Laurence Oliphant | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | (1829-08-03)3 August 1829 |
| Died | 23 December 1888(1888-12-23) (aged 59) |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation(s) | Author Traveller |
| Spouse(s) | Alice le Strange Oliphant (1872-1886) Rosamond Oliphant (1888) |
Laurence Oliphant (3 August 1829 – 23 December 1888), a Member of Parliament, was a South African-bornBritish author, traveller,diplomat, British intelligence agent,Christian mystic, andChristian Zionist. His best known book in his lifetime was a satirical novel,Piccadilly (1870).[1] More heed has gone since to his plan for Jewish farming communities in the Holy Land,The Land of Gilead.[2] Oliphant was a UKMember of Parliament forStirling Burghs.
Laurence Oliphant was born inCape Town,Cape Colony, the only child of SirAnthony Oliphant (1793–1859), a member of the Scottish landed gentry, and his wife Maria. At the time of his son's birth Sir Anthony was Attorney General of theCape Colony, but he was soon appointedChief Justice inCeylon. Laurence spent his early childhood inColombo, where his father purchased a home called Alcove in Captains Gardens, subsequently known asMaha Nuge Gardens. Sir Anthony and his son have been credited with bringingtea to Ceylon and growing 30 tea plants brought over fromChina on the Oliphant Estate inNuwara Eliya.[3] In 1848 and 1849, he and his parents toured Europe. In 1851, he accompaniedJung Bahadur fromColombo toNepal, which provided the material for his first book,A Journey to Katmandu (1852).[4]Oliphant returned to Ceylon and from there went to England to study law. Oliphant left his legal studies to travel inRussia. The outcome of that tour was his bookThe Russian Shores of the Black Sea (1853).
Oliphant's parents wereChristian Zionists.[5]
Between 1853 and 1861 Oliphant was secretary toLord Elgin during the negotiation of theCanada Reciprocity Treaty inWashington, and companion to theDuke of Newcastle on a visit to theCircassian coast during theCrimean War.[4]
In 1861, Oliphant was appointed First Secretary of the British Legation in Japan under Minister Plenipotentiary (later Sir)Rutherford Alcock. He arrived inEdo at the end of June, but on the evening of 5 July, a night-time attack was made on the legation by xenophobicronin. Hispistols having been locked in their travelling box, Oliphant rushed out with ahunting whip, and was attacked by a ronin with aheavy two-handed sword. A beam, invisible in the darkness, interfered with the blows, but Oliphant was severely wounded and sent on board ship to recover. He had to return to England after a visit toTsushima Island, where he discovered a Russian force occupying a secluded bay and obtained its withdrawal. The attack on the legation left him with permanent damage to one of his hands.[citation needed]
He was sent to Poland in 1863 as a British observer to report on theJanuary Uprising.[5]
Oliphant returned to England, resigned from the Diplomatic Service and was elected to Parliament in 1865 forStirling Burghs. While he did not show any conspicuous parliamentary ability,[4] he was made a great success by his novelPiccadilly: A Fragment of Contemporary Biography (1870). Oliphant's later novels includeAltiora Peto (1883) andMasollam: A Problem of the Period (1886).
He then became connected to the spiritualist prophetThomas Lake Harris, who, in about 1861, had organised a small Christian utopian community, the Brotherhood of the New Life, which was settled inBrocton, New York, onLake Erie, and he subsequently moved toSanta Rosa, California.[4]
After initially being refused permission to join Harris in 1867, he was eventually allowed to join his community, and Oliphant caused a scandal by leaving Parliament in 1868 to follow Harris to Brocton.[5] He lived there for several years engaged in what Harris termed the 'Use', manual labour aimed at forwarding his utopian vision. Members of the community were allowed to return to the outside world from time to time to earn money for the community. After three years, Oliphant worked as correspondent forThe Times during theFranco-German War, and afterwards spent several years in Paris in the service of the paper. There he met, through his mother, his future wife, Alice le Strange. They married atSt George's, Hanover Square, London, on 8 June 1872.[6] In 1873, Oliphant went back to Brocton with his wife and mother.[4]
Later, he and his mother had a falling out with Harris and demanded their money back, which had allegedly been derived mainly from the sale of Lady Maris Oliphant's jewels. That forced Harris to sell the Brocton colony, and his remaining disciples moved to their new colony in Santa Rosa, California.
