Le Touquet-Paris-Plage | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Beach of Le Touquet | |
.svg) Coat of arms | |
Location of Le Touquet-Paris-Plage  | |
  Le Touquet-Paris-Plage  Le Touquet-Paris-Plage | |
| Coordinates:50°31′07″N1°35′42″E / 50.5186°N 1.595000°E /50.5186; 1.595000 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Pas-de-Calais |
| Arrondissement | Montreuil |
| Canton | Étaples |
| Intercommunality | CA Deux Baies en Montreuillois |
| Government | |
| • Mayor(2020–2026) | Daniel Fasquelle[1][2] (LR) |
Area 1 | 15.31 km2 (5.91 sq mi) |
| Population (2022)[3] | 4,223 |
| • Density | 280/km2 (710/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Touquettois (masculine) Touquettoise (feminine) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 62826 /62520 |
| Elevation | 0–42 m (0–138 ft) (avg. 5 m or 16 ft) |
| Website | lestouquettois.fr (administrative),letouquet.com (tourism-related) |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
Le Touquet-Paris-Plage (French pronunciation:[lətukɛpaʁiplaʒ],Picard:Ech Toutchet-Paris-Plache), commonly referred to asLe Touquet (/lətʊkeɪ/), is acommune nearÉtaples, in thePas-de-Calaisdepartment, northern France. It has a permanent population of 4,213 (2021),[4] but it welcomes up to 250,000 people during thesummer,[5] so the population at any given time during high season in summer swells to about 30,000.[6] Located on theOpal Coast of theEnglish Channel at theestuary of the riverCanche, the commune is one of the most renowned seaside resorts in France, with a wide range of sports and leisure activities.
The name "Le Touquet" has been attested since the mid-18th century to designate the cape next to which the town was built.Alphonse Daloz [fr], anotary in Paris, then bought the land on the cape, planted a forest and built a small palace there, and in 1882 founded the seaside resort asParis-Plage. Ten years later,John Whitley, an English businessman, saw a lucrative opportunity to build a resort for (mostly) English and French elites. His first endeavour, called Mayville, failed as the company behind it announced bankruptcy, but after another attempt, Whitley bought the coveted land and launched a construction boom in the village. This rapid expansion contributed to the government's creation of a separate commune in 1912. Numerous prestigious hotels were built, and at its peak of prosperity in theRoaring Twenties, the resort boasted the biggest casino in France by revenue, theRoyal Picardy, an ultra-luxury hotel with a sparkling water swimming pool, and hundreds of villas. The bustling town had good transport connections thanks toa tram line [fr] anda narrow-gauge train line to Étaples [fr], and, since 1936, a dedicatedairport. TheGreat Depression dealt some problems to the resort but it still remained popular with the British upper class.World War II, however, did not spare the settlement and brought destruction as the Germans deployed about 100,000 mines and the Allies bombarded the resort in 1944. After World War II, the upper class mostly fled to theFrench Riviera, and property was bought up by well-off locals.
Some unique villas still evoke the seaside architecture of theinterwar period, even if most of it was lost due to destruction during World War II. 21 buildings in the commune are protected as historical monuments. Le Touquet also has extensive natural heritage protection because of its dunes and the unique nature of the Canche estuary. This, together with its initial inception as an upper-class resort, which it still is to some extent, contributes to consistently high positions in quality-of-life rankings. Today, most of its permanent population is retired. PresidentEmmanuel Macron's wife,Brigitte, inherited a villa in the town; therefore, they often spend time in Le Touquet and vote there.
There are two theories as to the meaning of the wordTouquet. The more prevalent explanation goes that the name derives from theOld Frenchtouquet, meaning "bend" or "corner".Édouard Lévêque [fr] writes that in theMiddle Ages, if a house was located around the corner, people would say it was locatedal touquet del rue, or, in modern French,au tournant de la rue. This logic was applied to this area because what is now the easternmost part of Le Touquet and the village of Trépied was where the land ended. The shore was in a form of a cape ("corner"), limited by the riverCanche to the north and theEnglish Channel to the west.[7][8] This interpretation found support inFlemish linguists analysing the names of the northern French coast.[9][10] In fact, the Dutch name for Le Touquet isHet Hoekske, 'The Corner'.[11] A 1982 publication about Le Touquet by a local scientific academy also agreed with this finding. The academy added it could be that the cape's name came from the fact that it is located on the extremity ofPicardy.[12]
An alternative theory posits that Touquet is related to the words "forest" and "wood".Auguste Longnon suggests that placenames like Le Touchet may have a link to Le Touquet. If that is true, Le Touquet's name derives from a word meaning "ornamental wood".[13]Albert Dauzat andCharles Rostaing also endorsed this hypothesis. Their proposed evolution of the toponym starts fromLa Touche (Tochia in 13th century) andLes Touches (Tuschiae in 14th century). Two steps then happened: first, an-ittum suffix was added, which gradually became-et; after that, the [ʃ] sound changed to a [k] sound, a common transition inNormandy and Picardy. In their opinion, the word ultimately derives from a pre-Latin form meaning "grove" or "wood reserve".[14]
First mentions of the word Touquet in the area appear in the 18th century. A map byCésar-François Cassini de Thury recognises the area asPointe du Touquet, 'Cape Le Touquet'.[15] A 1764 map byJacques-Nicholas Bellin indicated that the name for the shoals of the river Canche wasBanc du Touquet, 'Le Touquet sandbank'.[16] Ten years later, a hamlet of neighbouringCucq was identified asToucquet les Mauvaises Femmes (lit. 'Toucquet Bad Women').[17]
While the origins of the name "Touquet" are obscure and disputed, the "Paris-Plage" part is easily traceable. On 29 April 1882,Alphonse Daloz [fr] created the first subdivision within the cape's area and called it Paris-Plage, following advice of the lateHippolyte de Villemessant, editor-in-chief ofLe Figaro. In 1874, Villemessant wrote a letter that commended the qualities of the then-empty beach of Touquet. He described it as "more beautiful than that ofTrouville" and that he wanted to make it an "Arcachon of the North". Both cities are renowned seaside resorts. Le Touquet, in his view, would resolve the "Paris-on-Sea (Paris-Plage) problem" for the people living in Paris – in other words, that it would become the destination of choice for Parisians looking for a beach resort.[18][19] The French government first acknowledged the name in 1892 in an order of the Prime Minister,Émile Loubet and the minister of the interior.[20] The law of 28 March 1912, which separated Paris-Plage from Cucq into a separatecommune, further recognised its existence.[21]
This part of the name fell into disuse in common speech, but it was the subject of a trademark dispute with Paris. The French capital decided to launchParis-Plages (then Paris-Plage), an artificial beaches programme on theSeine, trademarked the name and then demanded that Le Touquetcease and desist from using the Paris-Plage part for commercial purposes. Le Touquet replied with its own trademark submission the following year.[22] In January 2008, Paris settled with Le Touquet, allowing the latter to retain its second part of the name unchanged.[23]
The earliest traces of human presence in the vicinity of Le Touquet are estimated to be from 240,000 years ago, based on the age ofstone tools left by nomads near what is todayÉtaples. These human ancestors tended to live near the coast of the English Channel or in the valleys of theAuthie and theCanche. Agriculture arrived in the area around 5th millennium BCE. By about 2000 BCE, the Canche was an established route for traders on the British Isles to go deeper into the continent, as confirmed by numerous archaeological findings in the estuary.[24]
A significantFrankish trading post (emporium) known asQuentovic appeared in the early Middle Ages. Initially, there was speculation that the port was located on the sea, near Étaples or Le Touquet (for example, Lévêque argued that it was located north of what is today the village ofSaint-Josse),[25] but excavations in 1970s and 1980s nearLa Calotterie proved that hypothesis unlikely.[26] The current location of Le Touquet was submerged under the English Channel, but sediments accumulated over centuries and pushed the coast to the west.[27] From 1168, theabbey of Saint-Josse [fr] owned the territories near Trépied and up to the sea, which was confirmed by documents from 1203 and 1624. Trépied was a fishing hamlet as well as a ferry station to cross the Canche.[28]Letters patent issued from the French king offered to plantbeachgrass on thedunes to stabilise them.[29]
In 1791, during theFrench Revolution, the abbey of Saint-Josse was expropriated and its lands were nationalised.[30] The government then tried to sell the land, but Le Touquet'swarrens were of little value, so when a local magistrate assessed the land's value in 1827, he found that it was still state property.[31] After the survey, the government offered to sell 1,500 ha (3,700 acres) in instalments of 60 hectares, but had to wait until 1836 for the first offer.[8] That year, a Belgian buyer called Doms agreed to buy a total of 1,600 ha (4,000 acres) of land for 80,000francs (c. €252000 in 2022), but the sale was annulled because he failed to pay the promised sum.[32] On the second try, the government found two new buyers,Alphonse Daloz [fr] and a Mr. Alyon, who agreed to buy the same land for 150,000 francs (c. €505000 in 2022). The deal was finalised on 25 April 1837.[33]
At the beginning, Daloz and Alyon decided to convert the land for livestock farming. They briefly raised some cattle and sheep, but the enterprise did not break even, so just after a year, Mr. Alyon sold most of his land to Daloz and two other people, Mr. Marion and Mr. de Naurois. These two new co-owners went on to grow rye,Jerusalem artichoke and potato crops and created a new distillery, but they were still losing money. Thus, Alyon abandoned the area in 1847, while Marion and de Naurois ceded their plots in 1850 and 1855, respectively, to Daloz or his brother-in-law, Mr. Rigaud.[34]
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Daloz and Rigaud decided that agricultural use was not suitable for their land. They stabilised the dunes with beachgrass and decided to plant a forest instead. In 1780s,Nicolas Brémontier [fr] did just that in theGironde for the same purpose, and his forest became the precursor to today's largeLandes woods. It is likely that Daloz drew inspiration from that experiment.[35] The harsh winter of 1860–61 destroyed the saplings, so the two owners had to plant the trees again. Daloz was serious about keeping title to the land, thus, in 1864, he built a small palace.[36] He also put a lot of effort in the forest, but as an amateursilviculturist, he made some mistakes, such as notthinning his forest well or often enough or insisting on not touching any of his 'beautiful trees', whatever their condition.[35] That said, Daloz's efforts received significant praise in an 1875 booklet by a localagriculturist.[36] Visiting about the same time,Hippolyte de Villemessant, editor-in-chief ofLe Figaro, was also impressed and coined the name "Paris-Plage" for the future development, not least due to its fairly developed infrastructure.[37] In 1847, nearby Étaples was connected with Paris by railway. A semaphore on Cape Le Touquet was built eight years before that, and two lighthouses were inaugurated in 1852[38] to prevent ships from sinking in the treacherous shoals near Cape Le Touquet.[39]
