Laughter is a typicallypleasant physical reaction and emotion consisting usually of rhythmical, usually audible contractions of thediaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system. It is a response to certain external or internalstimuli. Laughter can rise from such activities as beingtickled,[1] or fromhumorous stories,imagery,videos or thoughts.[2] Most commonly, it is considered an auditory expression of a number of positive emotional states, such as joy, mirth,happiness or relief. On some occasions, however, it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment, surprise, or confusion such asnervous laughter or courtesy laugh. Age, gender, education, language and culture are all indicators[3] as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation. Other than humans, some other species ofprimate (chimpanzees,gorillas andorangutans) showlaughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling.
Laughter is a part ofhuman behavior regulated by thebrain, helpinghumans clarify their intentions insocial interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations. Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group—it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others. Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as apositive feedback.[4][5][6][7]
The study of humor and laughter, and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body, is calledgelotology.
Nature
A young girl fromLaos laughing while hugging herdog
Laughter might be thought of as an audible expression or appearance of excitement, an inward feeling of joy and happiness. It may ensue fromjokes,tickling, and other stimuli completely unrelated to psychological state, such asnitrous oxide. One group of researchers speculated that noises from infants as early as 16 days old may be vocal laughing sounds or laughter.[8] However, the weight of the evidence supports the appearance of such sounds at 15 weeks to four months of age.
Laughter researcherRobert Provine [es] said: "Laughter is a mechanism everyone has; laughter is part of universal human vocabulary. There are thousands of languages, hundreds of thousands of dialects, but everyone speaks laughter in pretty much the same way." Babies have the ability to laugh before they ever speak. Children who are born blind and deaf still retain the ability to laugh.[9]
Provine argues that "Laughter is primitive, an unconscious vocalization." Provine argues that it probably is genetic. In a study of the "Giggle Twins", two happytwins who were separated at birth and only reunited 43 years later, Provine reports that "until they met each other, neither of these exceptionally happy ladies had known anyone who laughed as much as they did." They reported this even though they had been brought together by their adoptive parents, who they indicated were "undemonstrative and dour". He indicates that the twins "inherited some aspects of their laugh sound and pattern, readiness to laugh, and maybe even taste in humor".[10]
Scientists have noted the similarity in forms of laughter induced by tickling among variousprimates, which suggests that laughter derives from a common origin among primate species.[11][12]
Thespotted hyena, another species of animal, was also known as the laughing hyena because of the way it sounds when it communicates.
A very rare neurological condition has been observed whereby the sufferer is unable to laugh out loud, a condition known asaphonogelia.[13]
Brain
A woman laughingA man laughing
Neurophysiology indicates that laughter is linked with the activation of theventromedial prefrontal cortex, that producesendorphins.[14] Scientists have shown that parts of thelimbic system are involved in laughter. This system is involved in emotions and helps us with functions necessary for humans' survival. The structures in the limbic system that are involved in laughter are thehippocampus and theamygdala.[15]
"Although there is no known 'laugh center' in the brain, its neural mechanism has been the subject of much, albeit inconclusive, speculation. It is evident that its expression depends on neural paths arising in close association with thetelencephalic anddiencephalic centers concerned withrespiration. Wilson considered the mechanism to be in the region of the mesial thalamus,hypothalamus, andsubthalamus. Kelly and co-workers, in turn, postulated that thetegmentum near theperiaqueductal grey contains the integrating mechanism for emotional expression. Thus, supranuclear pathways, including those from the limbic system that Papez hypothesised to mediate emotional expressions such as laughter, probably come intosynaptic relation in the reticular core of the brain stem. So while purely emotional responses such as laughter are mediated by subcortical structures, especially the hypothalamus, and are stereotyped, thecerebral cortex can modulate or suppress them."
