"Vegas", "Sin City", "City of Lights", "The Gambling Capital of the World",[1] "The Entertainment Capital of the World', "Capital of Second Chances",[2] "The Marriage Capital of the World", "The Silver City", "America's Playground", "Hawaii's Ninth Island"[3][4]
Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911.[12] At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated North American city founded within that century. Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s and into the 21st century, and between 1990 and 2000 the population increased by 85.2%.
In 1829, Mexican trader and explorerAntonio Armijo led a group consisting of 60 men and 100 mules along theOld Spanish Trail from modern day New Mexico to California. Along the way, the group stopped in what would become Las Vegas and noted its natural water sources, now referred to as theLas Vegas Springs, which supported extensive vegetation such as grasses andmesquite trees. The springs were a significant natural feature in the valley, with streams that supported a meadow ecosystem. This region served as the winter residence for theSouthern Paiute people, who utilized the area's resources before moving to higher elevations during the summer months. The Spanish "las vegas" or "the meadows" (more precisely, lower land near a river) in English, was applied to describe the fertile lowlands near the springs. Over time, the name began to refer to the populated settlement.[19][20][21]
Eleven years later, members ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway betweenSalt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward. The remainder of thisOld Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue.[citation needed]
Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres (45 ha) of land adjacent to theUnion Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city.[26]
The year 1931 was pivotal for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling[28] and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks.[29] This year also witnessed the beginning of construction of the tunnels of nearbyHoover Dam. The influx of construction workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during theGreat Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935.
Following World War II, lavishly decorated hotels, gambling casinos, and big-name entertainment became synonymous with Las Vegas.
In 1951,nuclear weapons testing began at theNevada Test Site, 65 miles (105 km) northwest of Las Vegas. During this time, the city was nicknamed the"Atomic City". Residents and visitors were able to witness the mushroom clouds (and were exposed to the fallout) until 1963 when thePartial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty required that nuclear tests be moved underground.[27]
In 1955, theMoulin Rouge Hotel opened and became the first racially integrated casino-hotel in Las Vegas.[31]
In 1995, theFremont Street Experience opened in Las Vegas's downtown area. This canopied five-block area features 12.5 million LED lights and 550,000 watts of sound from dusk until midnight during shows held at the top of each hour.[citation needed]
Las Vegas is situated in abasin on the floor of theMojave Desert,[34] and is surrounded by mountain ranges. Much of the landscape is rocky and arid, with desert vegetation and wildlife. It can be subjected to torrential flash floods, although much has been done to mitigate the effects of flash floods through improved drainage systems.[35]
The city's elevation is approximately 2,030 ft (620 m) above sea level, though the surrounding peaks reach elevations of over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and act as barriers to the strong flow of moisture from the surrounding area. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 135.86 sq mi (351.9 km2), of which 135.81 sq mi (351.7 km2) is land and 0.05 sq mi (0.13 km2) (0.03%) is water.