Villemessant gathered a few of his friends and offered to buy the parcel from Daloz for a very high sum, but Villemessant's illness and subsequent death meant the idea never came to fruition. Daloz then approached a formernotary, a Mr. Billiet, to buy 3 ha (7.4 acres) of land for 35,000 francs per hectare (c. €124000 in 2022) for development purposes, but then the owner of the lands backed out at the last minute as he refused to certify the cession at the notary's office. Daloz decided to develop the area himself.[40]
In 1880, Daloz contacted Raymond Lens, a local surveyor, who then made the initial design for the first subdivision. Construction was finished on 22 March 1882[41] and the first lots were inaugurated on 9 April.[42] Interest in the area appeared very quickly. Already in 1884, an entrepreneur fromBoulogne launched a regularhorse-bus connection from Étaples to Paris-Plage.[43] Also in 1884, the first hotel,Hôtel Saint-Georges, appeared in Le Touquet, but it became a simple villa with the opening of the first of the big hotels of the resort,Le Grand-Hôtel, in 1887.[44] In the meantime, 1886 saw the launch of a dedicated newspaper for the community,Paris-Plage.[45]
In the early years of Paris-Plage, the Daloz family (Alphonse Daloz died in 1885) exercised full police powers over the new settlement, but the commune of Cucq would gradually become more active in its life, holding the first hearing about Paris-Plage in 1886. Five years later, agarde champêtre was dispatched to Paris-Plage, thus sidelining the founders' family.[46] On the infrastructure front, amacadam road to the settlement was unveiled in 1888, and a narrow-gaugetram line from Étaples [fr] was built in 1900.[47] Administratively, a local landlords' committee and a road commission were set up in 1889 and 1894 to manage the affairs of the settlement and fill the gaps where state administration did not reach yet.[48] The village expanded quite quickly: in 1894, it had 163 buildings; by the end of 1902, there were 355. This included, among others, three hotels, seven restaurants and cafés, two pharmacies, two bakeries producing local bread, three butchers, aliquor store, a hairdresser's salon, aphotographic studio, two bookshops, two coal depots, a public bath, a school and a church.[49] By 1897, Le Touquet got its firstcasino, theCasino de la Plage.[50] Most of the original residents came fromAmiens, later followed by residents of Pas-de-Calais and neighbouring departments.[51]
An English investor,John Robinson Whitley, took note of the growth and saw a business opportunity as a developer. The new resort, which he named Mayville, was planned to be a 'meeting place' between wealthy Englishmen and Frenchmen with an emphasis on sports, but catering more to theBritish elites. The idea of a luxury resort itself was not new:Dieppe and particularlyDeauville (next to Trouville), both inNormandy, were already developing in a rather similar way.[50] Nor was the idea for a resort for the British a novelty, becauseBoulogne had already been a well-established UK contact point for more than 50 years.[51] However, Whitley's idea was to combine the two concepts in one place.
The Daloz were receptive to Whitley's buyout offer, but the price for the remaining 1,200 ha (3,000 acres) lot was too high for the English investor, so he decided to buy a smaller patch of land (3 km (1.9 mi) long and 500 m (1,600 ft) wide) to the south of the settlement.Charles Garnier, the architect behind theParis Opera and theMonte Carlo Casino, offered to build luxury hotels and a wide range of sports facilities.[52] Another advantage would be its location halfway between London and Paris, as stressed in advertisements, but Mayville never materialised. The locals opposed the construction as they felt that the new development would marginalise Paris-Plage and would build the railway station too far away. They also were afraid of the fact foreign capital was behind it. Then in 1898,Anglo-French relations soured due to theFashoda Incident, so the concept of amicable meetings between the countries' aristocrats seemed to have lost relevance. Thus the Compagnie de Mayville Limited, which was to run the resort, declared bankruptcy.[52]
The Daloz announced their intent to sell their manor in August 1900 for 2.6 million francs (c. €11151000 in 2022), which would include the palace with its surroundings and about 1,120 ha (2,800 acres) of as-yet unsold land, but there was no one to buy it. They then lowered the price to 1.3 million francs (c. €5810000 in 2022) and then 900 thousand francs (c. €4065000 in 2022), to no avail. But after they offered their estate for 600 thousand francs, a bidding war started that Whitley won, offering 870,500 francs (c. €3932000 in 2022) at an auction on 16 December 1902.[53] Whitley was short of funds and the cheque he gave to the notary would havebounced. But this being Saturday, Whitley had two days to find the money, which he did with the investment ofAllen Stoneham. The cheque was honoured and thus Whitley got the land, which he transferred to Syndicate of Touquet Ltd., a dominant force in the village's development in the following decades.[52]
The two English investors quickly proceeded to implement their plans for a luxury sports resort. In 1903–1906,Pierre de Coubertin, the founding father of the modernOlympic Games, was appointed sports director of Paris-Plage.[54] During his tenure, he inaugurated the community's sports centre (champ des sports), featuring arunning andcycling track, across country running course as well as facilities forfencing andlawn tennis.[55] In 1904, ahorse racing course was opened,[56] and it held its first international competition in 1905. Still in 1904, Prime MinisterArthur Balfour inaugurated the firstgolf course; the firstautomobile race to Le Touquet—cars were still a relatively new invention in those days—was also held that year with 28 participants.[57] By 1911, Paris-Plage saw the firstland sailors roam its beaches, and a year later, amotorboat race was held on the Canche estuary.Cricket,archery andgreyhound racing were among some other sports commonly played in the resort.[57]
For all the grand plans that Stoneham and Whitley envisaged, their ambitions were somewhat pared down by the involvement ofHenry Martinet [fr], a landscape architect. He decreased the size of the resort so that it would bring more profit; the great railway station project was abandoned, as were the plans for oversized villas scattered in the forest.[58] In 1905, Le Touquet launched its own water distribution service from an underground source located about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north of Étaples, which still supplies water as of 2025[update], but plans to launch amineral spa facility had to be postponed because of World War I and were then abandoned.[59] That said, the luxury resort was still developing rapidly. For a few examples,The Atlantic, one of the top hotels of Paris-Plage, opened its doors in 1904, followed byGolf Hotel in 1908.[58] In 1903, the old Daloz villa was converted into a concert hall, and that became Casino de la Forêt ten years later. That place still serves as a gambling facility, today known as Casino Barrière.[60] In the centre of the town, a new narrow-gaugetram line [fr] was unveiled in 1909, and an internal line servicing the golf club's customers opened the following year. In recognition of the fast development of the resort, a 1912 law formed the commune of Le Touquet-Paris-lage from a part of the commune of Cucq.[21]
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The breakout ofWorld War I in July 1914 changed Le Touquet from a seaside resort to a garrison. 6,000 Belgian refugees fleeing theWestern Front settled in the commune, the municipal administration of the town ofYpres moved to Le Touquet,[63] while emptied hotels becameAllied forces'military hospitals with a total capacity of 3,400 beds.[64] Some of psychiatrists there were instrumental in early research intopost-traumatic stress disorder, as evidenced by the fact thatCharles Myers first used the termshell shock in scientific literature in 1915, when he published acase study about three soldiers he was treating in a casino in Le Touquet.[65] Nearby Étaples housed an enormousmilitary camp for training and dispatching soldiers directly to the frontlines. Even though enlisted soldiers could go out with the garrison's permission to that town, entry to Le Touquet, a much more tempting attraction, was allowed for officers only so that the low-ranked would not spoil the recreation there. The bridge over the Canche had aBritish military police ("Red Caps") checkpoint to turn away those of low military rank, but many soldiers smuggled their way to Le Touquet on low tide and clandestinely used its facilities. When in September 1917, a New Zealander enlisted soldier was caught crossing the Canche from Le Touquet and threatened to be harshly punished, more than 1,000 soldiers stationed at Étaples, most fromANZAC,mutinied.[66] In an indirect way, the facilities which British soldiers saw in Le Touquet when recovering from wartime injuries encouraged them to return there once the war was over.[51]
TheRoaring Twenties were the time of highest prosperity for the settlement. Vigorous construction efforts continued, which culminated in among the largest hotels in the settlement, Hotel Westminster (1924) and Hotel Royal Picardy (1929). The 500-room Royal Picardy was, as contemporary reviews had it, the "biggest, most luxurious hotel in the world", and boasted a pool of sparkling water.[54] In the meantime, the new horse racecourse was unveiled in 1925.[56] A new post office building that was architecturally similar to a church standing there before opened its doors in 1927.[67] Four years later, the commune built a new swimming pool next to the beach with ample facilities and four trampolines.[68][69] Even though Le Touquet was a relatively small municipality, it was so rich that it covered all the expenses of building the new grandioseneo-Renaissance city hall (also opened in 1931) from one-year revenue from gambling taxes alone.[70] This was possible thanks to the fact that in 1927 and 1928, Le Touquet had the biggest casino in France by revenue (45 and 58 million francs, orc. €31 and €40 million in 2022 values, respectively).[71][72] Up to 90% of clients of the resort were British, most of them upper-class.[54]
TheGreat Depression dealt a blow to Le Touquet's fortunes. Rapid population growth that defined the booming settlement since the 1902 Whitley and Stoneham deal ground to a halt. Interest into real estate dwindled, new projects and expansions were abandoned, and casino revenues never returned to pre-crisis levels.[51] Despite this slowdown, Le Touquet was still doing relatively well as the tourists in Le Touquet were those who were not particularly affected by the Great Depression and were among contemporaryA-list celebrities, such asNoël Coward, thePrince of Wales (futureEdward VIII) and Indianmaharajas.[54]Ian Fleming, a British writer, was a frequent guest in pre-war Le Touquet.Jeremy Black[73] and Oliver Buckton[74] thus suggest thatRoyale-les-Eaux, a fictional town in theJames Bond novels that in some passages of the novels is shown as near Le Touquet, may have in fact been partly based on it.
