Lake City, Florida | |
|---|---|
 Top, left to right: Downtown Lake City,Columbia County Courthouse, Lake Isabella, Lake Montgomery, Lake DeSoto, 1912 Columbia County Bank building,Hotel Blanche,T. G. Henderson House | |
| Nickname: The Gateway to Florida | |
 Location inColumbia County and the state ofFlorida | |
  Lake City  Lake City | |
| Coordinates:30°10′20″N82°37′30″W / 30.17222°N 82.62500°W /30.17222; -82.62500[1] | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Columbia |
| Settled | 1821 |
| Incorporated | 1859 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Council-Manager |
| Area | |
• City | 12.25 sq mi (31.73 km2) |
| • Land | 11.85 sq mi (30.69 km2) |
| • Water | 0.40 sq mi (1.04 km2) 3.20% |
| Elevation | 194 ft (59 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• City | 12,329 |
| • Density | 1,040.6/sq mi (401.79/km2) |
| • Metro | 67,531 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 32024-32025, 32055-32056 |
| Area code | 386 |
| FIPS code | 12-37775[3] |
| GNIS feature ID | 2404863[1] |
| Website | www |
Lake City is a city in and thecounty seat ofColumbia County, Florida, United States.[4] As of the2020 census, the city's population was 12,329, up from 12,046 at the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Lake City Micropolitan Statistical Area, composed of Columbia County, as well as a principal city of theGainesville metropolitan area, Florida. Lake City is 60 miles west ofJacksonville.Lake City is known as "The Gateway to Florida" because it is adjacent to the intersection ofInterstate 75 andInterstate 10.Sports Illustrated magazine profiled the town in a September 2021 article, "Football and Community Come Together in Lake City".[5]
In 1539,Hernando de Soto and hisSpanish expedition arrived inTampa Bay. The de Soto expedition proceeded north from Tampa Bay looking for gold. His expedition met a large Native American group called the northern Utina, possibly near present-day Lake City, who were part of the westernTimucua people. Some northern Utina were led by powerful chiefs. In the 17th century Spanish missionaries established missions in this area, west of the site of present-day Lake City. Called Santa Cruz de Tarihica, it was used by the Spanish to develop agriculture and bring Native Americans within their sphere.[6]
In the 18th century, aSeminole community calledHalapata Telofa (also spelledAlapata Telophka) occupied this area, which translated into English, was "Alligator Town". Historians do not know when it was established, but its existence was documented by the U.S. Army in 1821. A February 1821 report, by Captain John H. Bell, mentions that themico (chief) of Alligator Town had recently died and missed a gathering of chiefs.[7][8]
The most famous resident of Alligator Town was Alligator Warrior (Halpatter Tustenuggee), also known as "Chief Alligator." He led Seminole warriors in theSecond Seminole War (1835–1842) to resist their people's relocation to theArkansas Territory (now known asOklahoma).
After Florida became aterritory of the United States in 1821, American settlers formed their own settlement adjacent to Alligator Village and called itAlligator.[9][10] Following the 1823Treaty of Moultrie Creek, the residents of Alligator Village relocated to the banks of thePeace River (Peas Creek) in the newly established Seminole reservation, leaving Alligator Town. When Columbia County was formed in 1832 from Duval and Alachua counties, Alligator was designated as the seat of the county government.
During the Second Seminole War, several forts were established in the area, includingFort White on theSanta Fe River, and Fort Alligator, also called Fort Lancaster, in present-day downtown Lake City. By 1845, the last of the Seminole left the area of present-day Lake City or were forcibly removed by the US Army.[11]
In 1847, Company C of the Florida Volunteers, which was composed of Lake City members, served in theMexican–American War.