After Alaska and California, Nevada is the third most seismically active state in the U.S. It has been estimated by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) that over the next 50 years, there is a 10–20% chance of an M6.0 or greater earthquake occurring within 50 km (31 mi) of Las Vegas.[36]
Within the city are many lawns, trees, and other greenery. Due to water resource issues, there has been a movement to encouragexeriscapes. Another part of conservation efforts is scheduled watering days for residential landscaping. AU.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant in 2008 funded a program that analyzed and forecast growth and environmental effects through 2019.[37]
Las Vegas has asubtropicalhot desert climate (Köppen climate classification:BWh,Trewartha climate classificationBWhk), typical of theMojave Desert in which it lies. This climate is typified by long, extremely hot summers; warm transitional seasons; and short winters with mild days and cool nights. There is abundant sunshine throughout the year, with an average of 310 sunny days and bright sunshine during 86% of all daylight hours.[38][39] Rainfall is scarce, with an average of 4.2 in (110 mm) dispersed between roughly 26 total rainy days per year.[40] Las Vegas is among the sunniest, driest, and least humid locations in North America, with exceptionally low dew points and humidity that sometimes remains below 10%.[41]
The summer months of June through September are extremely hot, though moderated by the low humidity levels. July is the hottest month, with an average daytime high of 104.5 °F (40.3 °C). On average, 137 days per year reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C), of which 78 days reach 100 °F (38 °C) and 10 days reach 110 °F (43 °C). During the peak intensity of summer, overnight lows frequently remain above 80 °F (27 °C), and occasionally above 85 °F (29 °C).[38]
While most summer days are consistently hot, dry, and cloudless, theNorth American Monsoon sporadically interrupts this pattern and brings more cloud cover, thunderstorms, lightning, increased humidity, and brief spells of heavy rain. Potential monsoons affect Las Vegas between July and August. Summer in Las Vegas is marked by significantdiurnal temperature variation. While less extreme than other parts of the state, nighttime lows in Las Vegas are often 30 °F (16.7 °C) or more lower than daytime highs.[42] The average hottest night of the year is 90 °F (32 °C). The all-time record is at 95 °F (35 °C).[38]
Las Vegas winters are relatively short, with typically mild daytime temperatures and chilly nights. Sunshine is abundant in all seasons. December is both the year's coolest and cloudiest month, with an average daytime high of 56.9 °F (13.8 °C) and sunshine occurring during 78% of its daylight hours. Winter evenings are defined by clear skies and swift drops in temperature after sunset, with overnight minima averaging around 40 °F (4.4 °C) in December and January. Owing to its elevation that ranges from 2,000 to 3,000 feet (610 to 910 m), Las Vegas experiences markedly cooler winters than other areas of theMojave Desert and the adjacentSonoran Desert that are closer to sea level. The city records freezing temperatures an average of 10 nights per winter. It is exceptionally rare for temperatures to reach or fall below 25 °F (−4 °C).[38]
Climate chart for Las Vegas
Most of the annual precipitation falls during the winter. February, the wettest month, averages only four days of measurable rain. The mountains immediately surrounding the Las Vegas Valley accumulate snow every winter, but significant accumulation within the city is rare, although moderate accumulations occur every few years. The most recent accumulations occurred on February 18, 2019, when parts of the city received about 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5.1 cm) of snow[43] and on February 20 when the city received almost 0.5 inches (1.3 cm).[44] Other recent significant snow accumulations occurred on December 25, 2015, and December 17, 2008.[45] Unofficially, Las Vegas's largest snowfall on record was the 12 inches (30 cm) that fell in 1909.[46] In recent times, ice days have not occurred, although 29 °F (−2 °C) was measured in 1963.[38] On average the coldest day is 44 °F (7 °C).[38]
The highest temperature officially observed for Las Vegas is 120 °F (48.9 °C), as measured atHarry Reid International Airport on July 7, 2024.[38][47] The lowest temperature was 8 °F (−13 °C), recorded on two days: January 25, 1937, and January 13, 1963.[38] The official record hot daily minimum is 95 °F (35 °C) on July 19, 2005, and July 1, 2013. The official record cold daily maximum is 28 °F (−2 °C) on January 8 and 21, 1937.[38] July 2024 was the hottest month ever recorded in Las Vegas, with its highest recorded mean daily average temperature over the month of 99.9 °F (38 °C), its highest recorded mean daily maximum temperature of 111.5 °F (44 °C), and its highest recorded mean nightly minimum temperature of 88.3 °F (31 °C).[48]
Due to concerns aboutclimate change in the wake of a 2002 drought, daily water consumption has been reduced from 314 US gallons (1,190 L) per resident in 2003 to around 205 US gallons (780 L) in 2015.[49]
Las Vegas, Nevada – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Approximately 5.8% of residents are under the age of five, 22.8% under the age of eighteen and 15.6% over 65 years old. Females are 50.0% of the total population.[56]
Map of racial distribution in the Las Vegas area, 2020 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Native American⬤ Mixed or Other
From 2019 to 2023, Las Vegas had approximately 244,429households, with an average of 2.63 persons per household. About 55.7% of housing units were owner-occupied, and the median value of owner-occupied housing was $395,300. Median gross rent during this period was $1,456 per month (in 2023 dollars).[56]
The medianhousehold income in Las Vegas from 2019 to 2023 was $70,723, while theper capita income was $38,421 (in 2023 dollars). Approximately 14.2% of the population lived below the poverty line during the same period.[56]
About 33.0% of residents aged 5 and older speak a language other than English at home. 20.9% of residents are foreign-born.[56]
The mean travel time to work for residents aged 16 and older was approximately 25.8 minutes between 2019 and 2023. The vast majority of households in Las Vegas aredigitally connected, with 95.6% having a computer and 89.1% subscribing tobroadband internet services.