A certain revival for the wider region came with the democratisation of leisure as the right to two weeks'paid leave was assured by theMatignon Agreements in 1936, but Le Touquet essentially remained an upper-class British resort.[51] The main investments of the 1930s were the market pavilion in the town centre (1932)[75] and aninternational airport that since its opening in 1936 has mostly served British customers.[76]
World War II started on 1 September 1939 with theinvasion of Poland, and Le Touquet again became a sanitary zone for the military. The city remained under French control for a very short time, as Germany launched aninvasion of France on 10 May 1940. TheRoyal Air Force squadron stationed in Le Touquet airport was destroyed, and by 15 May, residents of the resort started to flee.[78] Six days later, two German officers entered the mayoral office and took over the government.[64] There was little intrinsic military value for the seaside resort, but Nazi soldiers quickly introduced military occupation conditions anyway:curfew started at 21:00, all expatriate males had to report daily to the town hall, and Germans commandeered whatever real estate and vehicles they considered fit, without much possibility for legitimate owners' resistance.[79] On 21 July, the Germans ordered all enemy male population younger than 60 (essentially the British) to beinterned. This included writerP. G. Wodehouse, who had been living in Le Touquet since 1934.[79][80]Jules Pouget, long-time mayor of Le Touquet and latersenator, was arrested in May 1942 by theGestapo for being an 'enemy of the Germans'.[81]
Le Touquet again became ade facto military garrison. Already in June 1940, 40,000Wehrmacht soldiers occupied the town in anticipation ofOperation Sea Lion, but the invasion of Great Britain never occurred.[82] Still, the German armed forces set up their local headquarters in the town, as did theNational Socialist Motor Corps and theOrganisation Todt. Many Belgian, Dutch and Danish workers were housed in Le Touquet to build theAtlantic Wall. As a result of works on this fortification, the town was sealed off from the sea by a 2.5 m (8.2 ft)-highreinforced concrete wall stretching from the Canche estuary and up to Atlantic Hotel at the southern end of the settlement; the ground floors and first floors of all buildings were walled up, and certain buildings, such as the bar near the swimming pool, were demolished.[83] By 1944, the beach was littered withCzech hedgehogs,Rommel's asparagus rigged with explosives,Belgian gates and thousands oflandmines; the neighbouring Rue de Paris, the primary business street in pre-war Le Touquet, was also extremely hazardous due to its concentration of explosive devices.[83] Civilian life was heavily restricted: the military banned fishing in the area,[84] access to the beach was prohibited[85] andfood rationing was introduced.[a]
The Allies also had some military plans for the area. In 1943, they launchedOperation Starkey, a shamamphibious landing in the vicinity of Boulogne and Le Touquet, but it failed to reach the intended goal of diverting German soldiers from other fronts to northern France. A second diversion immediately precedingD-Day landings, known asOperation Glimmer, had disastrous effects on the city. Over 2,000 bombs were thrown on Le Touquet in June 1944, and at least 51 people, including mayor Jules Pentier, died during the bombings, as well as an unknown number of Organisation Todt labourers.[87] There were no casualties among children because they had been evacuated from the city in February 1944 to a somewhat safer region ofMayenne.[88] The bombardments caused the town dwellers to flee for their lives: while on 4 June, there were still 1,300 people left, the number dwindled to 350 on 9 June and just 5 on 13 June (3gendarmes and two lighthouse keepers).[89] German defences thinned over the summer as Allied forces advanced in northern France, until theWehrmacht finally abandoned the city on 4 September, but not before blowing up the two lighthouses from 1852 and the bridge over the Canche at Étaples. The Canadian army liberated Le Touquet the same day.[87]
| Demining activities in Le Touquet | |
|---|---|
 A 1945 newsreel showing the extent to which Le Touquet was mined, just afterLiberation. CourtesyInstitut national de l'audiovisuel | |
| A video from 2017 (France 3 Hauts-de-France) showingsappers neutralising and blowing up German explosives | |
| A news report from 2022 (TF1) about another demining operation |
The consequences for the resort were dramatic. The Germans demolished the Atlantic Hotel in 1943 for construction materials.[90] During bombings, the Golf Hotel and theHôtel des Anglais were destroyed beyond repair, while the Royal Picardy, theGrand-Hôtel and Hotel Hermitage were badly damaged and would eventually cease to be hotels. All villas were commandeered by the Germans for the duration of occupation, who caused losses in many of them, and many others suffered under Allied bombardment.[87] There are different estimates of the number of explosive devices that were left in Le Touquet, ranging from 92,745[64] through 106,745[88] and up to 137,950,[87][b] but all agree that Le Touquet became the most mined city in France.
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The first post-war years were dedicated to reconstruction andmine clearing. ByPentecost of 1945, Le Touquet's beach opened to visitors, the first in Northern France, but the demining proved taxing. 78 people died and 155 were injured while demining the town within 3 years ofLiberation.[87][88] Many pre-war luxury buildings were destroyed. Out of the sevenhors-classe hotels (see pictures above), Hotel Westminster remains the only pre-war luxury hotel still in existence (re-opened in 1946).[92] The original two lighthouses were blown up, therefore the commune ordered to create areplica [fr], unveiled in 1951.[93]
Post-war Le Touquet experienced a dramatic shift in tourism. Whereas pre-war Le Touquet was an upper-class resort with overwhelming British presence, by 1965, a survey found that the English were just 11% of all visitors and none of the owners - most of the visitors (59%) were from Pas-de-Calais orNord departments and a quarter came fromGreater Paris region. This was because after the war, the English sold most of their houses, including many who lost the upper-class status after the war; Parisians, who constituted much of the remainder of pre-war owners, also gave up on the properties in Le Touquet. These houses found eager buyers in locals, mainly relatively well-off lawyers, doctors and company directors from small towns and cities in the region.[94] Le Touquet was on low tourism development priority for the central government, which focused its efforts on the much warmer and sunnier resorts of theFrench Riviera instead. As that region already had had a notable presence of elites and was becoming more accessible with better transport, the high society increasingly chose spend their vacations on the Mediterranean coast rather than on the English Channel.[51][95] This is why Le Touquet, while still relatively successful compared to other beach towns in the North, became more of a regional point of interest rather than a national or international attraction.[51][94] The echo of pre-war tourism trends remained in Hotel Westminster (and, to a lesser extent, three- and four-star hotels), whose customers still were rich British people arriving by plane.[94]
In response to market pressures, the relatively small pre-war villas (most of which were rebuilt) were replaced by high-rise apartment buildings on the sea shore. In 1961, the first large scale residence, consisting of nine storeys and 20 apartments, was built; several more than followed.[96] A 2004 report was very critical of such development, saying that this caused the sea-front to become "denatured" and look like a "giant parking".[97] In total, by 2020, only 16% of residences that exist today were built before 1945.[98]
Meanwhile, the town, under the new leadership ofLéonce Deprez, also saw a new strategy for the resort that was supposed to make Le Touquet an "all-year round resort". In 1974, Le Touquet opened a closed-airthalassotherapy institute.[99] Anenduro motorcycle race, today known asEnduropale [fr], was first held in February 1975 with 286 participants.[100] Aflea market of antique items was launched for autumn.[95] In the meantime, a vocational school for hotel-related occupations (lycée hôtelier) was opened on the site of the Royal Picardy, whose reconstruction was deemed not feasible. This 1972 building was built to resemble apine cone.[101] 1970s also saw Le Touquet buy numerous properties, including the horse racecourse, the tennis courts, the casino and the concert hall.[102]
A new push for the city's development came in the late 80s and early 90s with the construction of theChannel Tunnel. TheFrench motorway network (A16 autoroute) reached the settlement in 1994, which gave easy access to the beaches for Parisians.[95] As for the English, they were increasingly going to France for shopping as exchange rates were favourable, but their share of ownership of houses remained low.[51] The commune increasingly became populated by retirees, which, as of 2014, constitute more than half of the population of Le Touquet.[5]
Le Touquet is squeezed between the left (south-western) bank of the estuary of the Canche river and the English Channel coast, in the western part of the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France. It is in a coastal region that is frequently referred to as theCôte d'Opale (Opal Coast), a name that evokes the iridescent reflections of the setting sun on the sea.[103] Le Touquet is also located in the northern part of a natural region calledMarquenterre [fr].[104] On the other side of the Canche estuary is Étaples, a local transport hub and the nearest railway station. The other neighbour of Le Touquet is the commune of Cucq, to which the town belonged before 1912. That commune includes another resort calledStella-Plage, directly south of Le Touquet. Significant towns in the vicinity include Boulogne-sur-Mer (38 km (24 mi) to the north) andCalais (70 km (43 mi) in the same direction). Among larger cities,Lille is 140 km (87 mi) to the east and Paris, in part the commune's namesake, is 240 km (150 mi) to the south.
