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Lying in state is the tradition in which the body of a deceasedofficial, such as ahead of state, is placed in a state building, either outside or inside acoffin, to allow the public to pay their respects. It traditionally takes place in a major government building of a country, state, or city. While the practice differs among countries, in the United States, a viewing in a location other than a government building, such as a church, may be referred to aslying in repose.[1] These rituals are in effect a more formal and publicwake or funeralviewing.[2] Lying in state may precede astate funeral, or it may be the public honor preceding by a private funeral.
In Canada, official lying in state is a part of astate funeral, an honour generally reserved for formergovernors general and formerprime ministers. It is held in theCentre Block ofParliament Hill, in the national capital,Ottawa, Ontario. Ex-governors general lie in state in theSenate Chamber while former prime ministers lie in the Hall of Honour. During the period of lying in state, the caskets are flanked at each corner by aGuard of honour, composed of four members drawn from theCanadian Forces andRoyal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as members of theGovernor General's Foot Guards for former governors general, and guards from the parliamentary security forces for former prime ministers. Guards stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted (resting on Arms reversed) with their backs turned towards the casket.
Provinces may also mount state funerals and have a lying in state for a distinguished former resident. For instance,Maurice Richard, nationally known hockey player, was given a state funeral by the province ofQuebec when he died in 2000; his coffin lay in state at theMolson Centre.[3] This process was repeated for fellowCanadiens playersJean Béliveau in December 2014 andGuy Lafleur in May 2022.[4][5]
Upon his death in October 2012, 24thlieutenant governor of Ontario and former member ofparliamentLincoln Alexander received only the second provincial state funeral in the province.[6] Ontario staged its first state funeral in October 1982 for formerpremierJohn Robarts.[7]
Alexander lay in state in theOntario Legislative Building inToronto then in repose in Hamilton City Hall, his hometown.[8] The service was held inHamilton Place. During the procession from city hall, the casket was escorted by mounted police officers, marching police, firefighters and military and a massed pipe band representing several police and fire services.[9]
On 2 July 2019,Lieutenant Governor of SaskatchewanW. Thomas Molloy died. He was installed as the 22nd lieutenant governor on 21 March 2018, and approximately a year later, diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. His state funeral service was held atMerlis Belsher Place on the campus of theUniversity of Saskatchewan. Malloy had earlier served as chancellor of the university. Members of the public were able to sign books of condolence at theSaskatchewan Legislative Building andGovernment House in Regina and city hall inSaskatoon.
PremierScott Moe stated that flags in the province would fly at half-mast until sunset on the day of Malloy's funeral, which was later scheduled for 13 July. During the service, a detail ofRoyal Canadian Mounted Police guarded the casket and following, members of 15 Wing Moose Jaw from the Royal Canadian Air Force flew over Merlis Belsher Place.[10]
Jocelyne Roy-Vienneau,Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, died 2 August 2019, after holding office since 23 October 2014. She received a state funeral 8 August 2019 and the flag on thePeace Tower of theParliament Buildings flew at half-mast from 6 August through 8 August.[11]
Municipalities may offer civic funerals to prominent deceased current or former politicians.
In North Korea, the body of the late leaderKim Jong Il was embalmed and displayed in a glass coffin surrounded with red flowers at theKumsusan Palace of the Sun inPyongyang prior to his funeral, which began and ended at the palace. An honour guard armed with AK-47s was present. Kim's fatherKim Il Sung, the founding president, was also embalmed, placed in a glass casket, and is on display elsewhere in the palace.[12]
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During the time of theSoviet Union (1917–1991), thestate funerals of the most senior political and military leaders, such asVladimir Lenin,Joseph Stalin,Leonid Brezhnev,Yuri Andropov, andKonstantin Chernenko all followed the same basic outline. They took place in Moscow, beginning with a public lying in state of the deceased in theHouse of the Unions, and ending with an interment atRed Square.
For the lying in state at theHouse of the Unions, the coffin would be placed on display in the Column Hall, which would be decorated by flowers, numerousred flags and othercommunist symbols. The mourners, which usually would be brought in by the thousands, shuffled up a marble staircase beneath chandeliers draped in black gauze. On the stage at the left side of the Column Hall, a full orchestra in black tailcoats played classical music. The deceased'sembalmed body, dressed in a black suit, white shirt and a tie, was displayed in an open coffin on acatafalque banked with carnations, red roses and tulips, facing the queue of mourners. A smallguard of honour would be in attendance in the background. At the right side of the hall, seats were placed for guests of honour, with the front row reserved for the dead leader's family.
On the day of the funeral, a military funeral parade would take place during which the coffin would be conveyed from the House of the Unions to Red Square where burial would take place. Lenin and Stalin were placed inside theLenin Mausoleum, while Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko were interred in individual graves in theKremlin Wall Necropolis.
