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InSikhism, alangar (Punjabi:ਲੰਗਰ, pronunciation:[lʌŋɾ], 'kitchen'[1]) is the community kitchen of agurdwara, which serves meals to all free of charge, regardless of religion,caste, gender, economic status, or ethnicity. People sit on the floor and eat together, and the kitchen is maintained and serviced by Sikh community volunteers who are doingseva ("selfless services").[2] The meals served at a langar are alwayslacto-vegetarian.[3]
Langar is aPersian word that was eventually incorporated into the Punjabi language and lexicon.[4][5][6]
The concept of charity and providing cooked meals or uncooked raw material to ascetics and wanderingyogis has been known in eastern cultures for over 2000 years. However, in spite of institutional support from several kings and emperors of theDelhi sultanate (up to theMughal empire), it could not be institutionalized into a sustainable community kitchen, but continued as volunteer-run free food opportunities.
Within the Jammu hills, a significant component of the Sufi missionaries' social outreach was to organize community kitchens, known locally as langar. In addition to providing meals to the needy, they were also intended to promote inclusion within their society and discourage segregation and untouchability, both of which were widely practised throughout the Indian subcontinent. This practice, largely facilitated through donations, allowed participants to discard their social identity and was considered a sacred duty. The tradition was inaugurated in the 12-13th century by Shaikh Farid.[7]
The community kitchen started by the Sikh Gurus, was universal and accepting of people from all faiths and backgrounds, a tradition which has continued to this day. The type of food served and the method of cooking employed, further helped make Sikh langar universally accepted by all faiths and castes.
Several writers such as Gurinder Singh Mann and Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair have alluded to this fact of cooked food (or raw material) being provided to travelers, ascetics and wandering yogis,[8] free food distribution practices being in vogue in fifteenth century among various religious groups likeHinduNathYogis andMuslimSufi saints.[9][10] However, no evidence exists of formal institutionalized community kitchens, providing cooked free meals, continuously, over a period of time by any particular community.
The roots of such volunteer-run charitable feeding is very old in Indian tradition; for example: Hindu temples of theGupta Empire era had attached kitchen andalmshouse calleddharma-shala ordharma-sattra to feed the travelers and poor, or whatever donation they may leave.[11][12] These community kitchens and rest houses are evidenced in epigraphical evidence, and in some cases referred to assatram (for example,Annasya Satram),choultry, orchathram in parts of India.[13][14] In fact, Sikh historian Kapur Singh refers to Langar as anAryan institution.[15]
The Chinese Buddhist pilgrimI Ching (7th century CE) wrote about monasteries with such volunteer-run kitchens.[16][17] The institution of the Langar emerged fromFariduddin Ganjshakar,[18][19] a Sufi Muslim saint living in the Punjab region during the 13th century. This concept further spread and is documented inJawahir al-Faridi compiled in 1623 CE.[20]
The concept of langar—which was designed to be upheld among all people, regardless of religion, caste, colour, creed, age, gender, or social status—was an innovative charity and symbol of equality introduced into Sikhism by its founder,Guru Nanak around 1500 CE in North Indian state of Punjab.[10]
The second Guru of Sikhism,Guru Angad, is remembered in Sikh tradition for systematizing the institution of langar in all SikhGurdwara premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a simple and equal seating.[10]: 35–7 [21] He also set rules and training method for volunteers (sevadars) who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, and being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.[10]: 35–7
It was the third Guru,Guru Amar Das, who established langar as a prominent institution, and required people to dine together irrespective of their caste and class.[22] He encouraged the practice of langar, and made all those who visited him attend langar before they could speak to him.[23]
Langars are held ingurdwaras all over the world, most of which attract members of thehomeless population. The volunteers feed people without any discrimination, alongside the Sikh devotees who gather.[24][25][26] Almost all gurdwaras operate langars where local communities, sometimes consisting of hundreds or thousands of visitors, join for a simple lacto-vegetarian meal.[27]
