Lake Michigan (/ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ⓘMISH-ig-ən) is one of the fiveGreat Lakes ofNorth America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume[5] (1,180 cu mi; 4,900 km3) and depth (923 ft; 281 m) afterLake Superior and the third-largest by surface area (22,405 sq mi; 58,030 km2), after Lake Superior andLake Huron. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide and deepStraits of Mackinac, giving it the same surface elevation as its eastern counterpart; hydrologically, the two bodies area single lake that is, by area, the largest freshwater lake in the world.[8]
Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake located fully in the United States; the other four are shared between the U.S. and Canada. It is the world'slargest lake, by area, located fully in one country,[9] and is shared, from west to east, by the U.S. states ofWisconsin,Illinois,Indiana, andMichigan. Ports along its shores includeChicago, Illinois,Gary, Indiana,Milwaukee andGreen Bay, Wisconsin, andMuskegon, Michigan. To the north, the lake is flanked by longbays, includingGreen Bay in the northwest, andGrand Traverse andLittle Traverse bays in the northeast. The wordmichigan is believed to come from theOjibweᒥᓯᑲᒥ[10] (michi-gami ormishigami), meaning "great water".[11]
Some of the most well-studied early human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were theHopewell Native Americans. Their culture declined after 800 AD, when, for the following few hundred years, the region was the home of peoples known as theLate Woodland Native Americans. In the early 17th century, when Western European explorers made their first forays into the region, they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Native Americans, mainly the historicOjibwe,Menominee,Noquet,Sauk,Meskwaki,Ho-Chunk,Miami,Odawa andPotawatomi peoples. TheFrench explorerJean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, possibly in 1634 or 1638.[12] In the earliest European maps of the region, the name ofLake Illinois has been found (named for theIllinois Confederation of tribes),[13] in addition to that of "Michigan". During the 1640s and 1650s, theBeaver Wars (over thefur trade with the European colonies), initiated by theIroquois, forced a massive demographic-shift, as their western neighbors fled the violence. The Iroquois sought refuge to the west and north of Lake Michigan.[14]
With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century, Lake Michigan became used as part of a line of waterways leading from theSaint Lawrence River to the Mississippi River and thence to theGulf of Mexico.[16] Frenchcoureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.[17] In the 19th century, Lake Michigan was integral to the development ofChicago and theMidwestern United States west of the lake. For example, 90% of the grain shipped from Chicago traveled by ships east over Lake Michigan during theantebellum years. The volume rarely fell below 50% after theCivil War even with themajor expansion of railroad shipping.[18]
The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan wasJ. Val Klump, a scientist at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1985. Klump reached the bottom viasubmersible as part of a research expedition.[19] The warming of Lake Michigan was the subject of a 2018 report byPurdue University. In each decade since 1980, steady increases in obscure surface temperature have occurred. This is likely to lead to decreasing native habitat and to adversely affect native species survival, including game fish.[20]
TheMilwaukee Reef, running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon, divides the lake into northern and southern basins. Each basin has a clockwise flow of water, deriving from rivers and winds. Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan. There is a mean difference in summer water temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (2 to 5 degrees Celsius) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores.[21]
Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water (sometimes calledLake Michigan-Huron) but are normally considered distinct. Counted together, it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. TheMackinac Bridge is generally considered the dividing line between them. The main inflow to Lake Michigan from Lake Superior, through Lake Huron, is controlled by the locks operated by the bi-nationalLake Superior Board of Control.[22]
Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake that is wholly within the borders of the United States; the others are shared with Canada.[23] Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq mi (58,030 km2); (13,237 square miles (34,280 km2) lying in Michigan,[6] 7,358 square miles (19,060 km2) in Wisconsin, 234 square miles (610 km2) in Indiana, & 1,576 square miles (4,080 km2) in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal in Russia is larger by water volume) and the fifth-largest lake in the world.[6][24]
It is the larger half ofLake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. It is 307 miles (494 km) long by 118 miles (190 km) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles (2,640 km) long. The lake's average depth is 46fathoms 3 feet (279 ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923 ft; 281 m).[6][24] It contains a volume of 1,183 cubic miles (4,932 km3) of water. Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay. Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay. Lake Michigan's deepest region, which lies in its northern half, is called Chippewa Basin (named after prehistoricLake Chippewa) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau.[25][26]
In the mid 20th century, construction of theSaint Lawrence Seaway andGreat Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. But the wider ocean-going container ships that were developed later do not fit through the locks on these routes, which limits shipping on the lakes.Lake freighters are used on the lakes that are too large to pass the locks and enter the ocean. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter, interrupting most shipping. Some icebreakers ply the lakes.