Agnostic (10%) and Atheist (3%) are the largest groups of residents who are unaffiliated with a religion, which overall represent 34% of the population. Other religious groups, such asJudaism (1%),Islam (2%), andBuddhism (1%) together compose about 5% of the population.[61]
According to a 2004 study, Las Vegas has one of the highest divorce rates[62][63] This is partly due to residents of states with more restrictive divorce laws traveling to Nevada, and in particular to Las Vegas, to get divorced.[64] As of 2022[update], theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention identified Nevada as a whole as having the highest divorce rate in the United States, with 4.4. divorces per 1,000 marriages. This is down from 11.4 divorces per 1,000 marriages in 1990 and is part of a national trend of fewer divorces.[65]
Nevada marriage requirements are equally lax resulting in one of the highest marriage rates of U.S. cities, with many licenses issued to people from outside the area.[64]
2010 census
According to the2010 Census, the city of Las Vegas had a population of 583,756. The city's racial composition had shifted slightly, with 47.91% of the population identifying as White alone (non-Hispanic), 10.63% as Black or African American alone (non-Hispanic), 0.41% as Native American or Alaska Native alone (non-Hispanic), 5.93% as Asian alone (non-Hispanic), 0.53% as Pacific Islander alone (non-Hispanic), 0.19% as Other Race alone (non-Hispanic), and 2.91% as Mixed race or Multiracial (non-Hispanic). Hispanic or Latino individuals of any race represented 31.50% of the population.[54]
2000 census
According to the2000 census, Las Vegas had a population of 474,434 people. The racial makeup of the city was 58.52% White alone (non-Hispanic), 10.19% Black or African American alone (non-Hispanic), 0.51% Native American or Alaska Native alone (non-Hispanic), 4.72% Asian alone (non-Hispanic), 0.41% Pacific Islander alone (non-Hispanic), 0.14% Other Race alone (non-Hispanic), and 2.52% Mixed race or Multiracial (non-Hispanic). Hispanic or Latino individuals of any race made up 23.81% of the population.[53]
The major attractions in Las Vegas are the casinos and the hotels, although in recent years other new attractions have begun to emerge.[citation needed]
Most casinos in the downtown area are onFremont Street, withThe STRAT Hotel, Casino & Skypod as one of the few exceptions.Fremont East, adjacent to the Fremont Street Experience, was granted variances to allow bars to be closer together, similar to theGaslamp Quarter of San Diego, the goal being to attract a different demographic than the Strip attracts.[citation needed]
TheGolden Gate Hotel and Casino, downtown along the Fremont Street Experience, is the oldest continuously operating hotel and casino in Las Vegas; it opened in 1906 as the Hotel Nevada.