Some drugs are well known for their laughter-facilitating properties (e. g.ethanol andcannabis), while the others, likesalvinorin A (the active ingredient ofSalvia divinorum), can even induce bursts of uncontrollable laughter.[16]
A research article was published December 1, 2000, on the psycho-evolution of laughter (Panksepp 2000).[17]
Health
A link between laughter and healthy function of blood vessels was first reported in 2005 by researchers at the University of Maryland Medical Center with the fact that laughter causes the dilatation of the inner lining of blood vessels, theendothelium, and increases blood flow.[18] Drs. Michael Miller (University of Maryland) and William Fry (Stanford) theorize that beta-endorphin-like compounds released by the hypothalamus activate receptors on the endothelial surface to releasenitric oxide, thereby resulting in dilation of vessels. Other cardioprotective properties of nitric oxide include reduction of inflammation and decreased platelet aggregation.[19]
Laughter has various proven beneficial biochemical effects. It has been shown to lead to reductions in stress hormones such ascortisol andepinephrine. When laughing, the brain releasesendorphins that can relieve some physical pain.[20] Laughter also boosts the number of antibody-producing cells and enhances the effectiveness of T-cells, leading to a stronger immune system.[21] A 2000 study found that people with heart disease were 40 percent less likely to laugh and be able to recognize humor in a variety of situations, compared to people of the same age without heart disease.[22]
Anecdotally, journalist and authorNorman Cousins developed in 1964 a treatment program for hisankylosing spondylitis andcollagen disease consisting of large doses of Vitamin C alongside laughter induced by comic films, including those of theMarx Brothers. "I made the joyous discovery that ten minutes of genuine belly laughter had an anesthetic effect and would give me at least two hours of pain-free sleep," he reported. "When the pain-killing effect of the laughter wore off, we would switch on the motion picture projector again and not infrequently, it would lead to another pain-free interval."[23][24]
Communication
Laughter is often social and functional. A number of studies using methods ofconversation analysis anddiscourse analysis have documented the systematic workings of laughter, for example in casual conversations, interviews, meetings, and therapy sessions.[25][26] By closely examining recorded interactions, researchers have created detailed transcripts that indicate not only the presence of laughter but also features of its production and placement.
An example of overlapped laughter in American English conversation
These studies challenge several widely held assumptions about the nature of laughter. Contrary to notions that it is spontaneous and involuntary, research documents that laughter is sequentially organized and precisely placed relative to surrounding talk, and, in the common case of overlapped laughter, relative to the laughter bouts of the conversation partner. Far more than merely a response to humor, laughter often works to manage delicate and serious moments. More than simply an external behavior "caused" by an inner state, laughter is highly communicative and helps accomplish actions and regulate relationships.[27]
Common causes for laughter are sensations ofjoy andhumor; however, other situations may cause laughter as well.
A general theory that explains laughter is called therelief theory.Sigmund Freud summarized it in his theory that laughter releases tension and "psychic energy". This theory is one of the justifications of the beliefs that laughter is beneficial for one's health.[28] This theory explains why laughter can be used as acoping mechanism when one is upset,angry orsad.
PhilosopherJohn Morreall theorizes that human laughter may have its biological origins as a kind of shared expression of relief at the passing of danger.Friedrich Nietzsche, by contrast, suggested laughter to be a reaction to the sense ofexistential loneliness and mortality that only humans feel.
For example: ajoke creates aninconsistency and the audience automatically tries to understand what the inconsistency means; if they are successful in solving this 'cognitiveriddle' and they realize that thesurprise was not dangerous, theylaugh with relief. Otherwise, if the inconsistency is not resolved, there is no laugh, asMack Sennett pointed out: "when the audience is confused, it doesn't laugh." This is one of the basiclaws of a comedian, referred to as "exactness". It is important to note that sometimes the inconsistency may be resolved and there may still be no laugh.[citation needed] Because laughter is a social mechanism, an audience may not feel as if they are in danger, and the laugh may not occur. In addition, the extent of the inconsistency (and aspects of its timing and rhythm) has to do with the amount of danger the audience feels, and how hard or long they laugh.
Laughter can also be brought on bytickling. Although most people find it unpleasant, being tickled often causes heavy laughter, thought to be an (often uncontrollable) reflex of the body.[29][30]
The forms of laughter are highly varied. Many laughs consist of sequences of bursts, such as ha-ha-ha or ho-ho-ho-ho. In extended laughter, several such bouts (burst sequences) may occur, often interleaved with loud inhalations. Recent research has detailed aspects of thephonetic structure of laughter, especially as it occurs in interaction.[31] While produced using the same vocal tract anatomy as speech, the phonetics andprosody of laughter differs from that of speech in many ways, such as usually having higher pitch.[32] Laughed speech is also common, as in the example at right.
