Lawton Chiles | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 41st Governor of Florida | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office January 8, 1991 – December 12, 1998 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lieutenant | Buddy MacKay | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Bob Martinez | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Buddy MacKay | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States Senator fromFlorida | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1989 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Spessard Holland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Connie Mack III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Member of theFlorida Senate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office November 8, 1966 – November 3, 1970 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Redistricted | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Bob Brannen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Constituency | 26th district (1966–1967) 28th district (1967–1970) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Member of the Florida House of Representatives fromPolk County, Group 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office November 4, 1958 – November 8, 1966 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Roy Surles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | John R. Clark | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. (1930-04-03)April 3, 1930 Lakeland, Florida, U.S. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | December 12, 1998(1998-12-12) (aged 68) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | "Jubilee," Chiles family estate Leon County, Florida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Democratic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relatives | Kay Hagan (niece) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Education | University of Florida (BA,JD) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance |  United States | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branch/service |  United States Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years of service | 1952–1954 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | First lieutenant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Battles/wars | Korean War | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. (April 3, 1930 – December 12, 1998) was an American politician and military officer. A member of theDemocratic Party, he served as aUnited States senator fromFlorida from 1971 to 1989 and as the 41stgovernor of Florida from 1991 until his death in 1998.
AKorean War veteran, Chiles later returned to Florida for law school and eventually opened his own private practice in 1955. Three years later, Chiles entered politics with a successful bid for theFlorida House of Representatives in 1958.
By 1966, Chiles left the Florida House to run for theFlorida Senate. Despite 12 years in theFlorida Legislature, Chiles was relatively unknown when he decided to bid forUnited States Senate in 1970. He embarked on a 1,003-mile walk fromPensacola toKey West for his campaign, earning him the nickname "Walkin' Lawton". It was successful and Chiles defeated his opponentWilliam C. Cramer by a 53.9%–46.1% margin. Chiles was re-elected with relative ease in1976 and1982. He retired from the United States Senate in 1989.
Not long after his retirement, supporters convinced him to run for governor of Florida in1990 against the unpopular incumbent RepublicanBob Martinez, and Chiles defeated Martinez with 56.5% of the vote. During his first term as Governor, Chiles reformed health care and oversaw recovery efforts fromHurricane Andrew in 1992. Chiles faced a toughre-election bid in 1994 againstJeb Bush, a businessman and son of formerpresidentGeorge H. W. Bush. Chiles prevailed over Bush with 50.75% of the vote, with a margin of fewer than 64,000 votes. During his second term, Chiles worked on education reform. On December 12, 1998, he suffered aheart arrhythmia and died at theFlorida Governor's Mansion, leavingLieutenant GovernorBuddy MacKay to serve the remaining 24 days of Chiles' unexpired term. Jeb Bush succeeded MacKay. As of 2025, Chiles is the last Democrat to be elected as Governor of Florida.
Chiles was born inPolk County, Florida nearLakeland, the son of Margaret Kate (née Patterson) and Lawton Mainor Chiles. He attended public school at Lakeland High School, then theUniversity of Florida atGainesville. At the University of Florida, he was active in student politics. Chiles was a member ofPhi Delta Phi International Legal Honor Society Cockrell Inn and was inducted into both the university Hall of Fame (the most prestigious honor a student can receive at UF) andFlorida Blue Key.
He was a member of theAlpha Tau Omega fraternity. He graduated in 1952. Following his college years, Chiles entered theKorean War, commissioned as an artillery officer in theUnited States Army. After the war, Chiles returned to the University of Florida forlaw school, from which he graduated in 1955; he passed the state bar exam that year and went into private practice in Lakeland. He marriedRhea Grafton.