The center of the gambling and entertainment industry is theLas Vegas Strip, outside the city limits in the surrounding unincorporated communities ofParadise andWinchester in Clark County. Some of the largest casinos and buildings are there.[74]
Welcome signs
The original Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign
Gateway Arches
In 1929, the city installed a welcome arch overFremont Street, at the corner of Main Street.[75][76][77] It remained in place until 1931.[78][79]
In 1959, the 25-foot-tall (7.6 m)Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was installed at the south end of theLas Vegas Strip. A replica welcome sign, standing nearly 16 feet (4.9 m) tall, was installed within city limits in 2002, atLas Vegas Boulevard and Fourth Street.[80][81][82] The replica was destroyed in 2016, when a pickup truck crashed into it.[83]
In 2018, the city approved plans for a new gateway landmark in the form of neon arches. It was built within city limits, in front of theStrat resort and north ofSahara Avenue.[84] The project, built byYESCO, cost $6.5 million and stands 80 feet (24 m) high.[85] Officially known as the Gateway Arches, the project was completed in 2020. The steel arches are blue during the day, and light up in a variety of colors at night.[86]
Also located just north of the Strat are a pair of giant neon showgirls, initially added in 2018 as part of a $400,000 welcome display. The original showgirls were 25 feet (7.6 m) tall, but were replaced by new ones in 2022, rising 50 feet (15 m).[87][88] The originals were refurbished following weather damage and installed at theLas Vegas Arts District.[88][89]
WhenThe Mirage opened in 1989, it started a trend of major resort development on the Las Vegas Strip outside of the city. This resulted in a drop in tourism in the downtown area, but many recent projects have increased the number of visitors to downtown.[citation needed]
An effort has been made by city officials to diversify the economy by attracting health-related, high-tech and other commercial interests. No state tax for individuals or corporations, as well as a lack of other forms of business-related taxes, have aided the success of these efforts.[90]
The Fremont Street Experience was built in an effort to draw tourists back to the area and has been popular since its startup in 1995.[citation needed]
In 2005, theWorld Market Center opened, consisting of three large buildings taking up 5,400,000 square feet (500,000 m2). Trade shows for the furniture and furnishing industries are held there semiannually.[94]
Also nearby is the Las Vegas North Premium Outlets. With a second expansion, completed in May 2015, the mall currently offers 175 stores.[95]
City offices moved to a newLas Vegas City Hall in February 2013 on downtown's Main Street. The former city hall building is now occupied by the corporate headquarters for the online retailerZappos.com, which opened downtown in 2013. Zappos CEOTony Hsieh took an interest in the urban area and contributed $350 million toward a revitalization effort called the Downtown Project.[96][97] Projects funded include Las Vegas's first independent bookstore,The Writer's Block.[98]
Other industries
A number of new industries have moved to Las Vegas in recent decades.Zappos.com (now anAmazon subsidiary) was founded in San Francisco but by 2013 had moved its headquarters to downtown Las Vegas.Allegiant Air, a low-cost air carrier, launched in 1997 with its first hub atHarry Reid International Airport and headquarters in nearby Summerlin.[citation needed]
A growing population means the Las Vegas Valley used 1.2 billion US gal (4.5 billion L) more water in 2014 than in 2011. Although water conservation efforts implemented in the wake of a 2002 drought have had some success, localwater consumption remains 30 percent greater than in Los Angeles, and over three times that of San Francisco metropolitan area residents. TheSouthern Nevada Water Authority is building a $1.4 billion tunnel and pumping station to bring water fromLake Mead, has purchased water rights throughout Nevada, and has planned a controversial $3.2 billionpipeline across half the state. By law, the Las Vegas Water Service District "may deny any request for a water commitment or request for a water connection if the District has an inadequate supply of water." But limiting growth on the basis of an inadequate water supply has been unpopular with the casino and building industries.[49]
The city is home to several museums, including theNeon Museum (the location for many of the historical signs from Las Vegas's mid-20th century heyday), TheMob Museum, theLas Vegas Natural History Museum, the Discovery Children's Museum, the Nevada State Museum and the Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park.[citation needed]
The city's extensiveDowntown Arts District hosts numerous galleries and events, including the annual Las Vegas Film Festival. "First Friday" is a monthly celebration that includes arts, music, special presentations and food in a section of the city's downtown region called 18b, The Las Vegas Arts District.[101] The festival extends into the Fremont East Entertainment District.[102] The Thursday evening before First Friday is known in the arts district as "Preview Thursday," which highlights new gallery exhibitions throughout the district.[103]
