The province covers a land area of 33,570.26 km2 and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 census,[9] 9,007,848 at the 2020 census,[10] and 9,419,580 (comprising 4,809,540 males and 4,610,040 females) according to the official estimates for mid-2024,[2] with three-quarters of that being descendants ofJavanese,Sundanese andBalinese migrants fromJava andBali islands. These migrants came from more densely populated islands in search of available land, as well as being part of the national government'sIndonesian transmigration program, of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations. The provincial population continues to rise by over 100,000 per year.
In 1883, the volcano ofKrakatoa, located on an island in the Sunda Strait, erupted into becoming one of the mostviolent volcanic eruptions inrecorded history, with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere, including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years.
The etymology ofLampung is unknown. Early Chinese sources mention kingdoms and locations in insular Southeast Asia that have been equated to Lampung. In the mid-5th century CE, a Southeast Asian kingdom namedP'o-Huang sent missions to the ChineseSong emperors. While its location is uncertain, by the 10th century, the geographical treatiseTaiping Huanyu Ji mentions a place name ofTo-Lang-P'u-Huang.Gabriel Ferrand andO.W. Wolters posited it may refer to the same place rendered asTulang Bawang in modern-day Indonesian, being the present-day name of a river and two regencies in Lampung province.[11]
All these interpretations indicate that bothLampung andTulang Bawang may ultimately derive from the same ancient root and have been in use since at least the 5th century CE.[13] Both the termslampung andtulang bawang have a distinct meaning in modern Indonesian, with the termlampung meaning "to float", while the term "tulang bawang" means "onion bone", but it is highly probable their etymological origin is entirely unrelated to these modern-day renditions.
Folk etymology connects the nameLampung to theBatak language wordlappung, meaning 'big' or 'large', and tells the anecdotal myth of an volcanic eruption ofMount Marapi so enormous that it could be seen from the top ofMount Pesagi, where a witness loudly proclaimed "lappung, lappung, lappung". The region surrounding Mount Pesagi was then namedLappung after this exclamation, eventually becoming Lampung.[14][15][better source needed]
Lampung came under the reign of the burgeoning Sumatra-based BuddhistSrivijaya empire in the late 7th century CE. Stone inscriptions dated to c. 680 CE were found in the villages of Palas Pasemah (in present-daySouth Lampung Regency) and Bungkuk (in present-dayEast Lampung Regency), respectively. These inscriptions are shortened versions of theTelaga Batu inscription, which itself was found in the capital of Srivijaya, the modern-day city ofPalembang in theSouth Sumatra province. Historians interpret the two finds in Lampung as indicative of Srivijaya-aligned coastal settlements near the mouth of theSekampung River on Lampung’s East coast, and that this area presented the Southernmost extend of Srivijaya’s power at that time.[16]
Inscriptions from later periods of Srivijaya were also found. A Buddhist inscription written inSanskrit and dated to the 9th century CE was found in Batu Bedil (present-dayTanggamus Regency), while two 10th-century inscriptions written inOld Malay were found in Ulu Belu (Tanggamus) and Hujung Langit (West Lampung Regency), the latter specifically dated to 997 CE. All three of these inscriptions use a paleo-Javanese script, indicative of a growing Javanese influence on the area towards the end of the 1st Millennium CE. Similarly, at Jepara on the banks ofLake Ranau lie the foundations of a small stone temple, reminiscent of Javanese temples from the 9th and 10th century.[17] There is archaelogical evidence that the Java-basedMajapahit kingdom, which existed from the late 13th to the early 16th century, had a presence in Lampung.[18]
The area that constitutes the modern-day province of Lampung was sparsely populated and did not constitute a politically unified territory until the colonial era. The region's pepper production drew the attention of various powers which laid claim to different parts of the region and its produce. The largest part, namely Lampung's Southern and Eastern coasts, were brought under the reign of theBanten Sultanate by its first Islamic ruler,Maulana Hasanuddin (r. 1550–1570). The northern part was at times claimed by the rivallingPalembang Sultanate, while the nearly uninhabited Western coastal regions beyond theBarisan Mountains were part ofBritish Bencoolen from the 1680's until 1824.[19][20]
From 1619 on, under the rule ofPangeran Ratu, Lampung's pepper could only by purchased by foreigners through the court of Banten, while underSultan Ageng Tirtayasa (r. 1651-1683), the pepper trade was entirely monopolized and Lampung's pepper production had to be channelled through the sultan's court in its entirety.[21] In the 1930s, Lampung still accounted for 30% of the world's pepper production.[22][failed verification]
The Dutch began to control the Lampung spice trade underSultan Haji. The area was part of the Banten Sultanate until it was annexed by the Dutch in 1752, when it became known as theResidentie Lampoengse Districten.[23] It became part of theDutch East Indies.