In 1958, Chiles, a Democrat, was elected to theFlorida House of Representatives.[1] It was essentially still a one-party state, as most African Americans weredisfranchised by a constitution and laws passed since the turn of the century.[2] Chiles served in the House until 1966, when he was elected to a seat in theFlorida Senate, which he held until 1970.[1] While in the state senate, Chiles served on the 1968 Florida Law Revision Commission. During his time in the state legislature, Chiles continued to work as a lawyer and developer in Lakeland. He was one of the initial investors in theRed Lobster restaurant chain.[3] He was a member of the Florida Society of theSons of the American Revolution.[4]
In 1970, Chiles decided to run for a seat in theUnited States Senate. At the time, despite his 12 years in the state legislature, he was largely unknown outside his Lakeland-based district. To generate some media coverage and meet people across the state, Chiles embarked upon a 1,003-mile, 91-day walk across Florida fromPensacola toKey West. The walk earned him the recognition he sought, as well as the nickname that would follow him throughout his political career– "Walkin' Lawton". In his journal Chiles wrote that sometimes he walked alone, while other times he met ordinary Floridians along the way. In later years, Chiles would recall the walk allowed him to see Florida's natural beauty, as well as the state's problems, with fresh eyes. Some Florida reporters said that Chiles enjoyed campaigning much more than governing.[5]
In the general election campaign, Chiles facedU.S. representativeWilliam C. Cramer ofSt. Petersburg, the firstRepublican to have served in Congress from Florida sinceReconstruction. Cramer, a graduate ofHarvard Law School, questioned Chiles's votes as a state senator on several matters regarding insurance. One law increased automobile liability rates by 50 percent over two years, and another raised premiums for school bus insurance, at a time that Chiles's insurance agency in Lakeland held the policy on thePolk County School Board, but such "conflict-of-interest" accusations seemed to have little political effect.[6]
The self-made Cramer depicted Chiles as coming from a "silver spoon" background with a then net worth of $300,000, but the media ignored questions about the candidates' personal wealth.[7] Instead, reporters focused on the walk, often termed a "public relations stroke of genius." Prior to the walk, Chiles was identified by only 5 percent of voters; afterwards, he had widespread positive recognition.[8]
TheTallahassee Democrat forecast correctly that Chiles's "weary feet and comfortable hiking boots" would carry the 40-year-old "slow-country country lawyer" with "boyish amiability", and "back-country common sense and methodical urbane political savvy" to victory.[9] Chiles's "Huck Finn" image was contrasted one night in Miami when he held a fried chicken picnic while the Republicans showcased a black-tie $1,000-a-plate dinner.[10]
Cramer could not match Chiles's public appeal. An observer described Cramer's "charisma" as "a speech in theCongressional Record." A Cramer aide said it was difficult "selling experience. It's not a sexy thing."[11] A Chiles advertisement urged that voters "Vote for yourself. Chiles walked our streets and highways to hear what you have to say. That's why a vote for Chiles is like a vote for yourself."[10] With "shoe leather and a shoestring budget", Chiles presented himself as a "problem solver who doesn't automatically vote 'No' on every issue."[12]
Cramer said that he should have demanded more debates and rebuffed the walking tactic: "I never could get that turned around. He was walking, and I was running. But the press was enamored with the walk ... Every time he was asked a question about where he stood, he would quote somebody that he met on the campaign trail to state what he was to do when he got to the Senate consistent with what that constituent had said. The basic approach gave him more credibility to his walk, which had nothing to do with his qualifications for the Senate but gave him free publicity and appealed to the 'little man.'"[13]
Withecology a national concern by 1970, Chiles announced his opposition to theCross Florida Barge Canal, which had originally been supported by every member of the Florida congressional delegation. The project, one-third completed, was cancelled early in 1971 and is now a protectedgreen belt corridor. Chiles endorsed federal funding to remove waste from thebass-teemingLake Apopka in central Florida. By contrast, Cramer received little credit from environmentalists although he had drafted the Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 and had sponsored legislation to protectalligators, stopbeach erosion, dredge harbors, and remove oil spills. Instead, Cramer's critics accused him of having weakened anti-pollution laws. Cramer questioned Chiles's opposition to a proposedseverance tax onphosphate mining, which particularly impactedTampa Bay. Cramer declared that "Liberal Lawton has protected the phosphate industry -- the state's single largest polluter."[14]