In November 1858, a railroad was completed connecting Jacksonville to Alligator, which opened the town to more commerce and passenger traffic. Alligator Town was incorporated and its name changed toLake City in 1859; M. Whit Smith was elected as the town's first mayor.[12] According to an urban legend, the name was changed because the mayor's wife Martha Jane, who had recently moved to the town, refused to hang her lace curtains in a town named Alligator.[13]
During theAmerican Civil War the railroad between Lake City and Jacksonville was used to send beef and salt to Confederate soldiers. During the summer of 1862, the8th Florida Infantry Regiment was mustered in at Lake City. The unit was soon deployed to Virginia and fought as part of theArmy of Northern Virginia.[14]
In February 1864, Union troops underTruman Seymour advanced west fromJacksonville. His objective was to disrupt Confederate supplies, and obtain African-American recruits and supplies.[15] Confederate GeneralJoseph Finnegan assembled troops and called for reinforcements fromP. G. T. Beauregard in response to the Union threat. On February 11, 1864, Finnegan's troops defeated a Union cavalry raid in Lake City.[15] After the Union cavalry was repulsed, Finnegan moved his forces to Olustee Station about ten miles east of Lake City. The Confederate presence at Olustee Station was reinforced to prepare for the Union troops coming from Jacksonville.
Union forces engaged the Confederates at theBattle of Olustee on February 20, 1864, near the Olustee Station. It was the only major battle in Florida during the war.Union casualties were 1,861 men killed, wounded or missing;Confederate casualties were 946 killed, wounded or missing. The Confederate dead were buried in Lake City.[16] In 1928 a memorial for theBattle of Olustee was established in downtown Lake City.
The Civil War badly damaged Florida's railroads, including theFlorida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad. The railroad was rebuilt bycarpetbaggerGeorge William Swepson and was renamed theFlorida Central Railroad in 1868. In 1869, thePensacola and Georgia Railroad was merged with a railroad from Jacksonville to Lake City to form theJacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad. In 1874, a fire destroyed most of the wooden buildings in Lake City.[17]
In 1874, Lake City's first newspaper was published, called theLake City Reporter. In 1876, the Bigelow Building was completed; it later was adapted for use as the City Hall. In 1891, Lake City became the first city in Florida to have electric lights from a local power and light company.
By the early 20th century, Lake City had become an importantrailroad junction, served by theSeaboard Air Line,Atlantic Coast Line,Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad.[18]Hotel Blanche was built in 1902 as an attraction for expected tourists. The hotel was Lake City and Columbia County's major hotel and central business center from 1902 to 1955.
The population of Lake City in 1900 was 4,013; in 1905 was 6,509; and 1910 was 5,032.[10]
Florida Agricultural College was established as aland grant college in 1884 as part of theMorrill Land Grant Act; in 1904 it became a full university with twenty-five instructors. In 1905 the Florida Agricultural College was moved toGainesville in accordance with theBuckman Act, becoming part of theUniversity of Florida.[13] Columbia High School constructed a second building in 1906 that was used until 1922.
In 1907, Lake City officials leased the former property of the Florida Agricultural College to the Florida Baptist Convention; they founded a Baptist college called Columbia College. Columbia College lasted for ten years until the college became overwhelmed with debt. Columbia College deeded the land and buildings back to Lake City in 1919. DuringWorld War I, the campus of Columbia College was used as a training site for local troops for the war. The facility was adapted for use as U.S. Hospital No. 63, the predecessor of the Veterans Hospital constructed in Lake City. More than 34 Lake City soldiers were killed in World War I.[19]
In 1940, the population of Lake City was 5,836. DuringWorld War II, a number of institutions were established to help with the war effort as well as those in Lake City. The Lake Shore Hospital was dedicated in 1940 to provide medical care for those in the Lake City area. The Lake City Woman's Club became theUnited Service Organizations (USO) headquarters to entertain service personnel stationed in Lake City. Naval Air Station Lake City was commissioned in 1942 on the site of the Lake City Flying Club air field. NAS Lake City was a support facility forNaval Air Station Jacksonville and trained pilots to fly theLockheed Ventura. Military operations at NAS Lake City ended in March 1946, and it was decommissioned as an active naval air station.[20]
AfterWorld War II a local air base was converted for use in 1947 as the Columbia Forestry School. The Columbia Forestry School had low enrollments and funds, forcing the school to seek help from the Florida legislature. The University of Florida assumed management of the school, and in 1950 it became the University of Florida Forest Ranger School. As part of the network of community colleges established in Florida, the school became the Lake City Junior College and Forest Ranger School in 1962. Lake City Junior College was renamed to Lake City Community College in 1970; in 2010, it was renamed as Florida Gateway College.[21]
By 1950, the population of Lake City was 7,571. The forestry products industry (turpentine,lumber, andpulpwood) had become a mainstay of the local economy.[13]
During theKorean War, five Lake City soldiers were killed. A monument was dedicated in 1985 in their honor and memory.
