such as artillery and defense.[19]
The Lebanese Army still uses equipment mostly received through donations or friendly prices. Its workhorse is theM113 which is commonly used by every regiment and brigade. A collection of Western andSoviet-made weaponry and equipment exists ranging fromrifles totanks. However, the Lebanese Army is trying to re-arm and modernize itself through new aid and purchases from different countries such as theUnited States,Belgium,Russia, andthe Netherlands. A list of awaiting-for-delivery armaments is constantly growing and includesM60 Patton tanks,[20][21]M198 Howitzers, etc. A recent Russian promise to supply Lebanon withT-90 tanks has been in discussion since the Lebanese Defense Minister's last visit to Russia on December 16, 2008.[22]
Throughout its history, the Lebanese Army employed different weapons and equipment which, at the time, were considered state-of-the-art. Most of these arms have either been phased out of service or sold to other countries. Among the major equipment that is not currently active are theAMX-13,Saladin,Panhard M3, andStaghound vehicles. The Lebanese air force has twoA-29 Super Tucano aircraft as well as threeHuey II helicopters delivered to it from theUnited States.[23][24] The Lebanese air force in total holds 18UAVs as well as 68 aircraft.[24]
The military ranks are as follows:
| Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Lebanese Ground Forces[25] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||||||||
| عماد Eimad | لواء Liwa | عميد Amid | عقيد Aqid | مقدم Muqaddam | رائد Ra'id | نقيب Naqib | ملازم أول Mulazim awwal | ملازم Mulazim | ||||||||||||||||
| Image | _swatch.png) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Name | Operational Camouflage Pattern | UCP | MARPAT desert pattern | MARPAT Woodland | Lizard Camouflage | Black Camouflage |
| Users | All units since 21 November 2017 | Marine Commandos | Airborne Regiment | Commando Regiment | Moukafaha | Marine Commandos |
Training of new conscripts takes place in the First Flag Service Center (FFSC). After a week of enlisting, they submit to two training courses, the common military training basic course and the specific course. All these courses are organized in details according to a program determining hours of training taking into consideration the conscript rank.[26] The first course consists of 240 hours equivalent to 9 weeks and the training program is composed of:
The second course consists of 84 hours equivalent to three weeks. The infantry course is composed of:
As the civil war escalated, Lebanese militias grew stronger and soon surpassed the regular army. This rapidly undermined the authority of the central government. The government's ability to maintain order was also handicapped by the nature of the Lebanese Army. One of the smallest in theMiddle East, it was composed based on a fixed ratio of religions. As members defected to sectarian militias, the army would eventually prove unable to contain the militant groups, rein in thePLO or monitor foreign infiltration. Since the government was Christian-dominated, especially the officers' ranks, trust among Muslims for central institutions, including the army, was low. The disintegration of the Lebanese Army was eventually initiated by Muslimdeserters declaring that they would no longer take orders from the Maronite generals.
On 4 July 1991, following the failure of disarmament negotiations, as required by theTaif Agreement, the Lebanese Army attacked Palestinian positions in Southern Lebanon. The offensive, involving 10,000 troops against an estimated 5,000 militia, lasted 3 days and ended with the Army taking all the Palestinian positions aroundSidon. In the agreement that followed all heavy weapons were surrendered and infantry weapons only allowed in the two refugee camps,Ain al-Hilweh andMieh Mieh. 73 people were killed in the fighting, and 200 wounded, mostly Palestinian.[27][28]
During December 1999–January 2000, an Islamic group launched a failed uprising against the Lebanese authorities in theDinnieh district. In a period of 8 days of fighting in the snow-blanketed mountains east of the northern port of Tripoli, 14 soldiers and 25 rebels were killed.[29]
In the 2006 Lebanon War, the LAF did not engage in a direct conflict with theIsraeli Army, despite its threat of retaliation if the IDF pushed too far northward into Lebanon. However, Israel did bomb several Lebanese military bases.[30][31][32] While providing aid to civilians, Lebanese troops helped to uphold order in city streets, directed refugees to safer areas, and assisted with overlooking damage done by Israeli attacks.[30] On several occasions, Lebanese troops fired anti-air weapons at Israeli aircraft,[33] but no damage was documented. Overall, 49 Lebanese soldiers were killed.[34]
After the 2006 Lebanon War, the LAF deployed south of theLitani River for the first time since 1968 to enforceSecurity Council Resolution 1701. The LAF says it will not, and cannot, disarmHezbollah by force. On August 3, 2010, the Lebanese armyfired at Israeli soldiers whose crane lifted a soldier across the border to remove a tree off the fence; Israeli troops returned fire. Three LAF soldiers, one Israeli officer and one Lebanese journalist were killed in the incident (after Israeli artillery & aircraft bombing). According to UN reports, there was no evidence that an Israeli soldier had entered Lebanese territory.[35] TheUNIFIL force stationed in the south described the shootout as a "serious incident".