By 1974, a survey showed Floridians favored limits on development, and 60 percent urged more government funding forconservation.[15]
Only three newspapers—inOrlando,Fort Myers, andPasco County—supported Cramer in the race against Chiles.[16] In the face of media opposition, Cramer failed to pin the "liberal" label on Chiles, who called himself by the rare hybrid term "progressive conservative."[17] Explaining Cramer's inability to make "liberalism" an issue in 1970,The New York Times observed that Chiles and the gubernatorial candidate,Reubin Askew of Pensacola, "convey amiable good ol' boy qualities with moderate-to-liberal aspirations that do not strike fear into the hearts of conservatives."[18]
Chiles relied heavily on his support from the retiring senator and former governorSpessard Holland. He noted that Cramer had expected to face former governorFarris Bryant, who likeLeRoy Collins, Gurney's foe in 1968, had ties to the administration of PresidentLyndon B. Johnson. Bryant lost the senatorial primary to Chiles. "I'm not anything Cramer thought he would be running against. So he's reduced to telling lies about me," Chiles quipped.[16] Chiles said that Cramer can bringNixon,Agnew,Reagan, and anybody else he wants. ... I'll take Holland on my side against all of them."[19]
Cramer said a Republican-majority Senate would lead to the removal of controversial SenatorJ. William Fulbright ofArkansas, the chairman of theSenate Foreign Relations Committee who had long opposed theVietnam War. Chiles, however, retorted that if Republicans controlled the Senate other southern Democrats would also forfeit committee chairmanships earned through their seniority.[20]
Chiles was twice re-elected to the U.S. Senate --1976 and1982, both heavily Democratic years. Chiles, never flashy, was considered a moderate lawmaker who rarely made waves. He served as the chairman of theSpecial Committee on Aging of the 96th Congress (1979–1981), and in the 100th Congress (1987–1989) served as chairman of the influentialSenate Budget Committee. While heading the Budget Committee, he played a key role in the 1987 revision of theGramm-Rudman-Hollings Act.[21][22]
In 1985, Chiles underwentquadruple-bypass heart surgery. After his recovery, he became increasingly frustrated with the slow pace of work in the Senate, complaining that it was too difficult to get anything done. Accordingly, he announced in December 1987 that he would not seek re-election the next year.[23] Chiles was succeeded byRepublicanConnie Mack.
After the surgery, Chiles developed clinical depression,[24] and was treated withProzac.[25] He retired from the Senate in 1989 and intended to retire from politics entirely. However, several supporters convinced him to enter the 1990 Florida governor's race againstRepublican incumbentBob Martinez. During the Democratic Party primary, his opponentBill Nelson attempted to make an issue of Chiles' age and health, a strategy that backfired badly in a state with a large population of retirees.[26][27]
Chiles ran a campaign to "reinvent" the state's government, and defeated Martinez to take office in 1991.[27] During his first term as governor, Chiles managed to accomplish very little. Although he developed ambitious health-care and tax reform packages, neither passed in the hostile state legislature. The early years of his term were troubled by a national economic recession that severely damaged Florida's tourism-based economy, and byHurricane Andrew, which struck nearHomestead in August 1992.
Chiles ran for re-election in the1994 election againstRepublicanJeb Bush.[28] During the campaign season, Bush ran a television advertisement which featured the mother of a teenage girl who had been abducted and murdered many years before. The mother stated that "Her killer is still on death row, and we're still waiting for justice. We won't get it from Lawton Chiles because he's too liberal on crime. . . Lawton Chiles has let us down. . . I know Jeb Bush. He'll make criminals serve their sentences and enforce the death penalty. Lawton Chiles won't," referring to Chiles not signing the convicted killer's death warrant.[29] Chiles responded that he did not sign a death warrant because the case was still on appeal.[30] The Democratic governor further claimed a record of support for the death penalty, having presided over 18 executions during his two terms (among themJudy Buenoano, the first Floridian woman executed since 1848). Moreover, after the botched electrocution ofPedro Medina in 1997, and despite significant public criticism, Chiles refused to endorse the use oflethal injection as a lawful form of execution.[31] The new method was introduced under Bush's administration in 1999 after the execution ofAllen Lee Davis.