Atstate funerals in Singapore, the state flag is draped over the coffin. The vigil guard may be deployed during the public lying in state of the deceased person atParliament House. The deployment of the vigil guard is the highest form of respect accorded by the nation to the deceased.
Similar to British traditions, the vigil guard is composed of groups of fivecommissioned officers from theSingapore Armed Forces (SAF) andSingapore Police Force (SPF) who stand guard around the clock in shifts of 30 minutes. Four of the five officers stand facing outward at each of the four corners of the coffin, while the fifth and most senior stands in front and faces inward. Their heads are bowed and their ceremonial swords are inverted.[13]
Vigil guards were stationed at the public lying in state ofGoh Keng Swee in May 2010,[14]Lee Kuan Yew in March 2015,[15] andS. R. Nathan in August 2016.[16]
Nelson Mandela was the first democratically elected president to lie in state in South Africa. The event took place at theUnion Buildings inPretoria, the same site where he was inaugurated as thepresident of South Africa on 10 May 1994. Mandela lay in state from 11 December through 13 December 2013 with thousands of South Africans filing past the coffin before it was flown toMthatha where Mandela was buried on 15 December 2013 in nearbyQunu in the Eastern Cape.[17]
From 30 December to 31 December 2021,[18][19] revered anti-apartheid fighterArchbishopDesmond Tutu lay in state atSt. George's Cathedral inCape Town prior to his funeral being held at the same location on 1 January 2022.[20][21][22]
Instate and ceremonial funerals in the United Kingdom, lying in state traditionally takes place inWestminster Hall. The body is placed in a closed coffin on acatafalque and is guarded, around the clock, by detachments from the following units:
There are differences between lying in state at a State Funeral, and that of a Ceremonial Funeral. At a State Funeral, the guard detachment consists of ten members, with six drawn from the Sovereign's Bodyguard and four from the Household Division. The four members of the Household Division, all of whom are officers, and who are drawn either from the two regiments of the Household Cavalry (one pair from each), or one of the Foot Guards regiments, form the 'Inner Guard'; they stand one each corner of the catafalque next to the coffin. The six members of the Sovereign's Bodyguard consist of four from the Yeomen of the Guard, and two from either the Gentlemen-at-Arms or the Royal Company of Archers, and form the 'Outer Guard'. The Yeomen of the Guard take position at the corners of the dais on which the catafalque is mounted, outside the officers from the Household Division, while the final two take position on the dais at the foot of the coffin.
Each detachment stands vigil for twenty minutes, facing out from the coffin with heads bowed and weapons inverted. The Yeomen of the Guard maintain a constant presence throughout the period of lying in state, while the other units rotate every six hours.[23] At a Ceremonial Funeral, such asthat of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, only the Inner Guard stands vigil, with detachments of four from each of the ten named units at their post for twenty minutes, and units rotating every six hours.[24]
On three occasions, the guard has beenmounted by four members of theroyal family. At the lying in state ofKing George V in 1936, the guard was mounted by his four sonsKing Edward VIII, theDuke of York (future George VI), theDuke of Gloucester and theDuke of Kent. ForQueen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's lying-in-state in 2002, the guard was mounted by her four grandsons, thePrince of Wales (future Charles III), theDuke of York, theEarl of Wessex, andViscount Linley.[25] All QueenElizabeth II's children took guard at 19:40 BST on 12 September 2022 at the lying-in-repose atSt Giles' Cathedral,Edinburgh. During this vigil,Anne, Princess Royal became the first woman ever to stand guard.[26] As part of the late Queen's lying in state in London, at 19:30 BST on 16 September 2022, her four children stood vigil for the second time.[27] The Queen's eight grandchildren held a vigil the following day on 17 September 2022.[28]
The tradition of lying in state in the United Kingdom dates to theStuart sovereigns in the seventeenth century.[29] The first British monarch to lie in state in Westminster Hall was KingEdward VII in 1910, apparently followingWilliam Gladstone in 1898.[30]Queen Victoria requested that she should not lie in state but after her death atOsborne House on theIsle of Wight was given a semi-private lying in state for family and servants to pay their respects.[29]
Lying in state in the United States is the rare honour either authorized by a congressional resolution or approved by the congressional leadership, when permission is granted by survivors, to a deceased member of government (or former member) whereby his or her remains are placed in therotunda of theUnited States Capitol inWashington, D.C. for public viewing.[31] The casket is guarded by members of the six branches of theUnited States armed forces. By regulation and custom, only presidents, military commanders, justices of the Supreme Court, andmembers of Congress are granted the honour of lying in state.