Le Touquet has benefited from favourable dune creation conditions and accretion of sediments from the Canche to the southwestern bank, where it is located (in contrast to the opposite bank, which has been retreating).[c] The main vector of land accumulation today is the Banc du Pilori, a shoal to the north of Pointe du Touquet. That accumulation may sometimes cause problems because it makes the estuary shallow and forces the river to meander, with the potential to jeopardise commercial activity of the port of Étaples and Le Touquet'smarina if unregulated.[105]
The Atlantic coast beach, stretching for more than 12 km (7.5 mi)[106] north to south, is almost fully covered by dunes stretching several hundred metres inland.[107] The Opal Coast has good conditions for their formation: winds predominantly blow from the west directly at the coast, the beaches and the bottom of the estuary are made of fine sand andpsammophile plants are willing to colonise the areas, thus strengthening the dunes.[108] It was not always the case, as during theLittle Ice Age, the few plants that set roots in the sand were unable to counter erosion due to storms, seawater flooding or sand being blown off by wind. The exception was the stretch between Berck andMerlimont, which could sustain forests and so dunes existed there. Alphonse Daloz's planting of a forest near Cape Le Touquet had a large role in creating and stabilising dunes in Le Touquet, while also adding much recreation value to the future resort, in contrast to the warrens that were considered at best worthless and at worst a danger for nearby inhabitants.[35][d]
Le Touquet's dunes are in generally good condition. A 2001 study surveying a 3,015 m (3,297 yd)-long stretch of dunes found that on 62% of the length, the dunes were accumulating sediment beyond the margin of error; the areas where the balance was negative (8% of total study length) were located immediately near the station.[109] This is further proven by the position of German blockhouses built as part of the Atlantic Wall during World War II. When built, they were at the top of the dunes but they have since grown by several metres, obstructing the view of the sea for inland structures and leaving them below the most desirable point (at the dune's peak) for seaside military buildings.[110] Several factors cause concern for the integrity of the dunes, such as large tourist traffic[109] and the annual enduro race.[111]
Several authorities monitor the environment around Le Touquet. In 2005, theEuropean Commission designated the estuary of the Canche river as aNatura 2000 site under theBirds Directive.[112][113] Since 2008, a wider site that covers the Canche, the Authie and theSomme estuaries, as well as the coastal waters, the dunes and the beaches between them, protects five distinct habitats under theHabitats Directive.[114] A land-based site created in 2002 (also under the Habitats Directive) includes, among others, the dunes in the south-western part of the commune;[115] some of those dunes were bought out in 1982 by theConservatoire de littoral, a French government agency tasked with preserving coastal areas.[116]
On the national level, the Pointe du Touquet, at the northern extremity of the commune, is protected as a conservation area (site classé) for its dunes and the Banc du Pilori, as established by a ministerial order in 2001. Two years earlier, theCommission supérieure des sites, perspectives et paysages [fr], a central government body tasked with designating protected sites, advised to create a conservation site at the Pointe du Touquet specifically to prevent new construction projects planned there.[117] Since 2012, the area is further protected by national legislation asParc naturel marin des estuaires picards et de la mer d'Opale [fr], one of the eight French marine parks that, in this case, cover most of the eastern English Channel coast.[118] Le Touquet's area also presents particular interest from the geological perspective because, among the three 'Picardy-type' estuaries (that of the Canche, the Authie and the Somme), only the Canche's is not built-up and is allowed to develop on its own, which is why it is also monitored on this level.[119] According to the Coastal Scenic Evaluation System, which assesses scenic quality, this area is among the highest-ranked in Northern France.[120]
The weather station of Le Touquet was opened in 1947.[121] According to the 1991-2020climate normal, the town has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen classification:Cfb). In comparison to France as a whole, Le Touquet features a relatively cold, rainy and cloudy climate,[122][123] but average temperatures are warmer than in cities in the middle of the continents at the same latitude, such asKyiv,Astana orCalgary. Winters are generally mild, humid and cloudy, and summers are warm, though by French standards they are rather cool. Average precipitation amount is rather uniform throughout the year, but there tends to be more significantly more rain in the last three months of the year. The hottest temperature ever recorded was 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) on19 July 2022;[121] the coldest recorded conditions were on 8 January 1985.[124]Météo-France expects that by 2050,climate change will lead to increased temperatures in all seasons (particularly autumn), increased fire and heatwave risks, as well as some changes of precipitation patterns towards fewer days with stronger rain.[125]
| Climate data for Le Touquet (Le Touquet – Côte d'Opale Airport), 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1951−present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) | 19.3 (66.7) | 23.2 (73.8) | 25.5 (77.9) | 31.4 (88.5) | 34.6 (94.3) | 39.9 (103.8) | 36.4 (97.5) | 31.2 (88.2) | 27.1 (80.8) | 19.8 (67.6) | 16.4 (61.5) | 39.3 (102.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) | 8.2 (46.8) | 10.9 (51.6) | 14.1 (57.4) | 17.2 (63.0) | 19.7 (67.5) | 21.4 (70.5) | 21.9 (71.4) | 19.5 (67.1) | 15.8 (60.4) | 11.3 (52.3) | 8.2 (46.8) | 14.6 (58.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) | 5.3 (41.5) | 7.5 (45.5) | 9.9 (49.8) | 13 (55) | 15.6 (60.1) | 17.6 (63.7) | 18.0 (64.4) | 15.6 (60.1) | 12.4 (54.3) | 8.4 (47.1) | 5.7 (42.3) | 11.2 (52.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.6 (36.7) | 2.4 (36.3) | 4.0 (39.2) | 5.6 (42.1) | 8.7 (47.7) | 11.6 (52.9) | 13.8 (56.8) | 14.0 (57.2) | 11.6 (52.9) | 9.0 (48.2) | 5.6 (42.1) | 3.1 (37.6) | 7.7 (45.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.1 (−2.4) | −18.2 (−0.8) | −8.9 (16.0) | −4.5 (23.9) | −2.2 (28.0) | −0.4 (31.3) | 4.0 (39.2) | 3.9 (39.0) | 1.8 (35.2) | −3.8 (25.2) | −8.6 (16.5) | −11.6 (11.1) | −19.1 (−2.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 76.8 (3.02) | 61.7 (2.43) | 54.2 (2.13) | 50.2 (1.98) | 59.0 (2.32) | 55.9 (2.20) | 58.8 (2.31) | 73.0 (2.87) | 76.8 (3.02) | 101.3 (3.99) | 114.2 (4.50) | 106.9 (4.21) | 888.8 (34.99) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.1 | 10.8 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 9.5 | 8.9 | 8.2 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 13.1 | 14.4 | 14.6 | 132.2 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 61.8 | 78.4 | 132.8 | 189.6 | 209.8 | 220.4 | 225.1 | 205.1 | 161.2 | 110.6 | 62.7 | 52.5 | 1,710 |
| Averageultraviolet index | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Source 1:Météo France[124] (extremes, precipitation, sunshine) | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas[126] (UV index) | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Le Touquet (Le Touquet – Côte d'Opale Airport), 1961−1990 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) | 6.8 (44.2) | 9.3 (48.7) | 12.1 (53.8) | 16.1 (61.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 20.7 (69.3) | 20.6 (69.1) | 18.5 (65.3) | 15.2 (59.4) | 10.2 (50.4) | 7.4 (45.3) | 13.5 (56.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) | 4.3 (39.7) | 6.7 (44.1) | 8.8 (47.8) | 12.9 (55.2) | 15.6 (60.1) | 17.7 (63.9) | 17.4 (63.3) | 15.2 (59.4) | 12.3 (54.1) | 7.8 (46.0) | 5.5 (41.9) | 10.7 (51.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) | 1.8 (35.2) | 4.2 (39.6) | 5.5 (41.9) | 9.7 (49.5) | 12.8 (55.0) | 14.7 (58.5) | 14.1 (57.4) | 11.9 (53.4) | 9.5 (49.1) | 5.4 (41.7) | 3.6 (38.5) | 8.0 (46.4) |
| Source: Infoclimat[127] | |||||||||||||
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1881 | 516 | — |
| 1886 | 521 | +0.19% |
| 1891 | 586 | +2.38% |
| 1896 | 687 | +3.23% |
| 1901 | 780 | +2.57% |