The 1994 election was memorable for its series of debates between Bush and Chiles. During the last debate on November 1, Chiles said to Bush, "My momma told me, sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will never hurt me. But let me tell you something about the old liberal. The old he-coon walks just before the light of day."[32] Bush and many others did not understand the reference, but the quote gained significant media attention. After the debate, Chiles remained oblique, saying "It's sort of like saying, "Don't mess with the Lone Ranger.'" The next day,Lt. GovernorBuddy MacKay explained that the he-coon was the oldest and wiliest raccoon in the pack, according toFlorida cracker folklore. Raccoons were hunted by the light of the moon, and the he-coon would wait all night while the young raccoons ran from the dogs, tiring them out. Then, just before the light of day, the he-coon would leave his lair and walk in the open, safe from the dogs. Chiles was implying that he was the he-coon, and just as the he-coon walked before dawn, he would score a comeback victory against Bush.[33] The quip was a direct appeal to older, rural, ancestral Floridians, whose loyalty to Democratic candidates had waned over the past several decades.[34] Seven days later, as Republicans swept the 1994 Florida elections in almost every respect, Chiles bucked the trend, winning reelection in an upset by about 64,000 votes, 1.52% of the total vote. He is the last Democrat to win a gubernatorial election in Florida.[35] Chiles' "he-coon" quote has become a well-known moment in Florida politics, often recalled and referenced in headlines and Florida political debate.[34]
Chiles' second term as governor was notable as the first time in state history that a Democratic governor had a legislature controlled by the Republican Party. Despite this, he had some successes, including a successful lawsuit he and stateattorney generalBob Butterworth filed against thetobacco industry, which resulted in an $11.3 billion settlement for the state. He also won approval for a $2.7 billion statewide school construction program.
In 1995, Chiles sought treatment for a neurological problem that was later diagnosed as amild stroke after he awoke with nausea, slurred speech and loss of coordination; and it would be determineddehydration might have caused the episode.[36] He recovered fully, which was credited to prompt treatment.[37][38]
Ineligible to run a third time, Chiles supported thelieutenant governor, his personal friendBuddy MacKay, in the1998 Florida governor's race againstJeb Bush. Bush, however, scored an easy victory over MacKay. On December 12 that year, just three weeks before his long-awaited retirement was to begin, Chiles suffered from anabnormal heart rhythm[39] while exercising on a cycling machine in the Governor's Mansion gymnasium. He died suddenly shortly afterwards, at the age of 68.[40]
Funeral services were held at Faith Presbyterian Church inTallahassee on December 16, 1998, following a funeral procession that traced part of his walk from the 1970 Senate campaign from the panhandle town ofCentury to Tallahassee. Chiles was initially buried in a church cemetery in Tallahassee; however, within a year his wife had the body moved to a 200-acre (81 ha) tract 15 miles (24 km) east of Tallahassee, a place they named Jubilee.[41] He was succeeded in office by MacKay, who served until Bush's term began on January 5, 1999.
Chiles was known as a health care and children's advocate throughout his career. He emphasized health coverage for the uninsured and led a campaign to create the National Commission for Prevention of Infant Mortality in the late 1980s. In 1994, he fought for the creation of regional health care alliances throughout the state, which allow small businesses to pool their health care dollars and broaden coverage while saving money. He also created theFlorida Department of Elder Affairs.[42]
In 1992, Chiles created the Florida Healthy Start program to provide a comprehensive prenatal and infant care program available to all pregnant women and infants across the state; since the program's inception the state'sinfant mortality rate has dropped 18%. In 1996, Chiles appointed a Governor's Commission on Education to examine the state's school system. One of the significant recommendations that came from that commission eventually led to the highly controversial 2002state constitutional amendment restricting Florida's school class sizes.[citation needed]
In 1997,anti-abortionadvocacy groupChoose Life collected 10,000 signatures and filed the $30,000 fee required under Florida law at the time to submit an application for a new specialty plate. State SenatorTom Lee sponsored a bill in support of the tag's creation. The bill passed both houses of theFlorida State Legislature in early 1998, but was vetoed by Chiles, who stated that license plates are not the "proper forum for debate" on political issues.[43][44]
Perhaps his greatest legacy was his impact on theFlorida Supreme Court, where his appointments continued to have a major impact on state and national events long after Chiles' death. Chiles appointed JusticeMajor B. Harding in 1991, JusticeCharles T. Wells in 1994, JusticeHarry Lee Anstead in 1994, JusticeBarbara J. Pariente in 1997, and JusticeR. Fred Lewis in 1998.[citation needed] Chiles and incoming governor Jeb Bush jointly appointed JusticePeggy A. Quince in 1998 just a few days before Chiles' death. Quince was jointly appointed because her term as Justice would begin the exact moment that Bush's first term as governor began, so there was a legal question which governor had the authority to appoint her. Bush and Chiles agreed to make a joint appointment to avoid a lawsuit over the question.[45]
Thus, at one point, Chiles had appointed five of the seven Justices and had jointly appointed the sixth. Chiles' appointments formed the Supreme Court majorities that decided the following major cases:
Lawton Chiles Middle Academy
LCMA, a public magnet school in Chile’s’ hometown of Lakeland, Florida, was renamed for him after his death. The school is located in the former Lakeland Senior High School building from which Chiles graduated in 1948.