Lake Michigan is connected by theIllinois Waterway to theGulf of Mexico via theIllinois River and the Mississippi River. Commercial tug-and-barge traffic on these waterways is heavy. Pleasure boats can enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of theErie Canal and Hudson River in New York. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end ofLake Erie (atBuffalo, New York) and at the south side ofLake Ontario (atOswego, New York).
The lake fluctuates from month to month with the highest lake levels typically occurring in summer. The normal high-water mark is 2.00 feet (0.61 m) above datum (577.5 ft (176.0 m)). In October 1986, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level at 5.92 feet (1.80 m) above datum.[27] The monthly average high-water records were broken for several months in a row in 2020.[28]
Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter. The normal low-water mark is 1.00 foot (30 cm) below datum (577.5 ft or 176.0 m). In the winter of 1964, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet (42 cm) below datum.[27] As with the high-water records, monthly low-water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965. During this twelve-month period, water levels ranged from 1.38 to 0.71 feet (42–22 cm) below Chart Datum.[27] The all-time low-water mark was eclipsed in January 2013.[28]
In January 2013, Lake Michigan's monthly mean water levels dipped to an all-time low of 576.2 ft (175.6 m),[29] reaching their lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918. The lakes were 29 in (0.74 m) below their long-term average and had declined 17 inches since January 2012.[30] Keith Kompoltowicz, chief ofwatershedhydrology for theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers' district office inDetroit, explained that biggest factors leading to the lower water levels in 2013 were a combination of the "lack of a large snowpack" in the winter of 2011/2012 coupled with very hot and dry conditions in the summer of 2012.[29] Since then water levels rebounded, rising more than 6 feet (1.8 meters) to historical record high levels.[31][28]
Environmental problems can still plague the lake.Steel mills and refineries operate near the Indiana shoreline. TheChicago Tribune reported thatBP is a major polluter, dumping thousands of pounds of rawsludge into the lake every day from itsWhiting, Indiana, oil refinery.[32] In March 2014 BP's Whiting refinery was responsible for spilling more than 1,600 US gallons (6,100 L) of oil into the lake.[33]
Lake Michigan has many beaches. The region is often referred to as the "Third Coast"[34] of the United States, after those of theAtlantic Ocean and thePacific Ocean. The sand is often soft and off-white, known as "singing sands" because of the squeaking noise (caused by highquartz content) it emits when walked upon. Some beaches have sand dunes covered in greenbeach grass andsand cherries, and the water is usually clear and cool, between 55 and 80 °F (13 and 27 °C),[35] even in the late summer months. However, because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer.[21]
The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are often rocky, with some sandy beaches. The southern and eastern beaches are typically sandy and dune-covered. This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west (which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter). The Chicago city waterfront has been developed for parks,beaches, harbors and marinas, and residential developments connected by theChicago Lakefront Trail. Where there are no beaches or marinas, stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion. The Chicago lakefront is accessible for about 24 miles (39 km) between the city's southern and northern limits along the lake.
Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan's shores, mainly in theChicago andMilwaukee metropolitan areas. The economy of many communities innorthern Michigan andDoor County, Wisconsin, is supported bytourism, with large seasonal populations attracted by Lake Michigan.[37] Many seasonal residents have summer homes along the waterfront and return to other homes for the winter. The southern tip of the lake near Gary, Indiana, is heavily industrialized.
Lake fisheries postcard produced for the Milwaukee Public Museum, the backside identifies the fishermen as using a pound net.