Las Vegas has earned the moniker "Gambling Capital of the World," as it has the world's most land-based casinos.[104] The city is also host to moreAAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world.[105]
The Las Vegas metropolitan area has been the site of many prominentcombat sports events, such asboxing andMMA, with Las Vegas being considered by many as the "fight capital of the world".[113] The mixed martial arts promotion,Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), is headquartered in Las Vegas and also frequently holds fights in the city at T-Mobile Arena and at the UFC Apex training facility near the headquarters.[114]
The city's parks and recreation department operates 78 regional, community, neighborhood, and pocket parks; four municipal swimming pools, 11 recreational centers, four active adult centers, eight cultural centers, six galleries, eleven dog parks, and four golf courses: Angel Park Golf Club, Desert Pines Golf Club, Durango Hills Golf Club, and the Las Vegas Municipal Golf Course.[116]
It is also responsible for 123 playgrounds, 23 softball fields, 10 football fields, 44 soccer fields, 10 dog parks, six community centers, four senior centers, 109 skate parks, and six swimming pools.[117]
The city of Las Vegas has acouncil–manager government.[118] The mayor sits as a council member-at-large and presides over allcity council meetings.[118] If the mayor cannot preside over a city council meeting, then the Mayorpro tempore is thepresiding officer of the meeting until the Mayor returns to his/her seat.[119] The city manager is responsible for the administration and the day-to-day operations of allmunicipal services and city departments.[120] The city manager maintains intergovernmental relationships with federal, state, county and other local governments.[120]
UNLV is a public, land-grant,R1 research university and is home to theKirk Kerkorian School of Medicine[138] and theWilliam S. Boyd School of Law, the only law school in Nevada.[139] The university's campus is urban and located about two miles east of the Las Vegas strip. The Desert Research Institute's southern campus sits next to UNLV, while its northern campus is in Reno.[140]
CSN, with campuses throughout Clark County,[141] is acommunity college with one of the largest enrollments in the United States.[142] In unincorporated Clark County, CSN's Charleston campus is home to the headquarters ofNevada Public Radio (KNPR), anNPR member station.[143][144]
Las Vegas Review-Journal, the area's largest daily newspaper, is published every morning. It was formed in 1909 but has roots back to 1905. It is the largest newspaper in Nevada and is ranked as one of the top 25 newspapers in the United States by circulation. In 2000, theReview-Journal installed the largest newspaper printing press in the world. It cost $40 million, weighs 910 tons and consists of 16 towers.[147] Until his death in January 2021, the newspaper was owned by casino magnateSheldon Adelson, who purchased it for $140 million in December 2015. In 2018, theReview-Journal received theSigma Delta Chi Award from theSociety of Professional Journalists for reporting theOct 1 mass shooting on the Las Vegas Strip. In 2018 and 2022,Editor and Publisher magazine named theReview-Journal as one of 10 newspapers in the United States "doing it right."[148][149]
Las Vegas Sun, based in neighboringHenderson, is a daily newspaper. Although independently published, the print edition is distributed as a section inside theReview-Journal. TheSun is owned by the Greenspun family and is part of theGreenspun Media Group. It was founded independently in 1950 and in 1989 entered into aJoint Operating Agreement with theReview-Journal, which runs through 2040. TheSun has been described as "politically liberal".[150] In 2009, theSun was awarded aPulitzer Prize for Public Service for coverage of the high death rate of construction workers on the Las Vegas Strip amid lax enforcement of regulations.[151][152]
Las Vegas Weekly, based in neighboring Henderson, is a freealternative weekly newspaper. It covers Las Vegas arts, entertainment, culture and news.Las Vegas Weekly was founded in 1992 and is published by the Greenspun Media Group.
Broadcast
Las Vegas is served by 10 full power television stations and 46 radio stations. The area is also served by two NOAA Weather Radio transmitters (162.55 MHz located in Boulder City and 162.40 MHz located onPotosi Mountain).
Regional Transportation Commission (RTC) provides public bus transportation.Harry Reid International Airport provides private and public aviation services to the city.Inside Terminal 3 at Harry Reid International Airport in Paradise
RTC Transit is a public transportation system providing bus service throughout Las Vegas, Henderson, North Las Vegas and other areas of the valley. Inter-city bus service to and from Las Vegas is provided byGreyhound,BoltBus,Orange Belt Stages,Tufesa, and several smaller carriers.[153]
TheUnion Pacific Railroad is the onlyClass I railroad providing rail freight service to the city. Until 1997, the AmtrakDesert Wind train service ran through Las Vegas using the Union Pacific Railroad tracks.