In 1958, the Columbia Amateur Radio Society[22] was formed. This was a group ofamateur radio operators who enjoyed the ability to communicate all over the world. This radio club still exists today. Lake City's centennial was celebrated in 1959 with parades, fireworks, and a 58-page book documenting one hundred years of progress,A Century in the Sun. The citizens of the town dressed in period attire, complete with whiskers. A good-natured clash arose between the men with additionalfacial hair and the women who did not like it.[13]
In 1963,Interstate 75 andInterstate 10 were opened, intersecting at Lake City. In the 1960s, Columbia County schools were not desegregated. In 1970, a judge ordered all Columbia County public schools to integrate. During theVietnam War, 23 local Lake City soldiers were either killed or M.I.A.[23]
In 1978, the Columbia County Public Library was established. Downtown Lake City was revitalized in the 1990s with new businesses, shops, and restaurants. In 2000, Lake City had a population of 9,980. The city'ssesquicentennial was held in 2009.[24]
On 10 June 2019, Lake City was hit by a cyberransomware attack that rendered many of the city's communication systems inoperable. On 25 June 2019, the City's insurance company, the Florida League of Cities, paid 42bitcoins—over US$480,000—for a mechanism to retrieve the City's files and data.[25]
Lake City is located in northern Florida near the intersection ofInterstate 10 andInterstate 75.Jacksonville is 60 miles (97 km) to the east,Tallahassee is 106 miles (171 km) to the west,Gainesville is 46 miles (74 km) to the south, andValdosta, Georgia, is 62 miles (100 km) to the northwest.
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, Lake City has a total area of 12.4 square miles (32.2 km2), of which 12.0 square miles (31.1 km2) is land, and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2) or 3.20%, is water.[26]
Lake City is part of thehumid subtropical climate zone of theSoutheastern United States. Due to its latitude and relative position north of Florida's peninsula it is subject at times tocontinental conditions, which cause rare cold snaps that may affect sensitive winter crops.[27] The hottest temperature ever recorded in the city was 106 °F (41 °C) on June 4, 1918, and the coldest temperature ever recorded was 6 °F (−14 °C) on February 13, 1899.[28]
| Climate data for Lake City, Florida, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 90 (32) | 89 (32) | 94 (34) | 96 (36) | 101 (38) | 106 (41) | 102 (39) | 104 (40) | 101 (38) | 96 (36) | 91 (33) | 91 (33) | 106 (41) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 79.3 (26.3) | 81.8 (27.7) | 85.1 (29.5) | 89.2 (31.8) | 93.9 (34.4) | 96.8 (36.0) | 96.7 (35.9) | 95.5 (35.3) | 93.1 (33.9) | 89.0 (31.7) | 84.3 (29.1) | 80.4 (26.9) | 97.9 (36.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 63.2 (17.3) | 67.0 (19.4) | 73.1 (22.8) | 78.7 (25.9) | 85.2 (29.6) | 88.3 (31.3) | 89.7 (32.1) | 88.8 (31.6) | 86.0 (30.0) | 79.4 (26.3) | 71.3 (21.8) | 65.5 (18.6) | 78.0 (25.6) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 52.1 (11.2) | 55.5 (13.1) | 60.8 (16.0) | 66.6 (19.2) | 73.4 (23.0) | 78.2 (25.7) | 80.0 (26.7) | 79.6 (26.4) | 76.6 (24.8) | 69.0 (20.6) | 60.2 (15.7) | 54.5 (12.5) | 67.2 (19.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 40.9 (4.9) | 44.0 (6.7) | 48.6 (9.2) | 54.5 (12.5) | 61.6 (16.4) | 68.1 (20.1) | 70.3 (21.3) | 70.4 (21.3) | 67.3 (19.6) | 58.6 (14.8) | 49.1 (9.5) | 43.5 (6.4) | 56.4 (13.6) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 25.1 (−3.8) | 28.4 (−2.0) | 33.9 (1.1) | 42.2 (5.7) | 51.6 (10.9) | 63.2 (17.3) | 67.2 (19.6) | 67.6 (19.8) | 60.4 (15.8) | 44.7 (7.1) | 33.2 (0.7) | 28.6 (−1.9) | 23.3 (−4.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 7 (−14) | 6 (−14) | 19 (−7) | 33 (1) | 41 (5) | 49 (9) | 57 (14) | 59 (15) | 44 (7) | 32 (0) | 18 (−8) | 9 (−13) | 6 (−14) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 4.27 (108) | 3.23 (82) | 4.29 (109) | 3.55 (90) | 3.47 (88) | 7.55 (192) | 7.16 (182) | 7.28 (185) | 5.86 (149) | 2.50 (64) | 1.91 (49) | 2.91 (74) | 53.98 (1,371) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 11.2 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 14.7 | 15.7 | 17.0 | 11.5 | 8.3 | 7.4 | 9.9 | 128.1 |
