| Languages of Northern Ireland | |
|---|---|
 Sign in English, Irish and Scots atDerry Guildhall | |
| Official | English,Irish |
| National | English (99.17%)[1] |
| Vernacular | Ulster English,Hiberno-English,Ulster Irish |
| Minority | Irish (0.3% main usage, 12% knowledge),Ulster Scots (8% knowledge)[2] |
| Immigrant | Polish (1.1% main usage), Lithuanian (0.5% main usage), Romanian (0.3% main usage) |
| Signed | Northern Ireland Sign Language,British Sign Language,Irish Sign Language |
| Keyboard layout | |
| Part ofa series on the |
| Culture of Northern Ireland |
|---|
 |
| History |
| People |
| Languages |
| Traditions |
| Mythology |
| Cuisine |
| Festivals |
| Religion |
| Literature |
| Music andperforming arts |
| Sport |
English is by far the most spoken, and thede factonational language ofNorthern Ireland;[3] it occurs in various forms, includingUlster English andHiberno-English.Irish is an official language of Northern Ireland since 2022,[4] and the local variety ofScots, known asUlster Scots, has official minority status, with services in the language provided by public authorities.[5][6]Northern Ireland Sign Language andIrish Sign Language have also been recognised with minority status since 29 March 2004.[7][8]
Before legislation passed in 2022 that allowed the use of Irish in courts, theAdministration of Justice (Language) Act (Ireland) 1737 also officially prohibited the use of languages other than English in legal proceedings, though this act is now repealed.[9]
TheIrish used in Northern Ireland is primarily of theUlster Irish dialect, withAn Caighdéan (the standardised written Irish of theRepublic of Ireland) rarely encountered.
Under theGood Friday Agreement, Irish andUlster Scots (an Ulster dialect of theScots language, sometimes known asUllans), are recognised as "part of the cultural wealth of Northern Ireland".[10] Two all-island bodies for the promotion of these were created under the Agreement:Foras na Gaeilge, which promotes the Irish language, and theUlster Scots Agency, which promotes the Ulster Scots dialect and culture. These operate separately under the aegis ofthe North/South Language Body, which reports to theNorth/South Ministerial Council.
TheBritish government in 2001 ratified theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Irish (in Northern Ireland) was specified under Part III of the Charter, with a range of specific undertakings in relation to education, translation of statutes, interaction with public authorities, the use of placenames, media access, support for cultural activities and other matters. A lower level of recognition was accorded to Ulster Scots, under Part II of the Charter.[11]
The earliest linguistic records from what is now Northern Ireland are ofPrimitive Irish, from about the 5th century AD. Languages spoken inIron Age Ireland before then are now irretrievable, although there are some claims of traces intoponymy, including in Northern Ireland.[12]Shelta, a mixed language spoken byIrish Travellers (Rilantu Mincéirí), is also native to Ireland.
The dialect of English spoken in Northern Ireland shows influence from the lowlandScots language.[13] There are supposedly some minute differences in pronunciation between Protestants and Catholics, the best known of which is the name of the letterh, which Protestants tend to pronounce as "aitch", as inBritish English, and Catholics tend to pronounce as "haitch", as inHiberno-English. However, geography is a much more important determinant of dialect than religious background.
The Irish language (Irish:an Ghaeilge), orGaelic, is a native language of the island of Ireland.[14] It was spoken predominantly throughout what is now Northern Ireland before theUlster Plantations in the 17th century and most place names in Northern Ireland areanglicised versions of a Gaelic name. Today, the language is associated with Irish nationalism (and thus with the Catholic community). However, in the 19th century, the language was seen as a common heritage, with Ulster Protestants playing a leading role in theGaelic revival.
In the 2021 census, 12.4% of the population (from age 3 up) of Northern Ireland claimed some knowledge of Irish,[15] up from 11% in 2011.[16] 0.3% claimed to use it at home, up from 0.2% in 2011.[15] In a survey in 1999, 1% of respondents said they spoke it as their main language at home.[17]
The dialect generally spoken in Northern Ireland, Ulster Irish or Donegal Irish,[18] is the one closest toScottish Gaelic (which developed into a separate language from Irish Gaelic in the 10th century). Some words and phrases are shared with Scots Gaelic, and the extinct dialects of east Ulster – those ofRathlin Island and theGlens of Antrim – were very similar to the dialect ofArgyll, one of the parts of Scotland nearest to Northern Ireland.
Use of the Irish language in Northern Ireland today is politically sensitive. Since 2022 the languages holds official status in a manner similar to the Welsh-English bilingual status inWales, though the erection by somedistrict councils of bilingual street names in both English and Irish,[19] invariably in predominantly nationalist districts, is resisted by some unionists who claim that it creates a "chill factor" and thus harms community relationships. Before the intervention ofWestminster in 2022 to make Irish an official language, efforts by members of theNorthern Ireland Assembly to legislate for some official uses of the language failed to achieve the required cross-community support.
Ulster Scots comprises varieties of theScots language spoken in Northern Ireland. For a native English speaker, "[Ulster Scots] is comparatively accessible, and even at its most intense can be understood fairly easily with the help of a glossary."[20]
Along with the Irish language, the Good Friday Agreement recognised the dialect as part of Northern Ireland's unique culture and theSt Andrews Agreement recognised the need to "enhance and develop the Ulster Scots language, heritage and culture".[21] The language is officially recognised as a minority language in Northern Ireland, and public authorities must provide services in the language.
Approximately 2% of the population claim to speak Ulster Scots.[22] The number speaking it as their main language in their home is low,[17] with only 0.9% of 2011 census respondents claiming to be able to speak, read, write and understand Ulster-Scots. 8.1% professed to have "some ability" however.[16]
The most commonsign language in Northern Ireland isNorthern Ireland Sign Language (NISL). However, since, in the past, Catholic families tended to send their deaf children to schools in Dublin whereIrish Sign Language (ISL) is commonly used. ISL is still common among many older deaf people from Catholic families.
Irish Sign Language (ISL) has some influence from the French family of sign language, which includesAmerican Sign Language (ASL). NISL takes a large component from the British family of sign language (which also includesAuslan) with many borrowings from ASL. It is described as being related to Irish Sign Language at thesyntactic level while much of thelexicon is based onBritish Sign Language (BSL)[23] and American Sign Language.[citation needed]
As of March 2004[update] theBritish Government recognises only British Sign Language and Irish Sign Language as the official sign languages used in Northern Ireland.[24][25]
At the2001 census,Chinese was the most widely spokenimmigrant language in Northern Ireland, withArabic andPortuguese also spoken by a significant number of people.[6] However, an influx of people from recentEUaccession states significantly increased numbers of speakers of languages from these countries. In the2011 census,Polish was the most widely spoken immigrant language, followed byLithuanian.[26]
None of these languages were spoken by a majority of the population, but are of historical interest, giving loan words to Ulster Scots, Irish and Hiberno-English.
Latin was introduced by the early Christians by c.500. It remained a church language, but also was the official language after the Norman conquest in 1171. It was used by theRoman Catholic church for services until theVatican II reforms in 1962–65.
Norman settlers introduced theNorman orAnglo-Norman language during theNorman invasion of Ireland of 1169. From it derived"Law French", that continues to be used today for certain legal purposes in both jurisdictions on the island.
I am pleased to announce formal recognition for both British and Irish Sign Languages in Northern Ireland and in Ireland.
I am pleased to announce formal recognition for both British and Irish Sign Languages in Northern Ireland.