In March 2010, the RTC launchedbus rapid transit link in Las Vegas called theStrip & Downtown Express with limited stops and frequent service that connects downtown Las Vegas, the Strip and the Las Vegas Convention Center. Shortly after the launch, the RTC dropped theACE name.[160]
In 2016, 77.1 percent of working Las Vegas residents (those living in the city, but not necessarily working in the city) commuted by driving alone. About 11 percent commuted via carpool, 3.9 percent used public transportation, and 1.4 percent walked. About 2.3 percent of Las Vegas commuters used all other forms of transportation, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycle. About 4.3% of working Las Vegas residents worked at home.[161] In 2015, 10.2 percent of city of Las Vegas households were without a car, which increased slightly to 10.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Las Vegas averaged 1.63 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.
Las Vegas Boulevard divides the east–west streets from theLas Vegas Strip to near the Stratosphere, then Main Street becomes the dividing line from the Stratosphere to the North Las Vegas border, after which the Goldfield Street alignment divides east and west.
On the east side of Las Vegas, block numbers betweenCharleston Boulevard and Washington Avenue are different along Nellis Boulevard, which is the eastern border of the city limits.
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Moehring, Eugene P.; Green, Michael S., eds. (2005).Las Vegas: a centennial history. Wilbur S. Shepperson series in Nevada history. Reno: University of Nevada Press. p. 2.ISBN978-0-87417-647-6.
^abSimon, Steven; Bouville, Andre (January–February 2006)."Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests and Cancer Risks".American Scientist.94 (1): 48.doi:10.1511/2006.57.48.ISSN0003-0996. Archived fromthe original on July 9, 2014. RetrievedDecember 18, 2020.Exposures 50 years ago still have health implications today that will continue into the future...Deposition...generally decreases with distance from the test site in the direction of the prevailing wind across North America, although isolated locations received significant deposition as a result of rainfall. Trajectories of the fallout debris clouds across the U.S. are shown for four altitudes. Each dot indicates six hours.
^"Flood control a success".Las Vegas Review-Journal. December 28, 2010.Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2014.
^"Loss-Estimation Modeling of Earthquake Scenarios for Each County in Nevada Using HAZUS-MH"(PDF).Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology/University of Nevada, Reno. February 23, 2006. p. 65.Archived(PDF) from the original on September 10, 2015. RetrievedMarch 27, 2016."Probability of an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 or greater occurring within 50 km in 50 years (from USGS probabilistic seismic hazard analysis) 10–20% chance for Las Vegas area, magnitude 6".
^N.R.S. § 386.010 "Creation; power to sue." (1971). InChapter 386: Local Administrative Organization.Archived from the original August 17, 2000."County school districts, the boundaries of which are conterminous with the boundaries of the counties of the State, are hereby created. The Carson City School District shall be considered as a county school district. Each county school district created by this chapter is hereby declared to be a political subdivision of the State of Nevada whose purpose is to administer the state system of public education. Each school district shall have the power to sue and may be sued. [47:32:1956]—(NRS A 1967, 37; 1969, 336; 1971, 517)"
Brigham, Jay. "Review: 'Reno, Las Vegas, and the Strip: A Tale of Three Cities'."Western Historical Quarterly 46.4 (2015): 529–530.JSTORwesthistquar.46.4.0529.
Chung, Su Kim (2012).Las Vegas Then and Now, Holt: Thunder Bay Press,ISBN978-1-60710-582-4
Moehring, Eugene P.Resort City in the Sunbelt: Las Vegas, 1930–2000 (2000).
Moehring, Eugene, "The Urban Impact: Towns and Cities in Nevada's History,"Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 57 (Fall/Winter 2014): 177–200.
Rowley, Rex J.Everyday Las Vegas: Local Life in a Tourist Town (2013)
Stierli, Martino (2013).Las Vegas in the Rearview Mirror: The City in Theory, Photography, and Film, Los Angeles: Getty Publications,ISBN978-1-60606-137-4
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