Land administration is the way in which the rules ofland tenure are applied and made operational. Land administration, whether formal or informal, comprises an extensive range of systems and processes to administer.[1] The processes of land administration include the transfer of rights in land from one party to another through sale, lease, loan, gift and inheritance; the regulating of land and property development; the use and conservation of the land; the gathering of revenues from the land through sales, leasing, and taxation; and the resolving of conflicts concerning the ownership and the use of land. Land administration functions may be divided into four components: Juridical, regulatory, fiscal, and information management. These functions of land administration may be organized in terms of agencies responsible forsurveying and mapping, land registration, land valuation and land revenue generation.[2] The purpose and scope of this knowledge domain appear from the following introducing notes:
An early example of use of the notion of land administration is a 1973Seminar on Land Administration in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[4]Land administration arrangements were charted in a 1985 paper by Holstein, McLaughlin, and Nichols,[5] and the Department of Lands and Surveys, Western Australia changed name in 1986 to Department of Land Administration.[6] The UNECE in 1996 publishedLand Administration Guidelines With Special Reference to Countries in Transition,[7] and the Dale & McLaughlin textbook onLand Information Management from 1988 was in 1999 succeeded by the textbookLand Administration.
The practise of land administration is older than the presently used term. InThe Cadastral Map in the Service of the State, mention is made ofcadastral survey and subsequent tax collection in northern part of the Netherlands, initiated by an order in 1533.[8] Other early, seventeenth century mapping for administrative purposes are found, e.g. in Sweden and in Germanprincipalities. In the duchy of Austrian Lombardy, a complete cadastral survey, the Milan cadaster, was finally adopted as a taxation base in 1760, and this provided the model for continental European countries to follow.[9] Largely independent from this cadastral development, local courts recordeddeeds of conveyance. In the context ofcodification of national legislation, most European countries in the nineteenth century established atitle system at the local courts. England and Wales departed from this trend, as prolonged debates during the nineteenth century left parties with optional public recording of deeds of conveyance and the locating of properties and their boundaries on large-scale topographic maps, where available, similar to themetes and bounds method.[10] However, most ofBritish India was covered, during the nineteenth century, by the Revenue Survey.[11]
In the colony (now state) of South Australia,Robert Torrens in 1858 introduced a title system. Like the Milan cadastre, this system became a model to be followed, initially within theCommonwealth. In the USA, theLand Ordinance of 1785 established the basis for thePublic Land Survey System, which provides locational functions as the cadastral or - in modern terms -land information system described above. For the present adoption of the Torrens system in the USA, see Justin T. Holl, Jr. et al. (2007).[12]
The domain ofland administration is characterized by the engagement ofinternational organizations as much as by its intrinsic, multi-disciplinary structure. Amongintergovernmental organizations,
International professional associations include
The list of partners in theGlobal Land Tool Network refers to more international organisations,NGOs, research institutions, etc.[27]
The Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) of the University of Twente, the Netherlands, provides international postgraduate education, research and project services in the field of geo-information science and earth observation using remote sensing and GIS. The aim of ITC's activities is the international exchange of knowledge, focusing on capacity building and institutional development in developing countries and emerging economies. ITC cooperates with the United Nations University at developing and carrying out a joint programme on capacity building in disaster management and in land administration[28]
Geomatics at the University of Melbourne, Australia, is about science and research into spatial information. The Geomatics team is an international leader in spatial data infrastructures and land administration. The research agenda embraces legal, institutional and technical issues of establishing and accessing information about land faced by land managers and administrators, in both developed and developing countries.
A number of universities offer land administration courses in the context of related master's degree programmes: