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35°31′08″N35°46′36″E / 35.51892275°N 35.7766297°E /35.51892275; 35.7766297
Laodicea (Ancient Greek:Λαοδίκεια) was aport city and importantcolonia of theRoman Empire in ancientSyria,[1] near the modern city ofLatakia. It was also calledLaodicea in Syria orLaodicea ad mare. UnderSeptimius Severus, it was the capital ofRoman Syria, and of theEastern Roman province of Theodorias from 528 to 637 AD.
ThePhoenician city ofRamitha was located in the coastal area where the modern port of Latakia is, known to the Greeks as Leukê Aktê or "white coast". Laodicea got its name when was first founded in the fourth century BC under the rule of theSeleucid Empire: it was named bySeleucus I Nicator in honor of his mother,Laodice (Greek:Λαοδίκεια ἡ Πάραλος). The city was subsequently ruled by theRomans untilthe Arab conquest of that city in 636 AD.
The RomanPompey the Great conquered the city from the Armenian kingTigranes the Great along with all of Syria in 64 BCE and laterJulius Caesar declared the city "free polis". Some Roman merchants moved to live in the city underAugustus, but the city was always culturally "greek" influenced. The Romans made a "Pharum" at the port, that was renowned as one of the best of Ancient Levant; then created aRoman road from southernAnatolia towardBerytus andDamascus, that greatly improved the commerce through the port of Laodicea.
There are few remains of what was a rich and well-built town (Strab. 16.2.9): colonnades, a monumental arch, sarcophagi, all within the modern town. The sanctuaries, public baths, amphitheater, hippodrome, mentioned by ancient authors or by Greek inscriptions, and the rampart gates depicted on coins, have all disappeared...The town occupies a rocky promontory...Including the port, its area was ca. 220 ha...A wide avenue, bordered with porticos in Roman times, ran N-S across the town, from the tip of the peninsula to the gate where the road to Antioch started; perpendicular to this, three colonnaded streets ran from E to W. The one to the N was centered on the entry to the citadel on the high hill to the NE. The central one came from the E gate, where the Apamea road reached the city. The street today is occupied by the great souk, where there is still an alignment of 13 monolithic granite columns. A tetrapylon marked the crossing of this thoroughfare with the N-S avenue. The S street began at the port and ended to the E at the long steep hill to the SE, where a monumental four-way arch, erroneously called a tetrapylon, closed off the view. This arch consists of four semicircular arches, one on each side, supporting a stone cupola. Columns engaged in pilasters serve as buttresses at the corners of the four masonry moles. Not far away, inside a mosque, is the corner of a Corinthian peristyle, with capitals and entablature. Virtually nothing remains of the theater, which was built against the SE hill and whose cavea had a diameter of ca. 100 m. Princeton:Laodicea ad mare
The city enjoyed a huge economic prosperity thanks to the wine produced in the hills around the port and exported to all the empire. The city was famous because of the textile products.[citation needed]Herod, king ofJudaea, constructed an aqueduct for the city.[2] Laodicea minted coins from an early Roman date, but the most famous are fromSeverian times.[3]
A sizableJewish population lived in Laodicea during the first century.[4] During theFirst Jewish–Roman War,Legio VI Ferrata was stationed in the city, which served as its winter quarters, before being joined to a larger army assembled to quell the rebellion in neighboringJudaea.[2]
In 194 AD, during the reign ofSeveran dynasty, a third century imperial dynasty of Rome, the emperorSeptimius Severus gave the title "Metropolis" to the city, and allowed theIus Italicum (exemption from empire taxation) to Laodicea, that was later called a "Roman Colonia". Under Septimius Severus the city was fortified and was made for a few years the capital of Roman Syria: in this period Laodicea grew to be a city of nearly 40,000 inhabitants and had even an hippodrome.
Christianity was the main religion in the city afterConstantine I and there were many bishops of Laodicea who participated in ecumenical councils, mainly during Byzantine times. The hereticApollinarius wasbishop of Laodicea in the 4th century, when the city was fullyChristian but with a few remaining Jews.
An earthquake damaged the city in 494 AD[5] and successivelyJustinian I made Laodicea the capital of the Byzantine province of "Theodorias" in the early sixth century. Laodicea remained its capital for more than a century until the Arab conquest.
Saint Paul visited Laodicea and converted the first Christians in the city. Slowly the bishops of Laodicea grew in importance but were always under thePatriarch of Antioch. The most important bishops were:
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