| Largemouth bass | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Centrarchiformes |
| Family: | Centrarchidae |
| Genus: | Micropterus |
| Species: | M. nigricans |
| Binomial name | |
| Micropterus nigricans (Cuvier, 1828) | |
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| Synonyms[3] | |
Thelargemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans) is acarnivorous,freshwater,ray-finned fish in theCentrarchidae (sunfish) family, native to theeastern andcentral United States,southeastern Canada andnorthern Mexico.[4][5][3] It is known by a variety of regional names, such as thewidemouth bass,bigmouth bass,black bass,largie,potter's fish,Florida bass orFlorida largemouth,green bass,bucketmouth bass,green trout,growler,Gilsdorf bass,Oswego bass,southern largemouth andnorthern largemouth.[6]
The largemouth bass, as it is known today, was first described by French naturalistGeorges Cuvier in 1828. A recent study[7] concluded that the correct scientific name for theFlorida bass isMicropterus salmoides, while the largemouth bass isMicropterus nigricans.[7] It is the largest species of theblack bass, with a maximum recorded length of 29.5 inches (75 cm) and an unofficial weight of 25 pounds 1 ounce (11.4 kg).
The largemouth bass is thestate fish ofGeorgia[8] andMississippi,[9] and the statefreshwater fish ofFlorida[10] andAlabama.[11][12] It is a highly prizedsport fish amonganglers for their vigorous resistance when caught, and have beenintroduced to many regions due to their popularity inbass fishing and tolerance tourban streams. However, they have become aninvasive species in some areas, causing the decline, displacement or extinction ofnative species throughpredation andcompetition.
The largemouth bass was first formally described asLabrus salmoides in 1802 by the French naturalistBernard Germain de Lacépède with thetype locality given as the Carolinas.[13] Lacépède based hisdescription on an illustration of aspecimen collected by Louis Bosc nearCharleston, South Carolina. Recent phylogenomic studies, however, place the type locality given by Lacépède as within the range of theFlorida bass (M. salmoides) and outside that of the largemouth bass. This study concludes that Lacépède's name is the correct binomial for the Florida bass and that the oldest available binomial for the largemouth bass is Cuvier'sHuro nigricans, which has a type locality of Lake Huron which is within the range of the largemouth bass.[14]
The largemouth bass is an olive green to greenish-gray fish, marked by a series of dark, sometimes black, blotches forming a jagged horizontal stripe along each flank.[15] The upper jaw (maxilla) of a largemouth bass extends beyond the rear margin of theorbit.[16]
The largemouth bass is the largest of theblack basses, reaching a maximum recorded overall length of 29.5 in (75 cm)[17] and a maximum unofficial weight of 25 lb 1 oz (11.4 kg).[17]Sexual dimorphism is found, with the female larger than the male.
Largemouth bass prefer habitats with abundantlittoralvegetation and generally maintain relatively smallhome ranges in lakes.[18] They have an average lifespan of 10 to 16 years in the wild.[19]
Juvenile largemouth bass consumes mostly smallbait fish,scuds,water fleas,copepods, smallshrimp, and insects.[20] Adults consume smaller fish (bluegill,banded killifish,minnows,juvenile bass),shad,worms,snails,crawfish,frogs,snakes, andsalamanders.[citation needed] In larger lakes and reservoirs, adult bass occupy slightly deeper water than younger fish, and shift to a diet consisting almost entirely of smaller fish likeshad,yellow perch,ciscoes,suckers,shiners, othercyprinids,freshwater silversides, andsunfish (such as bluegill andgreen sunfish).[20][21][22] It also consumes younger members of larger fish species, such ascatfish,trout,walleye,white bass,striped bass, and even smaller black bass. Among the crayfish species preyed upon includeFaxonius difficilis,F. harrisonii,F. hartfieldi, andProcambarus clarkii.[22] Prey items can be as large as 50% of the bass's body length or larger.[23]
Studies of prey utilization by largemouths show that in weedy waters, bass grow more slowly due to difficulty in acquiring prey. Less weed cover allows bass to more easily find and catch prey, but this consists of more open-waterbaitfish. With little or no cover, bass can devastate the prey population and starve or be stunted. Fisheries managers must consider these factors when designing regulations for specific bodies of water. Under overhead cover, such as overhanging banks, brush, or submerged structure, such as weedbeds, points, humps, ridges, and drop-offs, the largemouth bass uses its senses of hearing, sight, vibration, and smell to attack and seize its prey. Adult largemouth are generallyapex predators within their habitat, but they are preyed upon by many animals while young, includinggreat blue herons, larger bass,northern pike,walleye,muskellunge, yellow perch,channel catfish,northern water snakes,crappie,common carp, andAmerican eels.[22][24] Multiple species ofkingfishers,bitterns, and otherherons feed on this bass, as well.[25] Both the young and adult largemouths are targeted by thebald eagle.[22]
Notably in theGreat Lakes Region,Micropterus nigricans along with many other species of native fish have been known to prey upon the invasiveround goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Remains of said fish have been found inside the stomachs of largemouth bass consistently. This feeding habit may impact the ecosystem positively, but more research must be conducted to verify this. It is illegal to use or possess liveNeogobius melanostomus as bait in the Great Lakes Region.[26]