It differs from lying in honour in that individuals lying in state have guards of honour representing each branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, while individuals lying in honour have theU.S. Capitol Police as civilian guards of honour. Six Americans have lain in honour, beginning in 1998.[32] In 2005,Rosa Parks became the first woman to lie in honour in the United States Capitol.[33]
Except for presidents and former presidents, the honour is not automatic. Not all those entitled to the honour have it accepted by their survivors. The first leader to receive this honour wasHenry Clay, formerSpeaker of the House of Representatives, when he died in 1852. Since then, the honour has been extended to 36 people, including 12 presidents and four unknown soldiers, representing U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified.Harry Truman,Richard Nixon and their families declined services at the Capitol.[34] To date, most of those who have lain in state have done so upon thecatafalque constructed for the funeral of Abraham Lincoln. Those who have lain in honour have been borne on otherbiers.[35]
Some U.S. states and cities extend similar honours.
Upon his death in August 2018, U.S. SenatorJohn McCain lay in state at theState Capitol of his home state ofArizona before receiving the same honour in the U.S. Capitol two days later.[36]
After a memorial service outside the Polk Street entrance of San Francisco City Hall on 29 November 1978, MayorGeorge Moscone and city SupervisorHarvey Milk lay in state in the Rotunda until 30 November, aftertheir assassination by former SupervisorDan White. The chamber was also filled with more than 400 floral tributes to the two men.[37][38]
InSan Francisco, MayorEd Lee lay in state in the Rotunda ofSan Francisco City Hall after his death in office on 12 December 2017.[39] SenatorDianne Feinstein, who served as San Francisco mayor from 1978 to 1988, also lay in state in the rotunda on 4 October 2023, prior to a funeral service the following day.[40]
After his death in July 2020, U.S. RepresentativeJohn Lewis received similar honours from his home state of Georgia and also was the first African American member of Congress to lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda. Because of his role in theSelma to Montgomery marches during thecivil rights movement, Lewis also lay in state for one day in theAlabama Capitol in Montgomery.[41]
Eight people have lain in state at theHawaii State Capitol, among which include former GovernorJohn A. Burns in 1975, U.S. SenatorSpark Matsunaga in 1990, famous Hawaiian singerIsrael Kamakawiwoʻole upon his death in 1997, U.S. RepresentativePatsy Mink in 2002, former U.S. SenatorHiram Fong in 2004,Daniel Inouye, president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, in 2012, and former U.S. SenatorDaniel Akaka in 2018.[42]
Through 2022,23 people have lain in state at theKentucky Capitol building rotunda in Frankfort. This includes not only politicians, but also civilians. Kentucky-basedKentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) founderColonel Harland Sanders would also be among those who received the honour of lying in state in the Kentucky Capitol's rotunda following his death in 1980.[43] After his death in November 2022, former Kentucky governor and renowned restaurant business mogulJohn Y. Brown Jr. would also be among those who had the honour of lying in state at the Kentucky Capitol as well.[44] Former Kentucky GovernorBrereton C. Jones would lie in state at the Kentucky Capitol following his death in September 2023 as well.[45][46]
During funeral rites of civil rights iconRosa Parks inDetroit in November 2005, she lay in repose at theCharles H. Wright Museum of African American History before services and burial.[47] This followed similar arrangements in December 1997 for MayorColeman Young, the firstAfrican-American to hold that office.[48]
Upon the deaths of singer-songwriterAretha Franklin in August 2018 and former CongresswomanBarbara-Rose Collins in November 2021, both women were also honoured at the Wright Museum.[49][50]
Rep.Sheila Jackson Lee lay in state atHouston City Hall on 24 July 2024 after her death on 19 July. Lee was only the second person so honoured after noted heart surgeon Dr.Michael DeBakey.[51] Former state rep, Houston mayor and U.S. RepresentativeSylvester Turner became the third person so honoured on 11 March 2025.[52] Following ceremonies in Houston, Turner would also "lie in honor" at theTexas State Capitol from 13-14 March 2025;[53][54] however, some sources have claimed that Turner did lay in state while at the Texas State Capitol during this time.[55][56]
Upon her death in 1948,Belle Reeves, former state legislator and Washington's first femalesecretary of state, received the only state funeral ever held in theHouse Chamber of theWashington State Legislature.[57]
A deceasedpope customarily lies in state in the chapel of theApostolic Palace (except for Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI) where members of the Papal household and Vatican officials may pay respects. Then, after a Mass of Visitation, the body is moved toSt. Peter's Basilica, where it remains until the celebration of aRequiem Mass.[58] Thefunerals of John Paul II andBenedict XVI followed this custom.
The preserved body ofHo Chi Minh lies in state in the purpose-builtHo Chi Minh Mausoleum at theHo Chi Minh Museum inHanoi and is open for public viewing.[59]
TheCoptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has a tradition of mummifying the deceased pope and placing his body on his throne to enable church followers to have a farewell look at him for a short period of time. This tradition is one of the ways that ancient Egyptian rituals have survived in the Egyptian church.[60]