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| Trade names | Xalatan, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a697003 |
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| Routes of administration | Topicaleye drop |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Activation by esterhydrolysis, deactivation bybeta oxidation |
| Onset of action | 3–4 hours |
| Eliminationhalf-life | 17 minutes (plasma) |
| Duration of action | ≥ 24 hours |
| Excretion | Mainly via kidney |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.162.178 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C26H40O5 |
| Molar mass | 432.601 g·mol−1 |
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Latanoprost, sold under the brand nameXalatan among others, is a medication used to treat increasedpressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure).[5] This includesocular hypertension andopen-angle glaucoma.[5] Latanaprost is applied aseye drops to theeyes.[5] Onset of effects is usually within four hours, and they last for up to a day.[5]
Common side effects includeblurry vision, redness of the eye, itchiness, and darkening of theiris.[5] Latanoprost is in theprostaglandin analogue family of medications.[5] It works by increasing the outflow ofaqueous fluid from the eyes through theuveoscleral tract.[6]
Latanoprost was approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 1996.[5][3] It is on theWorld Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] Latanoprost is available as ageneric medication.[8] In 2023, it was the 67th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 million prescriptions.[9][10] It is available as afixed-dose combination withnetarsudil asnetarsudil/latanoprost and withtimolol aslatanoprost/timolol.
In the United States, latanoprost isindicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in people with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.[2]
In people with ocular hypertension (IOP ≥21 mm Hg) including open-angle glaucoma, treatment with latanoprost reduced IOP levels by 22-39% over 1 to 12 months' treatment. Latanoprost is more effective thantimolol 0.5% twice daily in 3 of 4 large (n = 163 to 267) randomised, double-blind trials. Latanoprost demonstrated a stable long-term IOP-lowering effect in 1- or 2-year continuations of these trials, with no sign of diminishing effect during prolonged treatment.[11]
Meta-analysis suggests that latanoprost is more effective than timolol in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). However, it often causesiris pigmentation. While current[when?] evidence suggests that this pigmentation is benign, careful lifetime evaluation of patients is still justified.[12]
People who had elevated IOP despite iridotomy and/or iridectomy (including people of Asian descent), latanoprost was significantly more effective than timolol in two double-blind, monotherapy trials (8.2 and 8.8 mm Hg vs 5.2 and 5.7 mm Hg for latanoprost vs timolol at 12 and 2 weeks, respectively).[13]
Listed from most to least common:[14][15]
Research suggests that wiping the eye with an absorbent pad after the administration of eye drops can result in shorter eyelashes and a lesser chance of hyperpigmentation in the eyelid, compared to not wiping off excess fluid.[17]
Interactions are similar to other prostaglandin analogs. Paradoxically, the concomitant use of latanoprost andbimatoprost or other prostaglandins may result in increased intraocular pressure.[2]Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce or increase the effect of latanoprost.[14][15]
Like other prostaglandin analogues, latanoprost acid is an analog ofprostaglandin F2α that acts as a selectiveagonist at theprostaglandin F receptor. Prostaglandins increase the sclera's permeability to aqueous fluid. By giving latanoprorost, it increases prostaglandin's scleral activity, increasing outflow of aqueous fluid and lowering intraocular pressure.[14][15] The outflow of aqueous fluid would reduce the intraocular pressure in the eye, reducing the likelihood of complications such as optic nerve damage and visual field loss.[2]
Latanoprost is absorbed well through the cornea. As an ester prodrug, it completely hydrolyses to the active latanoprost acid upon absorption to become biologically active.[2] Highest concentrations of the acid in the aqueous humour are reached two hours after application, lowering of intraocular pressure starts after 3 to 4 hours, with its highest effect found after 8 to 12 hours, and its effect still present for at least 24 hours. When latanoprost acid reaches the circulation, it is quickly metabolised in the liver by fatty acidbeta oxidation to 1,2-dinor- and 1,2,3,4-tetranor-latanoprost acid; blood plasma half life is only 17 minutes. The metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidney, with 88% of the topical dose and 98% of an intravenous dose being recovered in the urine respectively.[14][15]
The activation and deactivation pathway is analogous to the one of tafluprost (at least up to the tetranor-metabolite);[15] compareTafluprost#Pharmacokinetics.
Latanoprost exhibitsthermal andsolar instability. The concentration of latanoprost stored at 50 °C will decrease by 10% every 8.25 days. When stored at 70 °C the concentration will decrease by 10% every 1.32 days. Ultraviolet light, for example in sunlight, causes rapid degradation of latanoprost.[18]
Latanoprost was approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 1996.[5][3]
In September 2023, theCommittee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of theEuropean Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Catiolanze, intended for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in adults with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and in children from four years and adolescents with elevated intraocular pressure and pediatric glaucoma.[3] The applicant for this medicinal product is Santen Oy.[3] Catiolanze was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2023.[3][4]
Latanoprost is sold under many brand names including Xalatan,[2][19] Iyuzeh,[20] Xelpros,[21] and Catiolanze.[3]
In the US, Xalatan is marketed byViatris after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer.[22][23][24]