Largemouth bass usually reach sexual maturity and begin spawning when they are about a year old.[27] Spawning takes place in the spring season when the water temperature first remains continuously above 60 °F (16 °C) for a sufficient period of time.[specify] In the northern region of the United States and Canada, this usually occurs anywhere from late April until early July. In the southern states, where the largest and healthiest specimens typically inhabit, this process can begin in March and is usually over by June.[28] Males form nests by moving debris from the bottom of the body of water using their tails. These nests are usually about twice the length of the males, although this can vary.[27] Bass prefer sand, muck, or gravel bottoms, but will also use rocky and weedy bottoms where there is cover for their nest, such as roots or twigs.[29] After finishing the nest, the males swim near the nest looking for a female to mate with. After one is found, the two bass swim around the nest together, turning their bodies so that the eggs and sperm that are being released will come in contact on the way down to the nest. Bass will usually spawn twice per spring, with some spawning three or four times, although this is not as common. The male will then guard the nest until the eggs hatch, which can take about two to four days in the southern US and Northern Mexico, and slightly longer in the northern part of its native range. Finally, depending on the water temperature, the male will stay with the nest until the infant bass are ready to swim out on their own, which can be about two more weeks after they hatch. After this, the male, female, and newborns will switch to more of a summer mode, in which they then focus more on feeding.[27]
Largemouth bass are keenly sought after byanglers and are noted for the excitement of their 'fight', meaning how vigorously the fish resists being hauled into the boat or onto shore after being hooked. The fish will often become airborne in their effort to throw the hook, but many say that their cousin species, thesmallmouth bass, is even more aggressive.[30] Anglers most often fish for largemouth bass withlures such asspinnerbaits,plastic worms (and other plastic baits),jigs,crankbaits, and live bait, such as worms and minnows. A recent trend is the use of largeswimbaits to target trophy bass that often forage on juvenilerainbow trout in California. Fly fishing for largemouth bass, while uncommon, may be done using both topwater and worm imitations tied with natural or synthetic materials. Other live baits, such as frogs orcrawfish, can also be productive. Largegolden shiners are a popular live bait used to catch trophy bass, especially when they are sluggish in the heat of summer or in the cold of winter.[31] Largemouth bass usually hang around big patches of weeds and other shallow water cover. These fish are very capable of surviving in a wide variety of climates and waters. They are perhaps one of the world's most tolerant freshwater fish.[citation needed]
The world record largemouth according to theIGFA is shared by Manabu Kurita and George W. Perry. Kurita's bass was caught fromLake Biwa in Japan on July 2, 2009, and weighed 10.12 kilograms (22 lb 5 oz). Perry's bass was caught on June 2, 1932, from Montgomery Lake in Georgia and weighed 10.09 kilograms (22 lb 4 oz). This record is shared because the IGFA states a new record must beat the old record by at least 2 ounces.[32]
The largemouth bass has been introduced into many other regions and countries due to its popularity as a sport fish and tolerance to urban environments. It causes the decline, displacement or extinctions of species in its new habitat throughpredation and competition,[33] for example inNamibia. They are also an invasive species in the Canadian province ofNew Brunswick, and are on the watch list across much of the far northern US and Canada. In colder waters, these fish are often a danger to native fish fry such assalmon and trout.[34] They have also been blamed for the extinction of theAtitlán grebe, a large waterbird which once inhabitedLake Atitlán inGuatemala.[35] In 2011, researchers found that in streams and rivers in theIberian Peninsula, juvenile largemouth bass were able to demonstrate trophic plasticity, meaning that they were able to adjust their feeding habits to obtain the necessary amount of energy needed to survive. This allows them to be successful as an invasive species in relatively stable aquatic food webs.[36] Similarly, a study done inJapan showed that the introduction of both largemouth bass and bluegill into farm ponds have caused increases in the numbers ofbenthic organisms, resulting from the predation on fishes, crustaceans, and nymphal odonates by the bass.[37] The largemouth bass has been causing sharp decreases in native fish populations in Japan since 1996, especially inbitterling fish inLake Izunuma-Uchinuma.[38]
To better understand the effects of angling on largemouth bass populations, researchers have studied physiological variation in the largemouth bass. One study found that in areas whereangling was high, there was a significant effect on bass physiology. In stress tests, bass from protected areas had increasedcortisol responsiveness compared to those in the highly active fisheries.[39] The largemouth bass in Freshwater Protected Areas also had a higher aerobic scope, potentially providing them with more energy for growth, reproduction, and responding to environmental change.[39] Another study found that maternal exposure to the stress hormone cortisol resulted in a lower responsiveness to angling stressors in theirprogeny.[40] These studies in tandem provide evidence that repeated exposure to stress hormones and high angling pressure can bring out suboptimal phenotypes in largemouth bass populations.
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Media related toMicropterus salmoides at Wikimedia Commons
Data related toLargemouth bass at Wikispecies