An illustration of laughing while speaking
Not every imaginable laugh actually occurs. It is unnatural, and one is physically unable, to have a laugh structure of "ha-ho-ha-ho". The usual variations of a laugh most often occur in the first or final note in a sequence- therefore, "ho-ha-ha" or "ha-ha-ho" laughs are possible. Normal note durations with unusually long or short "inter-note intervals" do not happen due to the result of the limitations of our vocal cords. This basic structure allows one to recognize a laugh despite individual variants.[33]
It has also been determined that eyes moisten during laughter as a reflex from the tear glands.[21]
Negative aspects
Laughter is not always a pleasant experience and is associated with several negative phenomena. Excessive laughter can lead tocataplexy, and unpleasant laughter spells, excessive elation, and fits of laughter can all be considered negative aspects of laughter. Unpleasant laughter spells, or "sham mirth", usually occur in people who have a neurological condition, including patients withpseudobulbar palsy,multiple sclerosis andParkinson's disease. These patients appear to be laughing out of amusement but report that they are feeling undesirable sensations "at the time of the punch line".
Excessive elation is a common symptom associated withbipolar disorder psychoses andmania/hypomania. Those with schizophrenic psychoses seem to experience the opposite—they do not understand humor or get any joy out of it. A fit describes an abnormal time when one cannot control the laughter or one's body, sometimes leading to seizures or a brief period of unconsciousness. Some believe that fits of laughter represent a form ofepilepsy.[34]
Therapy
Laughter has been used as atherapeutic tool for many years because it is a natural form of medicine. Laughter is available to everyone and it provides benefits to a person's physical, emotional, and social well being. Some of the benefits of using laughter therapy are that it can relieve stress and relax the whole body.[35] It can also boost the immune system and releaseendorphins to relieve pain.[36] Additionally, laughter can help preventheart disease by increasing blood flow and improving the function of blood vessels.[37] Some of the emotional benefits include diminishinganxiety or fear, improving overall mood, and adding joy to one's life. Laughter is also known to reduce allergic reactions in a preliminary study related todust mite allergy sufferers.[38]
Laughter therapy also has some social benefits, such as strengthening relationships, improving teamwork and reducing conflicts, and making oneself more attractive to others. Therefore, whether a person is trying to cope with a terminal illness or just trying to manage their stress or anxiety levels, laughter therapy can be a significant enhancement to their life.[39][40]
Ramon Mora-Ripoll in his study onThe Therapeutic Value Of Laughter In Medicine, stated that laughter therapy is an inexpensive and simple tool that can be used in patient care.[41] It is a tool that is only beneficial when experienced and shared. Care givers need to recognize the importance of laughter and possess the right attitude to pass it on. He went on to say that since this type of therapy is not widely practiced, health care providers will have to learn how to effectively use it. In another survey, researchers looked at how Occupational Therapists and other care givers viewed and used humor with patients as a means of therapy.[42] Many agreed that while they believed it was beneficial to the patients, the proper training was lacking in order to effectively use It.[42] Even though laughter and humor has been used therapeutically in medical conditions, according to Mora-Ripoll, there was not enough data to clearly establish that laughter could be used as an overall means of healing. It did suggest that additional research was still needed since "well-designed randomized controlled trials have not been conducted to date validating the therapeutic efficacy of laughter."[41]
In 2017, an institution in Japan conducted an open-label randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of laughter therapy on quality of life in patients with cancer.[43] The study used laughter yoga, comedy, clown and jokes. The result showed that laughter therapy was helpful in improving quality of life and cancer symptoms in some areas for cancer survivors. Improvements were seen in the area of depression, anxiety and stress levels. There were limited harmful side effects. Laughter therapy should be used in conjunction with other cancer treatment.[43]
Late 19th-century or early 20th-century depiction of different stages of laughter on advertising cards
Laughter in literature, although considered understudied by some,[44] is a subject that has received attention in the written word for millennia. The use ofhumor and laughter in literary works (for example thehomeric laughter (ἄσβεστος γέλως, ásbestos gélōs, "unceasing laughter") in Greek epics like theIliad andOdyssey) has been studied and analyzed by many thinkers and writers, from theAncient Greek philosophers onward.Henri Bergson'sLaughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic (Le rire, 1901) is a notable 20th-century contribution.