| Source: NOAA[29][30] | |||||||||||||
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1850 | 131 | — | |
| 1860 | 659 | 403.1% | |
| 1870 | 964 | 46.3% | |
| 1880 | 1,379 | 43.0% | |
| 1890 | 2,020 | 46.5% | |
| 1900 | 4,013 | 98.7% | |
| 1910 | 5,032 | 25.4% | |
| 1920 | 3,341 | −33.6% | |
| 1930 | 4,416 | 32.2% | |
| 1940 | 5,836 | 32.2% | |
| 1950 | 7,571 | 29.7% | |
| 1960 | 9,465 | 25.0% | |
| 1970 | 10,575 | 11.7% | |
| 1980 | 9,257 | −12.5% | |
| 1990 | 10,005 | 8.1% | |
| 2000 | 9,980 | −0.2% | |
| 2010 | 12,046 | 20.7% | |
| 2020 | 12,329 | 2.3% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[31] | |||
Lake City first appeared in the 1850 U.S. Census as "Alligator", with a total recorded population of 131.[32]
| Race | Pop 2010[33] | Pop 2020[34] | % 2010 | % 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (NH) | 6,453 | 5,886 | 53.57% | 47.74% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 4,432 | 4,312 | 36.79% | 34.97% |
| Native American orAlaska Native (NH) | 47 | 37 | 0.39% | 0.30% |
| Asian (NH) | 192 | 314 | 1.59% | 2.55% |
| Pacific Islander orNative Hawaiian (NH) | 0 | 9 | 0.00% | 0.07% |
| Some other race (NH) | 25 | 91 | 0.21% | 0.74% |
| Two or more races/multiracial (NH) | 247 | 493 | 2.05% | 4.00% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 650 | 1,187 | 5.40% | 9.63% |
| Total | 12,046 | 12,329 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the2020 United States census, there were 12,329 people, 4,569 households, and 2,321 families residing in the city.[35]
As of the2010 United States census, there were 12,046 people, 4,650 households, and 2,558 families residing in the city.[36]
Around 40% of the people of Lake City are affiliated with a religion.Evangelicalism is the largest religious affiliation with 27.9% followed byProtestant (4.7%),Black Protestantism (3.5%),Catholicism (2.4%) and other religions (1.6%). 59.8% are not affiliated with any religion.[37]
Mountaintop Ministries Worldwide, formerly End Time Ministries and commonly called End Timers, was established near Lake City byCharles Meade in 1984. The basis of the ministry was that Lake City would be the only place to surviveArmageddon and believers were to stay in an underground bunker on Meade's property.[38]
As of 2016, the largest self-reported ancestry groups in Lake City, Florida were:[39]
| Largest single ancestries in 2016 (excluding Hispanic/Latino groups) | Percent |
|---|---|
| English | 16.4% |
| Irish | 10.1% |
| German | 9.9% |
| Subsaharan African | 6.9% |
| Italian | 5.1% |
| American | 2.9% |
| French | 2.7% |
| Polish | 1.7% |
| West Indian | 1.5% |
| Scotch-Irish | 1.4% |
| Dutch | 1.1% |
| Norwegian | 1.1% |
| Scottish | 0.9% |
| Welsh | 0.6% |
Lake City andColumbia County are known as "The Gateway to Florida" becauseInterstate 75 runs through them, carrying a large percentage ofFlorida's tourist and commercial traffic. Lake City is the northernmost sizable town/city in Florida on Interstate 75 and the location where I-10 and I-75 intersect.Interstate 10 is the southernmost east-west major interstate highway and traverses the country fromJacksonville, Florida, toSanta Monica, California.U.S. 41 andU.S. 90 (the U.S. highway versions of I-75 and I-10) have intersected in Lake City since 1927, long before the Interstate highways were built. The city relies on travelers for a considerable part of its economy.