A high school inTallahassee, Florida, opening in 1999,Lawton Chiles High School was named after Chiles. It still retains the name to today.[48]
Chiles' niece was former U.S. senatorKay Hagan ofNorth Carolina, aDemocrat elected in 2008. Hagan was the daughter of Chiles' sister Jeannette. Chiles' son, "Bud" Chiles, ran for the position of Governor of Florida without party affiliation in a grassroots campaign. Like his father, Bud embarked on a walking tour of the state, listening and visiting with local communities in Florida.[49] On September 2, 2010, Chiles dropped out of the race citing "continuing down this road could have unintended consequences, dividing those who hold common goals..." Chiles threw his support behindAlex Sink.[50]
Democratic primary for United States Senator from Florida, 1970
Democratic runoff for United States Senator from Florida, 1970
1970 United States Senate election in Florida
1976 United States Senate election in Florida
1982 United States Senate election in Florida
Democratic primary for Governor of Florida, 1990
1990 Florida gubernatorial election
Democratic primary for Governor of Florida, 1994
1994 Florida gubernatorial election
(1) Funeral Services for Governor Chiles at Christ Presbyterian Church on December 16, 1998[2]
(2) Chiles' 8th & final State of the State Address from March 3, 1998[3]
(3) Opening Plenary of the Winter Meeting of the National Governors Association from February 22, 1998[4]
(4) Tobacco Settlement and Medicaid Funds from December 8, 1997[5]
(5) Health Care Fraud Prevention from March 25, 1997[6]
(6) Chiles' 7th State of the State Address from March 4, 1997[7]
(7) Chiles' 6th State of the State Address from March 5, 1996[8]
(8) Prescription for Disaster from May 11, 1995[9]
(9) Inauguration Address from January 3, 1995[10]
(10) Governor Chiles' victory speech after getting re-elected from November 8, 1994[11]
(11) Florida Gubernatorial Debate from November 1, 1994[12]
(12) Florida Gubernatorial Debate from October 18, 1994[13]
(13) Florida Gubernatorial Debate from October 4, 1994[14]
(14) Chiles' 4th State of the State Address from February 10, 1994[15]
(15) Chiles' 2nd State of the State Address from January 14, 1992[16]
(16) Chiles' 1st State of the State Address from March 5, 1991[17]
(17) Inauguration Address on January 8, 1991[18]
{{cite web}}:|last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
| Florida House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Roy Surles | Member of theFlorida House of Representatives fromPolk County, Group 1 1958–1966 | Succeeded by John R. Clark |
| Florida Senate | ||
| Preceded by B. C. Pearce | Member of theFlorida Senate from the 26th district 1966–1967 | Succeeded by Louis De la Parte |
| Preceded by E. William Gautier | Member of theFlorida Senate from the 28th district 1967–1970 | Succeeded by Bob Brannen |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by | U.S. senator (Class 1) from Florida 1971–1989 Served alongside:Edward J. Gurney,Richard Stone,Paula Hawkins,Bob Graham | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Frank Church Idaho | Chairman of theSenate Aging Committee 1979–1981 | Succeeded by H. John Heinz III Pennsylvania |
| Preceded by Pete Domenici New Mexico | Chairman of theSenate Budget Committee 1987–1989 | Succeeded by Jim Sasser Tennessee |
| Preceded by | Governor of Florida January 8, 1991 – December 12, 1998 | Succeeded by |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Democratic Party nominee forUnited States Senator (Class 1) from Florida 1970,1976,1982 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Democratic PartyNominee for Governor of Florida 1990,1994 | |
| Class 1 |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Class 3 | ||
| Military(1821) |  | |
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| Territorial(1822–1845) | ||
| State(since 1845) | ||
Chairs of theUnited States Senate Committee on the Budget | ||
|---|---|---|
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Democratic Party nominees forgovernor of Florida (1953–) | ||
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| International | |
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| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