Ancient
Herodotus
ForHerodotus, laughers can be distinguished into three types:[45]
Those who are innocent of wrongdoing, but ignorant of their own vulnerability
According toDonald Lateiner, Herodotus reports about laughter for valid literary and historiological reasons. "Herodotus believes either that both nature (better, the gods' direction of it) and human nature coincide sufficiently,or that the latter is but an aspect or analogue of the former, so that to the recipient the outcome is suggested."[45] When reporting laughter, Herodotus does so in the conviction that it tells the reader something about the future and/or the character of the person laughing. It is also in this sense that it is not coincidental that in about 80% of the times when Herodotus speaks about laughter it is followed by a retribution. "Men whose laughter deserves report are marked, because laughter connotes scornful disdain, disdain feeling of superiority, and this feeling and the actions which stem from it attract the wrath of the gods."[45]
There is a wide range of experiences with laughter. A 1999 study by two humor researchers asked 80 people to keep a daily laughter record, and found they laughed an average of 18 times per day. However, their study also found a wide range, with some people laughing as many as 89 times per day, and others laughing as few as 0 times per day.[46]
Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes wrote, "The passion of laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from sudden conception of some eminency in ourselves, by comparison with the infirmity of others, or with our own formerly."[citation needed]
Friedrich Nietzsche distinguishes two different purposes for the use of laughter. In a positive sense, "man uses the comical as a therapy against the restraining jacket of logic, morality and reason. He needs from time to time a harmless demotion from reason and hardship and in this sense laughter has a positive character for Nietzsche."[47] Laughter can, however, also have a negative connotation when it is used for the expression of social conflict. This is expressed, for instance, inThe Gay Science: "Laughter – Laughter means to beschadenfroh, but with clear conscience."[48]
"Possibly Nietzsche's works would have had a totally different effect, if the playful, ironical and joking in his writings would have been factored in better."[49]
Bergson
InLaughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic, French philosopherHenri Bergson, renowned for his philosophical studies on materiality, memory, life andconsciousness, tries to determine the laws of the comic and to understand the fundamental causes of comic situations.[50] His method consists in determining the causes of the comic instead of analyzing its effects. He also deals with laughter in relation to human life, collective imagination andart, to have a better knowledge of society.[51] One of the theories of the essay is that laughter, as a collective activity, has a social and moral role, in forcing people to eliminate their vices. It is a factor of uniformity of behaviours, as it condemns ludicrous and eccentric behaviours.[52]
Ludovici
Anthony Ludovici developed the thoughts of Hobbes even further inThe Secret of Laughter. His conviction is that there's something sinister in laughter, and that the modern omnipresence of humour and the idolatry of it are signs of societal weakness, as instinctive resort to humour became a sort of escapism from responsibility and action. Ludovici considered laughter to be an evolutionary trait and he offered many examples of different triggers for laughter with their own distinct explanations.[53]
Bellieni
Carlo Bellieni examined laughter in an essay published inNew Ideas in Psychology.[54] He wrote we can strip back laughter to a three-step process. First, it needs a situation that seems odd and induces a sense of incongruity (bewilderment or panic). Second, the worry or stress the incongruous situation has provoked must be worked out and overcome (resolution). Third, the actual release of laughter acts as an all-clear siren to alert bystanders (relief) that they are safe.[55]
^Shultz, T. R.; Horibe, F. (1974). "Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes".Developmental Psychology.10:13–20.doi:10.1037/h0035549.
^Olmwake, Louise (1937). "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics".Journal of Applied Psychology.45 (6):688–704.doi:10.1037/h0055199.
^Blumer, Herbert (1998) [1969]. "Society as Symbolic Interaction".Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. p. 84.ISBN978-0-520-05676-3.group action is the collective action of such individuals ['who fit their respective lines of action to one another through the process of interpretation']...the individuals composing...the group become 'carriers,' or media for the expression of such forces; and the interpretative behavior by means of which people form their actions is merely a coerced link in the play of such forces.
^Durkheim, Émile (1979) [1951]. "Imitation".Suicide: A Study in Sociology [Étude de sociologie]. Translated by Spaulding, John A.; Simpson, George. New York, NY: THE FREE PRESS. pp. 125, 129.ISBN978-0-684-83632-4.Thus we yawn, laugh, weep, because we see someone yawn, laugh or weep...The name of imitation must then be reserved solely for such facts if it is to have clear meaning, and we shall say:Imitation exists when the immediate antecedent of an act is the representation of a like act, previously performed by someone else; with no explicit or implicit mental operation which bears upon the intrinsic nature of the act reproduced intervening between representation and execution.