By 1845, the total population of Lampung was 104,200 people, living mostly in small towns and settlements near the Southern and Eastern coasts and along the larger, navigable rivers. Other parts of the region, such as the mountainous Western parts or the upriver areas in the North, were nearly uninhabitated. Ethnically, almost all inhabitants wereLampung people.[24] Beginning in 1905, under Dutch rule,transmigration programs were implemented. This program involved the migration of several hundred thousand people from Java to Lampung over several decades. Many Javanese moved to the transmigration sites located in the eastern region of Lampung.[25] The program was expanded afterIndonesian independence in the 1960s. The Javanese quickly came to outnumber the indigenous Lampung people and became the largest ethnic group in Lampung. The Lampung people, who had constituted almost 100% of the population in the mid-1800's, had fallen to around 70% by 1920, and eventually to less than 15% by the mid-1980's, a proportion that has remained stable to this day.[26]
Lampung Province has an area of 33,570.26 km2 (12,961.55 sq mi), about the same size as the nation ofMoldova or Russia'sBryansk Oblast.[29] The province borders theSunda Strait to the southeast and theJava Sea to the east. There are a number of offshore islands within Lampung Province, such asLegundi,Krakatoa, andTabuan. These islands are located mostly in the Bay of Lampung. Pisang Island lies at the entrance to the Regency ofWest Lampung. There are 172 islands considered to be part of the province that have names.[30]
The highest mountain in Lampung is Mount Pesagi, standing at 2,262 m (7,421 ft) above sea level in West Lampung.[31] The river Way Sekampung is the longest river in the province, at 265 km (165 mi) with acatchment area of 4,795.52 km2 (1,851.56 sq mi).Mount Krakatau is avolcanic caldera located in theSunda Strait, close to the Lampung province. The Krakatoa erupted from 20 May until 21 October 1883, which caused landslides, producing high waves in the coastal area of Lampung.[32][33]
Between 1969 and 1970, the total area of forest land in Lampung that had been used was 249,200hectares. In 2000, there were 48 permits issued; in 1980, the number reached 76 permits.[29] Thetopography of the region in the western part is mostly hilly, while the eastern part is mostly alowland area that is agricultural and swampy.[34] In 1950, nine specimens per 100 square kilometres in Lampung were collected as part ofbotanical research.[35]
Lampung Province, which was formed from the southern portion ofSouth Sumatra Province in 1964, was initially composed of just threeregencies (kabupaten):Lampung Selatan,Lampung Tengah andLampung Utara (and oneautonomous city, Bandar Lampung). A fourth regency (Lampung Barat) was created on 16 August 1991 from part of Lampung Utara, and on 3 January 1997, two further regencies were created: Tanggamus from part of Lampung Selatan and Tulang Bawang from part of Lampung Utara.
On 20 April 1999, two additional regencies were formed:Lampung Timur from part of Lampung Tengah andWay Kanan from part of Lampung Utara, as well as a second autonomous city,Metro, from another part of Lampung Tengah. A ninth regency (Pesawaran) was created on 17 July 2007 from a part of Lampung Selatan.