In 1876 Oliphant returned to England while his wife, Alice, chose to remain with the Brotherhood of the New Life in Brocton.[5]
By 1878 Oliphant, caught up in a wave of Western concern that Russia intended to conquer the Middle East, devised a "Plan for Gilead" under which Britain would plant a Jewish agricultural colony "in the northern and more fertile half of Palestine" and enlisted the approval of Prime MinisterDisraeli, a supporter of Zionism; Foreign Minister Salisbury, the Prince of Wales; and the novelistGeorge Eliot.[5] Oliphant, credentialed by the British government, set sail in 1879 to investigate conditions for establishing a Jewish agricultural settlement in Palestine.[5] Oliphant would later come to see Jewish agricultural settlements as a means of alleviating Jewish suffering in Eastern Europe.[7]
In May 1879, Oliphant was inIstanbul in theOttoman Empire, petitioning theSublime Porte for permission to establish a Jewish agricultural colony in theHoly Land andsettling large numbers of Jews there (this was prior to thefirst wave of Jewish settlement by Zionists in 1882).[5] He did not see it as an impossible task in view of the large numbers of Christian believers in the United States and England who supported that plan.[5] With financial support fromChristadelphians and others in Britain, Oliphant amassed sufficient funding to purchase land and settle Jewish refugees in theGalilee.[8][better source needed]
While awaiting an appointment with theSublime Porte, Oliphant traveled toRomania to discuss his proposed agricultural settlements with the Jewish communities there.[5]
The long-awaited meeting with theSublime Porte finally took place in April 1880, and Oliphant's plan was dismissed.[5] In the opinion ofHenry Layard, British Ambassador to the Sublime Porte at the time of Oliphant's visit, the effort failed because Oliphant spoke about how the return of the Jews to Palestine would bring thesecond coming of Jesus – language and ideas that the Sultan found uncongenial.[5]
When a wave ofpogroms swept the Russian Empire in 1881, most notably theKiev pogrom, charitable funds were raised in London under the aegis of the Mansion House Committee, a group created for the purpose. When the committee announced that the funds would be used to help the Jewish refugees resettle in America, Oliphant published an article inThe Times on 15 February 1881, asserting that Jews who chose to settle in Palestine would have their religion safeguarded; his article met with such enthusiasm among Polish and Russian Jews that the Mansion House Committee appointed him commissioner toGalicia.[5] Oliphant and his wife, Alice, who had reunited in 1882, traveled to Vienna and Galicia, meeting with representatives of Eastern Jews and promising that "as soon as your Christian sympathizers in England are convinced the Jews fleeing from Russia can settle with safety in the land of their ancestors, then they will contribute thousands, I may well say, hundreds of thousands of pounds to promote this great object."[5]
Oliphant had by this point become something of a celebrity among Jews in Eastern Europe.[5] He was spoken of as "anotherCyrus" and a "saviour". His settlement plans were published by the early Zionist newspaperHamagid, written up byPeretz Smolenskin inHa-Shaḥar, andMoses Lilienblum expressed the hope that Oliphant would be "the Messiah for Israel."[5] According to historianNathan Michael Gelber, "you could find in the houses of poor Jews a picture of Oliphant. It would be hung right next to the pictures of the great philanthropistsMoses Montefiore and BaronHirsch."[5]
Despite the fact that the Sublime Porte had given no permission for the building of Jewish agricultural settlements, in May 1882 the Oliphants began a journey to Palestine, traveling through Budapest to Moldave, where they paused to meet RabbiAvrohom Yaakov Friedman whom Oliphant understood to be "the leader of world Jewry", hoping to persuade him to raise sufficient funds to purchase Palestine from the Ottoman Emperor.[5]
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The Oliphants settled in Palestine, dividing their time between a house in theGerman Colony inHaifa, and another in the Druze village ofDaliyat al-Karmel onMount Carmel.[9] Oliphant's secretaryNaftali Herz Imber, author of the Israeli national anthem,Hatikva, lived with them.[10] In the Holy Land, they were in touch with the Jewish pioneers of theFirst Aliyah, donating 1,000 roubles to the founding settlers ofYesud HaMa'ala.[5] He is regarded as having been "central" to "the establishment and survival" ofRosh Pinna andZikhron Ya'akov.[5]
Laurence and his wife Alice collaborated on a work ofesoteric Christianity, which was published in 1885 asSympneumata, or Evolutionary Forces Now Active in Man. Influenced by the American mysticThomas Lake Harris as well as spiritualistsAnna Kingsford andEdward Maitland,Sympneumata is founded on an interpretation of the Fall whereby the human soul was originally androgynous but became divided into male and female counterparts upon being encased in physical bodies. InSympneumata the Oliphants emphasise the need to locate ones physical and spiritual counterparts through a breathing practice, with the aim of unlocking the androgyne within through 'vibratory' motion.[11]
In December 1885, Alice became ill and died on 2 January 1886. Oliphant, also stricken, was too weak to attend her funeral.[6] Oliphant was persuaded that after Alice's death he was in much closer contact with her than when she was still alive, and believed that she inspired him to writeScientific Religion: Or, Higher Possibilities of Life and Practice Through the Operation of Natural Forces, which was published in November 1887.[4]
In 1888, Oliphant traveled to the United States and married his second wife, Rosamond, a granddaughter ofRobert Owen in Malvern. The couple planned to return to Haifa, but Oliphant took sick atYork House, Twickenham, England, and died there on 23 December 1888. His obituary inThe Times said of him, "Seldom has there been a more romantic or amply filled career; never, perhaps, a stranger or more apparently contradictory personality."
In 2000 Alice Oliphant's watercolours showing Haifa as it was in the late 19th century were shown in a special exhibition entitled "The Drawing Room of Lady Oliphant" at theIsraeli National Maritime Museum.[2][12] Paintings by Alice's sister, Jamesina Waller made during her visit to the Holy Land were also on display.[2][12] TheJerusalem Post's art critic, Angela Levine, deemed Lady Alice's watercolours, "charming but amateurish."[13]
In 2003,Ticho House in Jerusalem mounted an exhibit of the Holy Land paintings of Alice Oliphant and her sister Jesamine Waller.[14]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Duff, Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant (1911). "Oliphant, Laurence". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83.
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
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| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forStirling Burghs 1865–1868 | Succeeded by |