Lake Michigan is home to a small variety of fish species and other organisms. It was originally home tolake whitefish,lake trout,yellow perch,panfish,largemouth bass,smallmouth bass andbowfin, as well as some species ofcatfish. As a result of improvements to theWelland Canal in 1918, an invasion ofsea lampreys andoverharvesting, there has been a decline in native lake trout populations, ultimately causing an increase in the population of another invasive species, thealewife. As a result, salmonids, including various strains ofbrown trout, steelhead (rainbow trout),coho andchinook salmon, were introduced as predators in order to decrease the wildlife population. This program was so successful that the introduced population of trout and salmon exploded, resulting in the creation of a large sport fishery for these introduced species. Lake Michigan is now stocked annually with steelhead, brown trout, and coho and chinook salmon, which have also begun natural reproduction in some Lake Michigan tributaries. However, several introduced invasive species, such as lampreys,round goby,zebra mussels andquagga mussels, continue to cause major changes inwater clarity and fertility, resulting in knock-on changes to Lake Michigan's ecosystem, threatening the vitality of native fish populations.
Fisheries in inland waters of the United States are small compared to marine fisheries. The largest fisheries are the landings from the Great Lakes, worth about $14 million in 2001.[38] Michigan's commercial fishery today consists mainly of 150 tribe-licensed commercial fishing operations through the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority and tribes belonging to the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, which harvest 50 percent of the Great Lakes commercial catch in Michigan waters, and 45 state-licensed commercial fishing enterprises.[39] The prime commercial species is the lake whitefish. The annual harvest declined from an average of 11 million pounds (5,000,000 kg) from 1981 through to 1999 to more recent annual harvests of 8 to 9.5 million pounds (3,600,000 to 4,300,000 kg). The price for lake whitefish dropped from $1.04/lb. to as low as $0.40/lb during periods of high production.[39]
Sports fishing includes salmon, whitefish,smelt, lake trout andwalleye as major catches. In the late 1960s, successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan's charter fishing industry.[40]
Like all of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan is today used as a majormode of transport for bulk goods. In 2002, 162 million nettons of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain andpotash.[41] The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo, but most container vessels cannot pass the locks on theSaint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years. ThePort of Chicago, operated by theIllinois International Port District, has grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities alongLake Calumet. The central element of the Port District,Calumet Harbor, is maintained by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[42]
SSBadger operates ferry services between Manitowoc and Ludington
Two passenger and vehicle ferries operate ferry services across Lake Michigan, both connecting Wisconsin on the western shore with Michigan on the east. From May to October, the historic steamship,SS Badger, operates daily between Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Ludington, Michigan,[43] connectingU.S. Highway 10 between the two cities. TheLake Express, established in 2004, carries passengers and vehicles across the lake between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Muskegon, Michigan.
Tourism and recreation are major industries on all of the Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on Lake Michigan, including a couple of sailing ships. Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes, such as yachting, sea kayaking, diving, kitesurfing and lake surfing.Great Lakes passenger steamers have been operating since the mid-19th century. Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, includingBeaver Island andBois Blanc Island (Michigan). Currently, two car ferry services traverse Lake Michigan from around April to November: the SS Badger, a steamer from Ludington, Michigan, to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and theLake Express, a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan.
TheGreat Lakes Circle Tour, a designated scenic road system, connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[44] The lake is a great place to view ice volcanoes,[45] which typically occur at the start of thewinter season.
^National Geophysical Data Center, 1996. Bathymetry of Lake Michigan. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5B85627 [access date: March 23, 2015].
^National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Bathymetry of Lake Huron. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5G15XS5 [access date: March 23, 2015]. (only small portion of this map)
^"About Our Great Lakes: Tour". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). Archived fromthe original on May 7, 2017. RetrievedDecember 15, 2017.
^ab"Lake Michigan". Great-lakes.net. June 18, 2009. Archived fromthe original on January 1, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 14, 2010.
^Great Lakes Shipping Study(PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. January 13, 2014. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on November 11, 2020. RetrievedMay 30, 2018.
Oleszewski, Wes (1998).Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses.Gwinn: Avery Color Studios, Inc.ISBN0-932212-98-0.
.jpg)
_(2).jpg)
.jpg)
