The province covers a land area of 33,570.26 km2 and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 census,[9] 9,007,848 at the 2020 census,[10] and 9,419,580 (comprising 4,809,540 males and 4,610,040 females) according to the official estimates for mid-2024,[2] with three-quarters of that being descendants ofJavanese,Sundanese andBalinese migrants fromJava andBali islands. These migrants came from more densely populated islands in search of available land, as well as being part of the national government'sIndonesian transmigration program, of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations. The provincial population continues to rise by over 100,000 per year.
In 1883, the volcano ofKrakatoa, located on an island in the Sunda Strait, erupted into becoming one of the mostviolent volcanic eruptions inrecorded history, with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere, including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years.
The etymology ofLampung is unknown. But, inBatak,Lappung, meaning 'big', has been suspected to be related to the eruption ofMount Merapi, later becoming the name Lampung. However, the name of this province could come from the wordLampohwang.[11][12][better source needed]
Lampung was part ofSrivijaya, with its regional capital inJambi, which controlled much of maritime Southeast Asia until the 11th century.[13]
The entry of theBanten Sultanate in Lampung in the 16th century marked the beginning of the spread ofIslam in the region. Lampung is known for pepper, which at that time was in high demand. At that time, the Dutch began pressing for control of the region.[14] In the 1930s, Lampung still accounted for 30% of the world's pepper production.[15]
In 1610, theDutch East India Company established a trading post inBanten and, later in the 17th century, began the forceful pepper cultivation in Lampung.[16] The Dutch began to control the Lampung spice trade underSultan Haji. The area was part of the Banten Sultanate until it was annexed by the Dutch in 1752, when it became known as theResidentie Lampoengse Districten.[17] It became part of theDutch East Indies.
Under Dutch rule,transmigration programs were implemented. This program involved the migration of people from Java to Lampung. Many residents of Java moved to the transmigration sites located in the eastern region of Lampung.[18] The program was expanded afterIndonesian independence in the 1960s. The Javanese brought cultural devices to Lampung, such as thegamelan andwayang.
Lampung Province has an area of 33,570.26 km2 (12,961.55 sq mi), about the same size as the nation ofMoldova or Russia'sBryansk Oblast.[21] The province borders theSunda Strait to the southeast and theJava Sea to the east. There are a number of offshore islands within Lampung Province, such asLegundi,Krakatoa, andTabuan. These islands are located mostly in the Bay of Lampung. Pisang Island lies at the entrance to the Regency ofWest Lampung. There are 172 islands considered to be part of the province that have names.[22]
The highest mountain in Lampung is Mount Pesagi, standing at 2,262 m (7,421 ft) above sea level in West Lampung.[23] The river Way Sekampung is the longest river in the province, at 265 km (165 mi) with acatchment area of 4,795.52 km2 (1,851.56 sq mi).Mount Krakatau is avolcanic caldera located in theSunda Strait, close to the Lampung province. The Krakatoa erupted from 20 May until 21 October 1883, which caused landslides, producing high waves in the coastal area of Lampung.[24][25]
Between 1969 and 1970, the total area of forest land in Lampung that had been used was 249,200hectares. In 2000, there were 48 permits issued; in 1980, the number reached 76 permits.[21] Thetopography of the region in the western part is mostly hilly, while the eastern part is mostly alowland area that is agricultural and swampy.[26] In 1950, nine specimens per 100 square kilometres in Lampung were collected as part ofbotanical research.[27]
Lampung Province, which was formed from the southern portion ofSouth Sumatra Province in 1964, was initially composed of just threeregencies (kabupaten):Lampung Selatan,Lampung Tengah andLampung Utara (and oneautonomous city, Bandar Lampung). A fourth regency (Lampung Barat) was created on 16 August 1991 from part of Lampung Utara, and on 3 January 1997, two further regencies were created: Tanggamus from part of Lampung Selatan and Tulang Bawang from part of Lampung Utara.
On 20 April 1999, two additional regencies were formed:Lampung Timur from part of Lampung Tengah andWay Kanan from part of Lampung Utara, as well as a second autonomous city,Metro, from another part of Lampung Tengah. A ninth regency (Pesawaran) was created on 17 July 2007 from a part of Lampung Selatan.