| 1906 | 1,140 | +7.89% |
| 1911 | 1,692 | +8.22% |
| 1921 | 2,595[f] | +4.37% |
| 1926 | 3,244 | +4.57% |
| 1931 | 3,880 | +3.65% |
| 1936 | 3,560 | −1.71% |
| 1946 | 3,296[g] | −0.77% |
| 1954 | 3,625 | +1.20% |
| 1962 | 4,064 | +1.44% |
| 1968 | 4,403 | +1.34% |
| 1975 | 5,370 | +2.88% |
| 1982 | 5,204 | −0.45% |
| 1990 | 5,596 | +0.91% |
| 1999 | 5,299 | −0.60% |
| 2006 | 5,438 | +0.37% |
| 2011 | 4,538 | −3.55% |
| 2016 | 4,244 | −1.33% |
| 2021 | 4,213 | −0.15% |
| Source: INSEE[128] (all except 1946), Laboratoire de Démographie Historique -EHESS (1946)[129] | ||
Data presented as of the 2020 census, unless otherwise noted.[h]
Le Touquet has 4,226 permanent and 301 temporary residents, yielding a total of 4,527 inhabitants,[98] but real population at any given moment may change significantly based on the number of holidaymakers in the town. TheCour des Comptes estimated in 2019 that the town regularly accepts about 250,000 visitors each year.[5] According to the 2022 data compiled by the commune, there were 950,000 night stays in the period from January to September of that year.[131] Therefore, as pre-COVID estimates show, at the peak of the season in late summer, the population may boom to about 35,000 people.[132]
Permanent population is very old, as 59.5% is older than 60, including 23.7% who are 75 or over.[98] This compares to just 27% of over-60s in the Pas-de-Calais department and 25.6% in Hauts-de-France.[133] There are also great differences in sex: 56% of the population is female, which may be attributable tolonger life expectancy of women.[98] Because retirees constitute a very large part of the total population, the commune has issues withnatural population change. It became negative in the 1980s and, with the birth rate falling, the rate of natural increase fell even more. Between 2014 and 2020, its average rate was -1.5% per annum. The decrease was offset somewhat by a positive migration balance (+0.9% per annum) in this period, but between 1990 and 2014, the commune also experienced a mild net population outflow.[98][134]
Le Touquet's household composition, just like itspopulation pyramid, is also an outlier. Almost half of permanent residents live alone, and only 16.6% of households have any children (compared to 31.2% of one-person households in Pas-de-Calais and 40.5% households with children).[135] This means that the average household size is 1.69, significantly below the department average of 2.3 people.[136] As is typical for resorts in France, the majority of residences is secondary (not the primary place of living),[137] but the phenomenon is particularly strong in this city. For a population of only 4,527 people, there are 12,582 residences in the resort, of which 4 in 5 are secondary residences.[98] This is one of the highest rates in all of France and the highest in the region of Hauts-de-France.[138] Even though there are so many residences, the vacancy rate (1%) is negligible compared to about 8% in the department, region ormetropolitan France.[134]
A median person in Le Touquet is notably richer than in the surrounding areas: annual disposable income reaches €30,130 per unit of consumption[i] in Le Touquet, compared to just over €20,000 in Pas-de-Calais department and the region of Hauts-de-France and €22,800 in metropolitan France. Poverty rates are also significantly lower: 10% in Le Touquet compared to 17-18% in the wider region.[134] However, according to theCour des Comptes assessment, in 2014 the median annual household income as a whole (€23,967) did not stand out compared to surrounding areas.[5]
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As in other communes of France,citizens of the European Union who are on theelectoral roll in Le Touquet elect itsmunicipal council (conseil municipal). According to the Regional and Local Authorities Code and the Election Code,[140] Le Touquet has 27 municipal councillors (conseillers municipaux)elected for six-year terms on aproportional representation basis but with bonus seats for the majority list. That council then elects themayor (maire), currentlyDaniel Fasquelle (LR), who is both head of the commune and of the municipal council for the same period of time. The current term started in 2020 and will finish in 2026.[1] Previous mayors include Léonce Deprez (1969–1995; 2001–2008)[141] and Jules Pouget (1934–1963, with several interruptions due to World War II). For local administration purposes, Le Touquet defines ten neighbourhoods with one or two trusted members called ambassadors, whose role is to be a relay between the municipal government and the neighbourhood. They may, though need not be, members of the municipal council.[142]
Le Touquet belongs to theCommunauté d'agglomération des Deux Baies en Montreuillois (CA2BM), anintercommunality created in January 2017 with the seat in a small inland town ofMontreuil-sur-Mer. Le Touquet sends four municipal councillors to the 82-members intercommunal council.[143] Statute enumerates its powers and responsibilities, of which among the more important ones are related to waste and water management, urban development and public transport.[144] Before that, Le Touquet was the headquarters of a looserCommunauté de communes mer et terres d'Opale [fr], but a local government reform in 2015 forced the intercommunalities in Montreuil (which failed the minimum population threshold introduced by that reform), Le Touquet and Berck to be one bigger unit, by order of theprefect of Pas-de-Calais.[145] A unit calledAgence d'attractivité en Opale-Canche-Authie is a tourist board for the local region, and is separate from CA2BM, but aCour des Comptes report in 2020 found it to be in organisational chaos, not least because its precise role is unclear.[146]
Central government organs are not represented in Le Touquet. Thesubprefecture for Le Touquet is located in Montreuil-sur-Mer, about 18 km (11 mi) to the southeast, and the department's seat is inArras, 100 km (62 mi) away. Courts with jurisdiction in the commune are scattered around the region: general courts (tribunal judiciaire) as well ascommercial,labour courts and courts for minors are located in Boulogne-sur-Mer; Montreuil-sur-Mer has the justice of the peace court (tribunal de proximité) and theagricultural land court; thecour d'assises (the court decidingfelony cases) is inSaint-Omer and theadministrative court of the first instance is in the regional capital of Lille.[147]
For statistical purposes,Insee groups Le Touquet within theurban unit of Berck,[148] but at the same time defines Le Touquet as one of the centres of a localfunctional (metropolitan) area.[149]
Le Touquet directly participates indepartmental [fr],regional elections [fr] and those to theNational Assembly and theEuropean Parliament. According to the Electoral Code, 15 municipal councillors may additionally participate in an electoral college tochoose senators.
Le Touquet is located in thecanton of Étaples, which, just like any other Frenchcanton, elects one man and one woman to the departmental council (conseil départemental) for a six-year term. From 2021, these are Philippe Fait (RE) and Geneviève Margueritte, who sit in the right-leaning opposition groupGroupe Union pour le Pas-de-Calais.[150] Since 2022, Philippe Fait is also a deputy to the National Assembly for thePas-de-Calais's 4th constituency.[151] Before him, this district previously elected two of Le Touquet's mayors, Fasquelle (who as of September 2024 is treasurer of The Republicans party[152][153] and anHauts-de-France regional councillor from 2021[154]) and Deprez. Jules Pouget, another mayor of Le Touquet, was elected senator to theCouncil of the Republic for one term (1948–1952) under theFourth Republic.[155]
Le Touquet traditionally leans conservative, which contrasts with the neighboring town of Étaples.[156] Thearrondissement of Montreuil-sur-Mer is on a long-term trend more right-wing than the department as a whole, and the canton of Étaples is the most conservative part of that arrondissement.[157] However, sinceEmmanuel Macron's election to thepresidency in 2017, his native city of Amiens and Le Touquet became Macronist strongholds,[158] though right-leaning parties (except the far-rightNational Rally) still get relatively more support. President Macron has significant attachment to the city: he votes in Le Touquet and regularly spends time when not in Paris inthe villa [fr] his wife,Brigitte, inherited.[159][160]
All results in the table are sorted by the share of vote in the whole constituency.
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Le Touquet participates in internationaltown twinning; its partners are:[162]
Winterberg,North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (since 1966), a winter sports town
Rixensart, Belgium (since 1970), south ofBrussels
Witney,Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (since 1978)
Sidi Bou Said, Tunisia (since 1986), an upscale seaside suburb ofTunis
Cary, North Carolina, United States (since 1992)
Eckbolsheim, France (since 2012), a suburb ofStrasbourgAlmost all of the economy of Le Touquet revolves around tourism. Revenues coming from it allow the commune to punch way above what would be typical of the commune of its size. According to the assessment of theCour des Comptes, even though Le Touquet has about 4,200 people, its budget size would normally have been expected of a commune of 30,000.[5] In 2011–2021, annual communal expenditures oscillated around €31-36 million, with revenues slightly higher, beating the €40 million mark in 2017 and 2019 (for communes between 3,500 and 5,000 people, the average budget is just €4 million). Le Touquet's debt, at €16.4 million in 2021, is much higher than average, but also the commune's budget surplus would allow it to repay it in 3.5 years, faster than the average of 4.5 years.[163] Even though a 2023 law allowed Le Touquet to levy a surcharge on secondary residences, it chose not to.[164]
The commune's workforce activity statistics are not typical for France. In 2020, 51.6% of the population was retired and another 15.2% were not economically active, but the commune's companies and institutions still provided 3,790 jobs.[98] Due to heavy tourism influence, almost 90% of companies in Le Touquet are in theservice sector, much higher than the French average of 65%.[134] This may lead to problems when typical tourism patterns are disrupted. For example, when theEnduropale [fr] motor race was cancelled in 2021 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, entrepreneurs who were preparing to host an estimated 300,000 visitors that the event normally brings found their efforts were in vain and missed out on about €5 million the tourists would have brought to the local economy during this event.[165] On the other hand, 2022 and 2023 proved to be bumper years, the former because it was when the economy emerged from COVID-19 (950,000 night stays in the town)[131] and the latter for the region as a whole due to particularly strong presence of foreign tourists from neighbouring countries.[166]
Historically (before World War II), Le Touquet boasted an enormous tourism accommodation capacity, reaching 3,800 rooms, among which 1,000 in luxury hotels.[94] By 1965, the hotel capacity shrank to 1,540 rooms,[94] and so did the number of hotels: it fell from 123 in 1929 to 48 in 1961 and further to only 15 in 2011.[167] Still, as of 1 January 2023, the commune's tourist capacity is fairly large: the commune has 20 hotels with 1,041 rooms, 205camping pitches and 449 beds in twoapartment hotels.[98] There is also an estimated 1,300homestay beds (offered through platforms such asAirbnb orBooking), whose registration is mandatory with the mayoral office of the commune forhotel tax collection purposes.[168] In 2023, the commune unveiled plans to build a 90-room social housing complex for students and seasonal workers and as well as accommodation for theRepublican Guards to deterillegal immigration, but the time of completion is yet to be announced.[169]
Le Touquet can be divided into three broad areas, each with different architecture and socioeconomic status (with relatively littlesocial mobility between them). According to Valérie Deldrève ofINRAE [fr] Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, these are the city centre, the forest and the dunes. The city centre is located in the northwestern part of the commune. It features a concretepromenade and the beach. Some of the area in the northern part of the city centre is occupied bysocial housing, where 600 tenants, mostly local government employees, live. The area used to be occupied by a warehouse and a communal landfill. To the city centre's east is the forest area, which consists of villas, some as old as the town itself, whose owners are mostly upper-class (company executives, members ofliberal professions and retirees who used to be either of those) and for whom the house is a secondary residence. The dunes, in the southern part of the commune, are the site of numerous post-war subdivisions (Mayvillage, West Green, Whitley) catering to the ambitions of upper-middle class owners, but further development there was halted due to concerns about the impact on the dunes.[6]
The older buildings in Le Touquet are among the most prominent examples of the so-called "Anglo-Norman" architectural style, a mixture of that typically used elsewhere in Northern France with Anglo-Saxon influences. An example of this fusion is the city hall building, which on top of this style also adds abelfry and acarillon, design elements typical forsimilar older structures in Picardy and Flanders.[170] The whole area of the commune has been covered as a notable heritage site (site patrimonial remarquable [fr]) or by similar designations since 2005.[171]
Le Touquet has also been recognized for its abundance of greenery. The town's assessment in theConcours des villes et villages fleuris shows the maximum grade of four flowers.[172] Within that competition, Le Touquet received the grand prix in 2006[173] and thePrix National de l'Arbre (National Tree Award) in 2007, a special award of that organisation.[174] In 2022, the French minister of culture also granted a label of "Remarkable Garden" to a route in the centre of the city and near the conference hall.[175] In 2023, Le Touquet was recognized as a commune friendly for dogs via the "Toutourisme" label.[176] Because of these various factors, as well as abundant infrastructure,Ville de rêve, a French startup that attempts to numerically estimate the quality of life in each commune of France based on public data, gave Le Touquet the grade of 77.9/100, the highest in the department and 199th out of 34,990 in France.[177][178] According to another rating published in cooperation withLe Journal du Dimanche, Le Touquet is on 1796th position out of 34,808 and 29th among 890 communes assessed in the department.[179][180] These high ratings, and the fact Le Touquet is a seaside resort, create a lot of interest in its real estate, which winds its prices to very high values. In June 2023, a square metre in Le Touquet cost €8,384, more than double the average in Hauts-de-France region and only slightly below the average prices in Paris.[181] By March 2024, average values crossed the €10,000 per square metre mark, higher than any other city in the department.[182]
Every year in February, anoff-road motorcycle and quadbeach race called Enduropale (formerly Enduro du Touquet) is held on Le Touquet's beach.[111] It was started in 1975 on the initiative of Mayor Léonce Deprez andThierry Sabine, the creator of theDakar Rally, with 286 participants.[183] The event was a success as spectator count ballooned to 250,000 to 300,000 by the end of the 20th century[111] and to 500,000 people in late 2010s.[184] The event was cancelled twice: in 1991 because of theGulf War and in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic;[185] it also had to change its formula in 2006 to avoid damaging the dunes,[50] in part because of an administrative court ruling that retroactively declared the 2002 edition illegal because the prefect never gave an exemption from a total traffic ban that covered the protected dune zone.[186] However, the event's popularity proved resilient and beat records in post-COVID editions, with 500,000 spectators in 2022 and 600,000 guests in 2023, including 350,000 on the second day of the event alone.[187] Around 1,100 to 1,300 motorcycles and about 350 quad bikes, driven by more than 2,000 contestants, participate in this race.[184] When theFédération Internationale de Motocyclisme announced its new Sand Race World Cup in 2023, Enduropale was included as the first race of the championship in 2023[188] and in 2024.[189]
Le Touquet also has some automobile racing significance. After theDoullens-Le Touquet race in 1904, theAutomobile Club of France held an international meeting in this town in July 1911, followed by a race of elegance and tourism cars.[57] Todayrally racers participate in theRallye of Le Touquet [fr], which covers most of the department of Pas-de-Calais. It is the opening tournament of the Rally Championship of France. Its 64th edition was held in mid-March 2024[190]
Le Touquet was part of a wider trend in pre-WWI France to create tennis facilities near the sea. Because of the town's specifics as an upscale resort, even though it was a sport, it was first and foremost intended to be a fashionable and leisurely activity for upper-class guests.[191] Indeed, outdoor activities like tennis and golf were so fashionable that in mid-1920s they inspired a whole newhaute couture trend ofstyle sportive and even emulations for those who did not actually do sports but wanted to look sporty (while also wearing items that would normally interfere with these activities, such as jewellery or high-heeled shoes).[192]
TheCercle Internationale du Touquet, organised by Stoneham, Coubertin as well asGrand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia and some French aristocrats, contributed greatly to the development of the sport. Thanks to their efforts, by early 1910s, Le Touquethosted international tennis championships, which included the 1913 edition, one of the first wins inSuzanne Lenglen's career.[50] TheJean Borotra Cup [fr], part of theJunior Davis Cup competition, is held since 1972 and determines winner nations in the under-16 category.[193]
Starting from a humble three courts in 1904, the tennis complex expanded to 11 courts by 1912 and to 30 courts at the dawn ofWorld War II. A special tennis club building was unveiled in 1923.[194] Today, the tennis complex offers 21clay courts (including 3 with lights), 5 coveredhardcourts, 3padel courts and a central court for with a tribune for 900 spectators, as well as a swimming pool.[195] It is designated as one of the preparation sites for the2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, together with nearbyfield hockey andsoccer premises, whereLe Touquet AC plays.[196]
When Lord Balfour inaugurated the first 18-holegolf course in 1904, Le Touquet's golf development was unique for two reasons: first, most of the golf courses operated in the South of France (Biarritz,Pau,Cannes etc.) and not around or north of Paris; second, unlike in the southern golf courses, where individual players promoted the course byword of mouth, the company developing the resort took that job. It also built the Golf Hotel (opened 1908).[58] That golf course proved a success, so many more appeared on the northern coast of France to accommodate increasing demand of English elites.Wimereux, just north of Boulogne, opened its own facilities three years later, and Le Touquet had to expand with a second 9-hole course in 1910.[197] The premises further expanded to the current size of 45 holes by 1931, and were still owned by the British until the end of the century. In 1992, the Bell family, who purchased the golf courses from Touquet Syndicate Ltd., sold them to the "Open Golf Club", a company with French owners.[198]