^Bergson, Henri (26 July 2009) [1900]. "The Comic in General—The Comic Element in Forms and Movements—Expansive Force of the Comic".Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. Translated by Brereton L. ES L., M.A., Cloudesley; Rothwell B.A., Fred. Project Gutenberg.Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, Listen to it carefully: it is not an articulate, clear, well-defined sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on for ever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one.
^Cousins, Norman,The Healing Heart : Antidotes to Panic and Helplessness, New York : Norton, 1983.ISBN0-393-01816-4.
^Cousins, Norman,Anatomy of an illness as perceived by the patient : reflections on healing and regeneration, introd. byRené Dubos, New York : Norton, 1979.ISBN0-393-01252-2.
^Glenn, P., & Holt, E. (Eds) (2013). Studies of Laughter in Interaction. London: Bloomsbury.
^Cantarutti, Marina; Ogden, Richard; Šturm, Pavel; Trouvain, Jürgen (2023). "Laughing in interaction: How phonetic details can coordinate action sequences".Proc. Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech (DiSS) Workshop:38–42.doi:10.21437/DiSS.2023-8.
^Robert R. Provine (1950-09-09)."Provine, Laughter". Cogweb.ucla.edu. Retrieved2011-12-26.
^Trouvain, Juergen (2007).The Phonetics of Laughter. Saarland University.
^Ludusan, Bogdan, Marin Schröer, Petra Wagner (2024). "An acoustic-prosodic analysis of laughter types".Proceedings, Speech Prosody: 602-606.doi:10.21437/SpeechProsody.2024-122.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Provine, R (1996). "Laughter".American Scientist.841:38–47.
^Fry, W. F. (1963).Sweet Madness: A Study of Humor. Palo Alto, Ca: Pacific Books Publishers
^Berk, L. S.; Felten, D. L.; Tan, S. A.; Bittman, B. B.; Westengard, J. (2001-03-01). "Modulation of neuroimmune parameters during the eustress of humor-associated mirthful laughter".Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine.7 (2):62–72,74–76.ISSN1078-6791.PMID11253418.
^Bennett, Mary P.; Zeller, Janice M.; Rosenberg, Lisa; McCann, Judith (2003-04-01). "The effect of mirthful laughter on stress and natural killer cell activity".Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine.9 (2):38–45.ISSN1078-6791.PMID12652882.
^"Laughter Therapy." Laughter Therapy: Cancer Treatment Centers of America. Cancer Treatment Centers of America, 1 January 2001. Web. accessed 28 February 2014.
^Smith, Melinda, and Jeanne Segal. "Laughter Is the Best Medicine."The Health Benefits of Humor, Helpguide.org, February 2014. Web. accessed 1 March 2014.
^abMora-Ripoll, R. (2010). "The Therapeutic Value of Laughter in Medicine".Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine.16 (6):56–64.PMID21280463.
^abLeber, Vanoli, D. A., E. G. (March–April 2001). "Therapeutic use of humor: occupational therapy clinicians perceptions and practices".American Journal of Occupational Therapy.55 (2):221–226.doi:10.5014/ajot.55.2.221.PMID11761140.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Bellieni, Carlo V. (1 January 2023). "Laughter: A signal of ceased alarm toward a perceived incongruity between life and stiffness".New Ideas in Psychology.68 100977.doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100977.S2CID251826870.
Cousins, Norman,Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient, 1979.
Davila-Ross, M.; Allcock, B.; Thomas, C.; Bard, K.A. (2011). "Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others".Emotion.11 (5):1013–1020.doi:10.1037/a0022594.PMID21355640.
Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ.Electric current stimulates laughter. Nature, 391:650, 1998 (seepatient AK)
Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J.The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience 3, 237–238 (2001).
Greig, John Young Thomson,The Psychology of Comedy and Laughter, New York, Dodd, Mead and company, 1923.
Klein, A.The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying. Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher/Putman, 1998.
Ron JenkinsSubversive laughter (New York, Free Press, 1994), 13ff
Bogard, M.Laughter and its Effects on Groups. New York, New York: Bullish Press, 2008.
Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter by Igor Krichtafovitch, Outskitspress, 2006,ISBN978-1-59800-222-5
Hans-Georg Moeller und Günter Wohlfart (Hrsg.):Laughter in Eastern and Western Philosophies. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / München 2010.ISBN978-3-495-48385-5
.jpg)