On 29 October 2008, three more regencies were formed:Mesugi andTulang Bawang Barat from parts of Tulang Bawang Regency, and Pringsewu from part of Tanggamus Regency. A thirteenth regency (Pesisir Barat) was formed on 25 October 2012 from the west coast part of Lampung Barat Regency. These are all listed below with their revised areas[2] and their populations at the 2010,[9] 2020[10] and at the mid-2024 official estimates.[2]
The province has two of Indonesia's 84 nationalelectoral districts to elect members to thePeople's Representative Council. The Lampung I Electoral District consists of 6 of the regencies in the province (Tanggamus, South Lampung, Pesawaran, Pringsewu, West Lampung and Pesisir Barat), together with the cities of Bandar Lampung and Metro, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council. The Lampung II Electoral District consists of the remaining 7 regencies (East Lampung, Central Lampung, North Lampung, Way Kanan, Tulang Bawang, Mesuji and West Tulang Bawang) and likewise elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.[28]
In 2024, theGeneral Elections Commission (KPU) determined 85 legislative candidates for the Lampung ProvinceDPRD for the 2024–2029 period. The political partyGerindra Party has the most seats, winning 16 seats.[29]
According toKementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, in 2023,shrimp production in Lampung reached 59,613 tons.[31] Indonesia hasblack pepper and white pepper. Lampung declined its pepper export rate in 2021 to minus 37.5 percent in a year.[32] As of 2023, Lampung accounted for 42 percent of Indonesia's overall pepper exports.[32]
Lampung Province has 438 cultural heritage objects. There is an ancient site of the Islamic era in the form of an ancient cemetery in Bantengsari, East Lampung. Historical sites include the Tomb of National Hero Raden Intan II in South Lampung.[33] The province has a Lampung Province Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2008.[33] An example of traditional houses in Lampung includes Nuwou Sesat; the shape of the house was built to avoid potential animal attacks.[34]
Lampungtraditional clothing is divided into two customs: Lampung Saibatin and Lampung Pepadun. In general, Lampung women wear a set of traditional clothing consisting ofkebaya, a belt and slippers. A set of jewelry is also worn. The men's clothing consists of a sleeved shirt, a headband and sandals.[35]Tapis is awoven cloth often worn by women as part of traditional clothing.[36]
Siger is a traditional golden crown worn by Lampung women during traditional events. Siger typically has either seven or nine curves at the top.[36][37] Similarly, kopiah emas is a metallic cap with sharp edges at the top that is worn mostly by men. The cap is decorated with aflower garland.Keris, Indonesia's traditional weapon, is sometimes included as part of a decorative item in Lampung's traditional clothing sets.[35] Sometimes, the clothing is also used in regional Lampung dance performances such as the Bedana Dance and theSembah Dance.[35]Melinting is another traditional Lampungese dance.
A Lampungese woman (right) wearing aTapis sarong, with old coins hanging from the bottom
Lampung had aweaving tradition. Lampung weaving used a supplementaryweft technique that enabled colored silk or cotton threads to be superimposed on a plainer cotton background. The most prominent Lampung textile was thePalepai, ownership of which was restricted to the Lampung aristocracy of the Kalianda Bay area.[38]
There were two types of smaller clothes, known astatibin andtampan. Lampung textiles likePalepai,tatebin andtampan were called 'ship cloths' because ships are a common motif.[39] The ship motif represents the transition from one realm of life to the next, for instance, from boyhood to manhood or from being single to married, and also represents the final transition to the afterlife.[38][40]
Although tourism is not Lampung Province's main source of income, the administration has attempted to boost tourism from beaches, such as Flamboyant Tanjung Setia. There is also Pahawang Island and Sari Ringgung Beach. In 2010, 400,000 tourists visited Lampung Province, including ten thousand foreign tourists mainly from Australia and New Zealand.[41]
Lampung also has anational park, theWay Kambas National Park; it is an elephant sanctuary in the district of Labuhan Ratu, East Lampung. The number ofSumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) living in the region has decreased. Way Kambas National Park was established in 1985.[42]
The 15,000-capacityPahoman Stadium is the main stadium in Lampung. The association football stadium opened in 1977.[43]
Lampung has a bus terminal at Terminal Rajabasa, as well as the Talbot terminal inBandar Lampung. Lampung Province has a railway line betweenBandar Lampung–Palembang, which is part of a railway network in South Sumatra operated byKereta Api Indonesia.
In the province, there are several ports. The Port of Panjang is an import-export harbor.[48] About 92 kilometres (57 mi) south of Bandar Lampung, lies the port city ofBakauheni at the southern tip ofSumatra. Located at the southern end of theTrans-Sumatra Highway, the Bakauheni port connects Sumatra to thePort of Merak in Java via sea transportation.[49]
Schools in Lampung consist of kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools/vocational schools, as well as universities, both state and private. Established in 1965,Lampung University is based inBandar Lampung.
^Ananta, Aris (2015).Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M. Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. SG: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.ISBN978-981-4519-88-5.OCLC1011165696.
^Adryamarthanino, Verelladevanka; Ningsih, Widya Lestari (12 December 2021)."Asal-usul Nama dan Sejarah Lampung" [Origin of the Name and History of Lampung].Kompas (in Indonesian).Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved31 August 2024.
^Purba, Angelina Giyanti (23 September 2023)."Sejarah Provinsi Lampung Pada Masa VOC dan Asal Nama Lampung" [History of Lampung Province During the VOC Era and the Origin of the Name Lampung].detiksumbagsel (in Indonesian). detikcom.Archived from the original on 31 August 2024. Retrieved31 August 2024.
^Ningsih, Widya Lestari; Nailufar, Nibras Nada (9 April 2021)."Wilayah Kekuasaan Kerajaan Sriwijaya" [Territory of the Srivijaya Kingdom].Kompas (in Indonesian).Archived from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved31 August 2024.
^Safitri, Myrna Asnawati (2010)."9. Social forest in Langkawana: from license to supervision"(PDF).Forest tenure in Indonesia: the socio-legal challenges of securing communities' rights (PhD thesis). Leiden University.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved23 September 2018.
^Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
^"Profil Pasar Udang" [Shrimp Market Profile](PDF).Kementerian Kelautan Dan Perikanan (in Indonesian). Jakarta: 5. 2023.Archived(PDF) from the original on 6 September 2024. Retrieved5 September 2024.
^abFadilah, Raihan; Pasaribu, Alviansyah (28 August 2024)."Ragam pakaian adat masyarakat Lampung" [Variety of traditional clothing of the Lampung people].antaranews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved31 August 2024.
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