Le Touquet currently has three golf courses: two 18-hole courses, La Forêt (the oldest one;par 71,SSS 71, 5,827 m (6,372 yd)) and La Mer (built in 1931 in the sand dunes; par 72, SSS 75.5, 6,407 m (7,007 yd)); and a 9-hole course called Le Manoir (par 35, SSS 35, 2,817 m (3,081 yd)).[199] The La Mer course is fairly well-regarded among golf players: in one assessment of the best courses inContinental Europe, this course was 59th and 12th in France.[200]
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The English developers who bought the resort's land were enthusiasts of horse racing andbetting, and knowing that these sports were also the domain of thehigh society whose tastes they were catering to, they put much effort into its development.[50] TheCercle Internationale du Touquet, composed of aristocrats, happily assisted in these efforts.[56] First competitions were already held in 1904 on a communal pasture called Nœud Vincent, next to the tennis courts, followed by the first international tournament (for both men and women) the following year.[57] Until 1925, this place would serve as a makeshift racecourse for sports likesteeplechase andpolo. Even when the permanent location in an "Anglo-Norman" style was opened and before the outbreak of WWII, Englishmen participated in a sport called "drags", i.e. riding a horse with a pack of hounds as if they were going hunting.[56]
In 1971, Le Touquet and its partners built an equestrian centre, which was expanded in 2000s to create a €2.4 million equestrian park that combined the centre,show jumping courses and the 1925 racecourse into one, and further enhanced in 2011 with 300 permanent and 450 temporary horseboxes. Le Touquet was the back base for the Frenchequestrian team at the2012 Summer Olympics in London,[50] and is also one of the training bases for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.[201] The Le Touquet horse racecourse is among the most important in the region of Hauts-de-France[202] and is among the few in France that is listed in the national heritage list.[203]
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Despite Le Touquet being a seaside resort, at first sea activities ran somewhat in the background in relation to other sports. For the upper-class clientele, sea baths alone were not enough as they were taken for granted, so resorts competed with each other for the most expansive offer of other leisure or entertainment opportunities.[50] Still, many events happened on the beach as well. A beach club was opened in 1927, but just like elsewhere in pre-war France, the main goal was not as much participation in sports but its members' health.[204] A swimming pool (1931), 66 m (217 ft) long and 25 m (82 ft) wide with depth varying from 60 cm (2.0 ft) to 5 m (16 ft), could accommodate up to 3,500 guests on its tribunes and included such features as fourdiving trampolines up to 10 m (33 ft) above the ground, purified seawater heated to 30 °C (86 °F), more than 500 cabins with footbaths, a massaginghot tub, abeauty salon, alaundry service, a restaurant, a cafe, ateahouse and a leisure room as well as a beach games room and a large parking.[68] The pool was badly damaged during World War II, but was restored to service in 1950 and stayed in the pre-war configuration until 1985, when rising maintenance costs prompted the commune to convert the area to a water park.[69] Aqualud, as it was known, closed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has never since reopened its doors.[205] The commune intends to demolish it and has signed a statement of intent to sell the land to a developer who will build a luxury hotel called "The Dune".[206]
In the post-war years, Le Touquet became particularly well-known thanks to land sailing.[207] Le Touquet's beach is well-suited for this kind of sport, as it is very long, straight and is not interrupted by any sort of obstacle.[208] In 1909,Louis Blériot started testing his improvised devices near his villa in Hardelot and then commercialised the production of these vehicles under the name ofaéroplages. Henri Demoury, amiller in theAisne, discovered the sport while on the Flemish coast and quickly switched to renting out land sail equipment and engineering some of his own, first starting in nearby Merlimont. After World War II, Demoury moved to Le Touquet, opened a workshop for land yachts and, in 1956, launched the first land sailing club in France (Blériot Club), which in 2018 counted 180 members in its ranks and had 130 land yachts. Its longtime director (1995–2013) wasBertrand Lambert [fr], who set the record for the highest speed on land sails while driving on sand (151.55 km/h (94.17 mph) in Berck), was a three-time world champion in the discipline and served as president of the French Land Sailing Federation (FFCV) for seven years.[209] Le Touquet held three international competitions in land sailing: the 3rd edition of the European Land Yachting Championship in 1965 and, in 2006, the 43rd European Championship and 10th World Championship (co-hosted with the town ofGravelines).[210]
Since about 1955, most of Northern France, including Le Touquet, became interested inbeach volleyball, so the town's club frequently participated in regional competitions.[204] Since 2010, the local beach volleyball club holds games for the Série A, the highest national tournament in France in the discipline, and in 2019 it hosted the national cup. It was one of 16 preparation bases in France for the 2024 Olympics.[211]
Le Touquet has been host to four stages of theTour de France. The resort first hosted a stage during the1971 Tour de France on 2 July, as the finish for Stage 6b, starting from Amiens. Following this, the resort hosted Stage 3 of the1976 Tour de France, on 27 June. This was a 37 km (23 mi)individual time trial which both started and finished at the resort. The following day, Le Touquet was the departure point for the fourth stage, toBornem inBelgium. The2014 Tour de France began Stage 4 at Le Touquet on 8 July, with the stage taking a 163.5 km (101.6 mi) route toLille Métropole.[212] Because the town hosted the cycling race, Le Touquet is eligible to promote itself with a "Bicycle City" (Ville à Vélo) label by Tour de France (one of 133 municipalities in the world). The jury found in 2021 and 2023 that the commune had a structured policy of promoting bicycle usage, awarding it with two bicycles out of four.[213][214] According to another assessment, theBaromètre des villes cyclables [fr], a national survey of bicycle usage and safety, Le Touquet's grade in 2021 on the scale from 1 to 6 (higher is better; averaged to 3.50) was 4.22 ("favourable conditions"), the third-best result in the Hauts-de-France region among 115 rated communes.[215]
Despite its small size, Le Touquet has some distinctive local cuisine specialties. One is theratte du Touquet [fr], a local type ofratte potatoes which are named after the town because André Hennuyer, a gardener from Le Touquet, helped revive the cultivation of that variety in 1960s (the variety was trademarked in 1986). Grown in the oceanic climate of Northern France around the town's general area, rattes have low yields and are prone to disease and frost, which was why they had previously fallen out of favour with the farmers.[216] However, this variety is prized for its characteristic nutty flavour (for that reason they notably featured inJoël Robuchon's puréed potatoes recipe).[217]
Another local invention was a fish soup prepared by Serge Pérard. Pérard says that during German occupation, he bought some leftovers from a fish market in Boulogne and prepared a crude soup out of them, and then used some of the initial broth for refinement with herbs and onions and repeated the cycle until he was confident that his final version, with sea molluscs andsaffron, would be popular. Based on his new recipe, he opened the first seafood restaurant in Le Touquet in 1963. The dish proved so popular that by 1970, Pérard was bottling 3,000 soup jars per day, and had to open a new purpose-built production facility in 1991 to cater to growing demand.[84] Another relatively known invention comes from a chocolatier calledAu Chat Bleu, which as of 2023 had four locations: Le Touquet (the first restaurant, opened 1912), Paris, Lille andQuimper. The restaurant's specialty is the "chat bleu", apraline mousse sandwiched between two layers ofnougatine.[218]
Despite its small size, Le Touquet has several cultural institutions. Among the oldest is theSociété académique du Touquet-Paris-Plage, which since 1906 collects and stores objects of historical interest concerning the city.[219] The city museum opened in 1932 on the initiative of the academic society and had to close during World War II. It only reopened in 1963 as museum's collections were retrieved from the city hall's hiding place behind a wall. In 1989, the institution moved to a larger space, Villa Wayside, where it is located today.[220] The museum primarily is an art gallery specialising in paintings coming from artists who lived in theÉtaples art colony that existed before World War I (e.g.Henri Le Sidaner,Eugène Chigot,Frits Thaulow,Myron G. Barlow andIso Rae), but it also houses collections from regional artists and those who were part of theSchool of Paris.[221] The Ministry of Culture awarded the museum the label of "Musée de France", which is awarded to major museums in the country.[220]
The commune also has a public library, with 35,000 titles and 250 CDs and DVDs available.[222] As of August 2022, it had about 1,600 users.[223] In the interwar period, there were as many as five cinemas in Le Touquet,[224] but there is only one today:Les 3 As, with five auditoriums. One of the other cinemas (Select), with one 400-seat auditorium, was converted to Casino Partouche and a nightclub.[225]
The first school in Le Touquet was opened in 1888, which was managed privately by a Mr. Delacroix and was not free; children from poor families had to walk to Cucq to attend class in a communal school, which most did not. In 1893, the Daloz family granted a free parcel of land for the commune to build a school there; first classes, for 37 students, started in 1897.[226] By 1905, residents petitioned the commune to split thecoeducational school intoone for boys and the other for girls, so the commune opened a boys-only school in 1908 (today the Antoine de Saint-Exupéry elementary school), and changed the first communal school into that for girls. By 1910, the two schools already had 110 children aged two to five; in response, the commune inaugurated a kindergarten that first opened its doors in 1912. All three facilities used a common canteen, which was rebuilt in 1978 to house six more classes. There were also two private schools, one for girls in the villaAve Maria, which opened in 1915, and the other opened by a Catholic parish in 1922. Its existence was interrupted by the death of the abbot in 1947 and so it only reopened in 1955.[227] As of 2024, Le Touquet has three primary schools:[m] a communal kindergarten built in 1912, theAntoine de Saint-Exupéry elementary school (206 pupils), also a communal establishment, as well as a private Catholic elementary school (174 pupils).[228]
