Lamane orlaman (alsolaam orlam) means "master of the land" in theSerer language.[1][2] The name was also sometimes the title of chiefs or kings of theSerer people of theSenegambia region which includes modern daySenegal andthe Gambia.[3] This title was also used by some kings of theWolof kingdoms.[4][5][6] The title is sometimes used interchangeably with the old Serer titleMaad.[7][8] After the Guelowars' migration to the Sine and the foundation of theKingdom of Sine, "lamane" denotes a provincial chief answerable to the King of Sine andSaloum.[9]
Although the later lamanes were always descendants of the Serer village and town founders (the original lamanes), and their families ruled the Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum andBaol etc., the power they previously enjoyed as lamanes diminished, but they continued to make up the land-owning class.[10] Though their power was somewhat diminished, their economic and political power was intricately linked to Serer custom,Serer history, andSerer religion. As such, they were extremely powerful if not as true kings as guardians of Serer traditions and beliefs and could dethrone a reigningmonarch if threatened.[11][12]
^Boulègue, Jean.Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 30
^Dyao, YoroLégendes et coutumes sénégalaises. Cahiers de Yoro Dyao: publiés et commentés par Henri Gaden. p 12. (E. Leroux, 1912)
^Dyao, YoroLégendes et coutumes sénégalaises. Cahiers de Yoro Dyao: publiés et commentés par Henri Gaden. p 12. (E. Leroux, 1912)
^Ajayi, J. F. Ade, Crowder, Michael,History of West Africa, p462. Longman, 1976
^Boulègue, Jean.Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 30
^Galvan, Dennis Charles. "The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal." Berkeley, University of California Press, (2004).ISBN978-0-520-23591-5. pp 109-111
^Ajayi, J. F. Ade & Crowder, Michael,History of West Africa, Volume 1, p 468. Longman, 1985.ISBN0-582-64683-9
^Sarr, Alioune,Histoire du Sine-Saloum. BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4. 1986-1987, p21
^Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean,Le Sénégal sous le Second Empire, Karthala (2000), pp. 35 & 610.ISBN2-86537-201-4
^Kesteloot, Lilyan,Dieux d'eau du Sahel : voyage à travers les mythes, de Seth à Tyamaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, ; IFAN, Dakar, 2007, p. 123 (ISBN978-2-296-04384-8)
^Galvan, Dennis Charles. The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004. pp 53, 185
^abGalvan, Dennis Charles, "The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal." Berkeley, University of California Press ( 2004).p. 202
^Sarr, Alioune (1986). "Histoire du Sine-Saloum. (Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker)".Bulletin de l'IFAN (in French). 46 B. (3–4): 31.
^Nnoli, Okwudiba,Ethnic conflicts in Africa, p241. CODESRIA, 1998.ISBN2-86978-070-2
^Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine." Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp 706-708
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