TheLate Ottoman period (c. 1750–1918) is thearchaeologically- andhistorically-definedperiodisation of areas under the control of theOttoman Empire and its dependencies, primarily in theMiddle East,North Africa, theCaucasus and theBalkans.[1] Accordingly, the spatial extent of the area covered by the definition was dynamic, getting smaller as time went on.[2] This period is also distinct for the sources recording its history.[3]
As an analytical construct, it overlaps with the later stages of the Ottoman Empire, from about 1750 until itsdissolution after theend of the First World War.[4] This period was characterized with increased foreign, primarilyEuropean, intervention, outside invasions, theTanzimat reforms, socialmodernization, economicglobalization, improvements incommunications andtransportationinfrastructure, andpolitical change.[5][6][7]
According to Roy Marom and Itamar Taxel, the separation, in academic discourses, of the Late Ottoman and post-Ottoman, Mandate periods "represents an artificial break in the history of the countryside that [...] overshadows the social, demographic, economic, cultural, and local-political continuities, attested in historical and archaeological evidence."[8]
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