On 29 October 2008, three more regencies were formed:Mesugi andTulang Bawang Barat from parts of Tulang Bawang Regency, and Pringsewu from part of Tanggamus Regency. A thirteenth regency (Pesisir Barat) was formed on 25 October 2012 from the west coast part of Lampung Barat Regency. These are all listed below with their revised areas[2] and their populations at the 2010,[9] 2020[10] and at the mid-2024 official estimates.[2]
The province has two of Indonesia's 84 nationalelectoral districts to elect members to thePeople's Representative Council. The Lampung I Electoral District consists of 6 of the regencies in the province (Tanggamus, South Lampung, Pesawaran, Pringsewu, West Lampung and Pesisir Barat), together with the cities of Bandar Lampung and Metro, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council. The Lampung II Electoral District consists of the remaining 7 regencies (East Lampung, Central Lampung, North Lampung, Way Kanan, Tulang Bawang, Mesuji and West Tulang Bawang) and likewise elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.[36]
In 2024, theGeneral Elections Commission (KPU) determined 85 legislative candidates for the Lampung ProvinceDPRD for the 2024–2029 period. The political partyGerindra Party has the most seats, winning 16 seats.[37]
According toKementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, in 2023,shrimp production in Lampung reached 59,613 tons.[39] Indonesia hasblack pepper and white pepper. Lampung declined its pepper export rate in 2021 to minus 37.5 percent in a year.[40] As of 2023, Lampung accounted for 42 percent of Indonesia's overall pepper exports.[40]
Lampung Province has 438 cultural heritage objects. There is an ancient site of the Islamic era in the form of an ancient cemetery in Bantengsari, East Lampung. Historical sites include the Tomb of National Hero Raden Intan II in South Lampung.[41] The province has a Lampung Province Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2008.[41] An example of traditional houses in Lampung includes Nuwou Sesat; the shape of the house was built to avoid potential animal attacks.[42]
Lampungtraditional clothing is divided into two customs: Lampung Saibatin and Lampung Pepadun. In general, Lampung women wear a set of traditional clothing consisting ofkebaya, a belt and slippers. A set of jewelry is also worn. The men's clothing consists of a sleeved shirt, a headband and sandals.[43]Tapis is awoven cloth often worn by women as part of traditional clothing.[44]
Siger is a traditional golden crown worn by Lampung women during traditional events. Siger typically has either seven or nine curves at the top.[44][45] Similarly, kopiah emas is a metallic cap with sharp edges at the top that is worn mostly by men. The cap is decorated with aflower garland.Keris, Indonesia's traditional weapon, is sometimes included as part of a decorative item in Lampung's traditional clothing sets.[43] Sometimes, the clothing is also used in regional Lampung dance performances such as the Bedana Dance and theSembah Dance.[43]Melinting is another traditional Lampungese dance.
A Lampungese woman (right) wearing aTapis sarong, with old coins hanging from the bottom
Lampung had aweaving tradition. Lampung weaving used a supplementaryweft technique that enabled colored silk or cotton threads to be superimposed on a plainer cotton background. The most prominent Lampung textile was thePalepai, ownership of which was restricted to the Lampung aristocracy of the Kalianda Bay area.[46]
There were two types of smaller clothes, known astatibin andtampan. Lampung textiles likePalepai,tatebin andtampan were called 'ship cloths' because ships are a common motif.[47] The ship motif represents the transition from one realm of life to the next, for instance, from boyhood to manhood or from being single to married, and also represents the final transition to the afterlife.[46][48]
Although tourism is not Lampung Province's main source of income, the administration has attempted to boost tourism from beaches, such as Flamboyant Tanjung Setia. There is also Pahawang Island and Sari Ringgung Beach. In 2010, 400,000 tourists visited Lampung Province, including ten thousand foreign tourists mainly from Australia and New Zealand.[49]
Lampung also has anational park, theWay Kambas National Park; it is an elephant sanctuary in the district of Labuhan Ratu, East Lampung. The number ofSumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) living in the region has decreased. Way Kambas National Park was established in 1985.[50]
The 15,000-capacityPahoman Stadium is the main stadium in Lampung. The association football stadium opened in 1977.[51]
Lampung has a bus terminal at Terminal Rajabasa, as well as the Talbot terminal inBandar Lampung. Lampung Province has a railway line betweenBandar Lampung–Palembang, which is part of a railway network in South Sumatra operated byKereta Api Indonesia.
In the province, there are several ports. The Port of Panjang is an import-export harbor.[56] About 92 kilometres (57 mi) south of Bandar Lampung, lies the port city ofBakauheni at the southern tip ofSumatra. Located at the southern end of theTrans-Sumatra Highway, the Bakauheni port connects Sumatra to thePort of Merak in Java via sea transportation.[57]
Schools in Lampung consist of kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools/vocational schools, as well as universities, both state and private. Established in 1965,Lampung University is based inBandar Lampung.
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^Ferdinandus, Sri Utami (1998). "Archaeological Sites in Pugung Raharjo, Province of Lampung, Sumatra.". In Manguin, Pierre-Yves (ed.).Southeast Asian archaeology 1994 : proceedings of the 5th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Paris, 24th-28th October 1994. Vol. 2. University of Hull Centre for South-East Asian Studies. pp. 91–96.ISBN9780903122061.
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^Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2009). "Southeast Sumatra in Protohistoric and Srivijaya Times: Upstream-Downstream Relations and the Settlement of the Peneplain". In Bonatz, Dominik; Miksic, John; Neidel, J. David; Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin (eds.).From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 434–484.ISBN978-1-4438-0497-4.
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^Safitri, Myrna Asnawati (2010)."9. Social forest in Langkawana: from license to supervision"(PDF).Forest tenure in Indonesia: the socio-legal challenges of securing communities' rights (PhD thesis). Leiden University.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved23 September 2018.
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