The 2007 Lebanon conflict began when fighting broke out betweenFatah al-Islam, an Islamic terrorist organization, and the Lebanese Armed Forces on May 20, 2007, inNahr al-Bared, a Palestinian refugee camp nearTripoli. It has been the most severe internal fighting since Lebanon's 1975–90 civil war. The primary theater of conflict was the Siege of Nahr el-Bared. There was heavy use of Lebanese artillery in that area to eliminate snipers posted around the cities. The conflict finally ended on September 2, 2007, with the Lebanese Army taking control of the camp after more than three months of heavy fights and a death toll of 155 commandos and infantrymen. The LAF Engineering Corps achieved what was seen as a feat of ingenuity during the conflict where they converted a number of UH-1 helicopters intobombers, arming them with 250 kg and 400 kg conventional bombs from old Hunter and Mirage III fighter jets. Some helicopters were also fitted with French Matra rocket pods. This was, according to observers, a decisive step that considerably shortened the conflict.[36]
During the week-long clashes that occurred at the beginning of May 2008 in Beirut and other regions of the country, the army was unable to prevent rival Lebanese groups from fighting each other. This was because the army, along with the government, had thought it would have been better if rival groups would eventually end the violence and sort out the dispute between them alone, other than involving the national army which may have led to great divisions between the soldiers, just like in the civil war. It would have also caused an outcry from the soldiers who could have died, leading to even greater divisions and blame on the political forces.[37] However, whenever ceasefire was brought into action in a specific area or district in Beirut or elsewhere in the country, the LAF would straight away enforce peace. On May 13, the national army announced that if the clashes would not end as soon as possible, it would have to intervene and use force if necessary to stop them.[38]
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Since the outbreak of conflict in Syria, the Lebanese Army has been deployed to prevent clashes from taking place in the city ofTripoli, as well as in other hot zones such asBeirut andArsal on the eastern borders. In 2014,ISIS andAl-Nusra Front terrorist groups established small bases and fortifications in theAnti-Lebanon Mountains, where they operated againstHezbollah and the Lebanese Army.[39]
On June 23, 2013, intense clashes in Sidon took place between followers of Salafist Sunni preacher Ahmad Al-Assir and Lebanese troops. Following these clashes, the Lebanese Army was sent in to capture Sheikh Assir's headquarters at Abra and apprehend him. Lebanese Army units fought against pro-Assir militants for two days in a battle that led to the deaths of at least 16 Lebanese soldiers, and the wounding of at least 50 men. Although the LAF managed to secure his complex, Assir was able to escape and was only captured on August 16, 2015, while trying to flee the country on a false passport.[40][41]
On August 2, 2014, following the arrest of anAl-Nusra Front commander Abu Ahmad Jumaa, terrorists from Al-Nusra andISIS launched anassault on the Lebanese Armed Forces in the town ofArsal and seized control of the town. By August 7, a fragile truce was established as ISIS and Al Nusra forces also retreated from the town and redeployed along the border with Syria. Their hideouts there were subsequently bombed by theSyrian Air Force. Two days later, the Lebanese Army entered Arsal in full force and reestablished control over checkpoints that the militants had previously seized.[42]
On July 21, 2017, Hezbollah, theSyrian Armed Forces and the Lebanese Armylaunched a military operation against ISIS andHay'at Tahrir al-Sham positions on theLebanon–Syria border. The Lebanese army committed the5th Infantry Brigade and7th Infantry Brigade to the battle, and heavily shelled ISIS and HTS positions. By August 28, most of the around 2,100 militants surrendered to Hezbollah and the Syrian Army.[43]
In December 2024, following the lightning offensive byHay'at Tahrir al-Sham in which several large cities in Syria were taken over including the capitalDamascus, the Lebanese Armed Forces sealed the border with Syria.[44][45]
On 1 October 2024,Israel invadedLebanon as part of theIsrael–Hezbollah conflict. The Lebanese Armed Forces did not enter in direct combat againstIsrael Defence Forces, instead retreating to about five kilometres from Lebanon's southern border with Israel.[46] On December 3, 2024, It was announced that the army will recruitment new soldiers for combat units. The process will continue up until January 3, 2025.[47] On December 8, 2024 it was reported that the Lebanese Cabinet approved deployment of forces south of the Litani river.[48] On January 7, 2025 units of the Lebanese army began to deploy in Southern Lebanaon, following the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Ras Naqoura,Alma Al-Shaab,Tayr Harfa inTyre,Beit Lif inBint Jbeil, and other towns across the western and central sectors. This comes as part of coordinated efforts with theUnited Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the committee supervising the ceasefire agreement (Mechanism).[49]
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