In 1972, construction finished at the so-called education campus (cité éducative) where the Royal Picardy hotel had previously stood. It hosted the brand-new hospitality trade school (lycée hôtelier) and the lower secondary school (collège), The trade school, managed by the region of Hauts-de-France, got several improvements in 2000s, including six model guest rooms from two to four stars and a new kitchen practice.[229] The trade school also has boarding rooms and possibility to pursue post-secondary studies in the hospitality field.[228] In 2024, 232 admission requests were submitted for 72 places for first-year students.[230] The cone-shaped premises are protected as an architectural monument since 2004.[231]
The department manages the Collège Maxence Van der Meersch, which moved out of the trade school to a new dedicated building near the airport in 2007.[232] All of Le Touquet's schools are under the administrative supervision of theacademy of Lille, which covers the Nord and the Pas-de-Calais departments.[228]
Historically, Le Touquet had very good rail service thanks to local rail lines that served the coast between the Canche and the Authie and a connector to the main railway line. The trunk line between Paris and Boulogne, with the station at nearby Étaples, was opened in 1847.[38] As Le Touquet rapidly expanded, some investors started sensing a business opportunity in carrying passengers to the new resort. The first request for a railway concession came in 1892 to build a "tramway",[n] but the investor had to back out in 1895 because they had problems with buying out land, choosing the power source (horses or electricity) and because the bridge over the Canche river was too narrow to accommodate the new line.[234] The new company, theSociété du Tramway d'Étaples à Paris-Plage (EP), which grouped investors under the leadership ofBanque Adam [fr], a local financial institution, quickly resolved these problems and opened ametre-gauge electrified train line on 15 July 1900.[235] Another concessionary,Société du Chemin de Fer de Berck-Plage à Paris-Plage (BP), followed suit with a non-electrified metre-gauge line that reached the outskirts of Le Touquet in 1910 and the city centre in 1912.[236] There were also two600 mm gauge tram lines, one being a circular line in the city centre and the other that was only transporting passengers at the golf course; both were built by the developers of Le Touquet and opened around 1910, but in a murky legal environment that does not allow much study of their history.[234][237]
The BP line had many problems during its existence: during WWI, theFrench Army commandeered the railway line and ordered its disassembly for military needs;[238] when reassembled, the line suffered heavy losses as it was only used seasonally and it did not connect to other railways.[236] In mid-1920s, rival companies launched bus connections to Merlimont and Stella-Plage, sealing its fate. The line was closed in September 1927, and in 1929 disappeared from official registers.[238] The tram lines closed in 1925.[239] EP, on the other hand, was doing fairly well. At the beginning, the tram made 12 to 18 daily connections between Étaples and Le Touquet, but by the 1920s there were up to 32 services, which at times allowed a once-per-half-an-hour train schedule.[237] As World War II was approaching, the tram connection was gradually being replaced by buses during off-peak hours, but it was the German invasion of France that finished the railway, as repairing the damages the assault brought was not economically viable.[234] In the post-war years, theSNCF built a spur line to the airport to allow passengers travelling from London to Paris a seamless change from an airplane to the train using theSilver Arrow route, but that line was abandoned when the connection was no longer economically viable.[240]
There are no longer any railway lines within the boundaries of Le Touquet; the closest station is in Étaples. It is mostly served by regional trains to Calais, Amiens and Arras (TER Hauts-de-France), but there are someTGV connections to Paris viaCalais-Fréthun andLille-Europe.[241]
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The main roads leading to Le Touquet are theA16 motorway (exit 26), which was opened in 1994 and connects Le Touquet with Paris and Calais,[95] and the D939, or the oldRoute nationale 39 [fr], which crosses the whole department through Montreuil towards Arras andCambrai. The commune lies on theEuroVelo Route 4.[242]
Public transport is organised by the CA2BM agglomeration. The commune is served by bus lines 1A, 1B (towards Berck and Étaples) and the so-callednavette (shuttle bus) that overlays the lines between the Étaples railway station and Le Touquet.[243] As of 2024, bus fares do not differ by distance (€1 per ride).[244]
Le Touquet's airport first opened its doors in 1936, mostly to cater to British tourists. In the opening year, 1700 planes carrying 4600 passengers landed in Le Touquet, and the traffic doubled the following year. With the rising interest just before WWII, Le Touquet opened a new flight to the Netherlands in 1938.[76] In the post-war years, theSilver City Airways operated a scheduled "car ferry" service fromGatwick that could carry up to 12 passengers and two small cars, expanded to 20 passengers and three cars in 1953. It was scrapped in 1967.[245] In the meantime (1956), theSNCF, theBritish Rail and a French aviation company launched an intermodal (rail and air) connection between London and Paris calledSilver Arrow. It allowed travel times between Paris and London to be cut to just over 4 hours while also keeping the price relatively affordable, but by the 1970s it was no longer profitable, so it was cancelled in 1980.[240] WhenLydd Airport was opened in 1955, passengers started also flying from there.[246]LyddAir, the only company now serving the British airport, stopped offering scheduled connections to Le Touquet in November 2018; since then, onlycharter flights go to the resort.[247] The airport has bike and car rental services.[248]
In August 2023, the airport was named after QueenElizabeth II, who had died shortly before that. This name was approved by her son, KingCharles III. By this gesture, the mayor's office wanted to "pay tribute to the Great Queen and her uncle [Edward VIII] who was in love with France and to recognise the most British of the French resorts".[249]
The very first police appeared on the streets in 1891 with the commune of Cucq authorising agarde champêtre for the new hamlet, and in 1896, when a regular police officer was sent to the settlement.[250] Since 2021, the commune maintains its ownmunicipal police force that supplements the efforts of thenational police.[251] As of 2022, these are 15 policemen supported bygardes champêtres,municipal road patrollers [fr] and policemen watchingCCTV footage, for a total of 35 police personnel.[252] In September 2023, theMinistry of the Interior announced that policemen, who are headquartered in the town hall, would get an enlarged police station in the oldgendarmerie building for €6 million, and that tengendarmes with horses would arrive in summer of 2024 for immigration enforcement purposes.[253] Construction work is expected to start in mid-2026.[254]
At the beginning of the settlement's existence, the firefighters were dispatched from Étaples, but a series of fires in wooden villas forced the local landlords to invest in afire pump, which they bought in 1901.[255] By 1908, the municipal council voted to create an 18-strong firefighter subunit stationed in Cucq, which was expanded in 1912 to 40 firefighters; it became an independent unit in 1927. The premises in Le Touquet were built in 1935, and then opened in another place in 1957. Just after WWII, the firefighter unit had 60 people and 11 vehicles. In 2001, Le Touquet's fire station was closed, and emergency services are dispatched from Étaples.[256]
The oldest clinic in Le Touquet in existence is calledLes Drags. Opened in 1954, this private establishment can handle 85 patients.[257] A public practice was opened in July 2023, with 20 cabinets and 37 doctors, including sixinternists, 19 specialists and twelve nurses.[258][259] The nearest public hospital, theCentre hospitalier de l'arrondissement de Montreuil (CHAM), is located inRang-du-Fliers, 17 km (11 mi) to the south-east, and can serve 900 patients.[260] A thalassotherapy institute, which aims at helping cure illnesses by bathing in seawater, was opened in June 1974, and two hotels flanking the establishment were completed later (aNovotel today housing 149 rooms and anIbis with 91 rooms).[261]
Le Touquet's sewage flows to the local treatment plant located in the commune of Cucq. It also treats waste that comes from Étaples and Merlimont. Opened in the early 1980s, the premises have undergone extensive modernisation in 2007-2009 that cost €11.5 million.[262]Veolia provides water distribution services for the commune under a contract it signed with the city, thus prices are not set by the CA2BM agglomeration, as is the case for most other communes within its boundaries, but are subject to individual negotiation.[263]
Le Touquet is covered by theLa Voix du Nord, a regional newspaper for northern France that is owned byGroupe Rossel, a Belgian company that also publishes the Belgian dailyLe Soir.La Voix du Nord has a local edition for the Montreuil region.[264]Les Échos du Touquet is a local weekly newspaper covering the area closest to the city, with a readership of about 2,000.[265] The title belongs to theNord Littoral [fr] group, which in turn is a subsidiary ofLa Voix du Nord.[266]
Regional television also reaches Le Touquet. The public broadcaster,France Télévisions, covers Le Touquet in its regional channel,France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais.BFM TV, a private television channel, broadcasts news of the region through BFM Grand Littoral.[267] From 2011 to 2014, Opal Coast residents could watchOpal'TV [fr], but its unprofitability led to its quick closure, bankruptcy, and later acquisition by Wéo, a subsidiary ofLa Voix du Nord.[268]
{{cite journal}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)When soldiers staying at the Étaples camp were allowed out on a pass, they did not naturally gravitate towards town to find their recreational needs, preferring instead the delights on offer in the nearby town of Le Touquet, which was separated from Étaples by a small river. Le Touquet had a pleasant beach for those of a more discerning character and, in essence, it became a place for officers only; to prevent a mass of 'fellows from the other ranks' potentially spoiling their fun, a picket guard was placed on the bridge over the river Canche, which was the only way into Le Touquet from the camp at Étaples. At low tide men were known to make their way to and from Le Touquet, by simply traversing the shallow river bed." "Although the pleasant French seaside town of Le Touquet, where a man could find most, if not all, of the pleasantries that he sought, was no more than a stone's throw away from the camp, it was off limits to enlisted men.
Two months after the Germans had captured Le Touquet, Wodehouse was interned along with the other foreign males living there
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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