Lake City is the location of theOsceola National Forest's administrative offices.
Since 2000, three companies have begun large operations in Lake City: Hunter Panels, New Millennium and United States Cold Storage.Target built their first company-owned and third-party-operated perishable food distribution center in Lake City in 2008.[40]
In 2011, The top employers in the Lake City area are:[41]
| Rank | Company name | Business description | # employees |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Columbia County School System | Education/schools/training & development Centers | 1,400 |
| 2 | VA Medical Center | Healthcare | 1,200 |
| 3 | Anderson Columbia Co., Inc. | Asphalt/paving | 775 |
| 4 | PCS Phosphate | Manufacturer | 706 |
| 5 | HAECO | Aircraft maintenance | 635 |
| 6 | Wal-Mart Supercenter | Retail sales | 505 |
| 7 | Lake City Medical Center | Healthcare | 430 |
| 8 | Sitel | Call center | 358 |
| 9 | Shands at Lake Shore | Healthcare | 353 |
| 10 | CCA - Lake City Correctional Facility | Correctional facility | 279 |
| 11 | City of Lake City | Government | 260 |
| 12 | S&S Food Stores | Convenience stores | 249 |
| 13 | Columbia County Manager | Government | 248 |
| 14 | Florida Gateway College | Education | 225 |
| 15 | Health Care Center of Lake City | Healthcare | 163 |
| 16 | Publix Super Markets, Inc. | Grocery stores | 151 |
| 17 | Corbitt Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Manufacturer | 115 |
| 18 | New Millennium | Manufacturer | 82 |
| 19 | Target Food Distribution Center | Distribution | 78 |
Every February since 1976, Lake City has hosted the Olustee Battle Festival and reenactment of theBattle of Olustee spanning three days. The festival begins with a memorial service at Oak Lawn Cemetery in Lake City to honor those who died from both sides on day one and ends with a reenactment at theOlustee Battlefield Historic State Park on day three. From day one to day three various activities from live entertainment to exhibits are on display in downtown Lake City and theOlustee Battlefield Historic State Park.[42]
The Alligator Warrior Festival is held each year on the weekend of the 3rd Saturday in October to recognize the early history of Columbia County prior to the Civil War.[43] The first Alligator Festival was held in 1995 atOlustee Park in downtown Lake City. Starting in 2010 the annual festival has been held at O'Leno State Park 20 miles (32 km) south of Lake City where the appropriate facilities exist for a full-scale battle reenactment, historic camping and large crowds.[43]
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Lake City is governed by a council/city manager form of government. The city council consists of five members, with four representing four city districts, while the mayor serves at-large throughout all of Lake City. The administration of Lake City consists of the city manager's office, the assistant city manager, Human Resources, Procurement, Finance and Technology.[44]
The Lake City Police Department was founded around 1861 during the Civil War. The first fire department was established in 1883 to complement the police department. Argatha Gilmore was the Chief of Police in 2009 after serving 25 years with the Tallahassee Police Department.
TheColumbia County School District, the only school district in the entire county,[45] operates nine elementary schools, three middle schools, two high schools and an alternative school. Lake City also has one higher education institution,Florida Gateway College, that offersassociate degrees and four-yearbachelor's degrees.
TheLake City Gateway Airport is a local center of business. The airport is classified as a general aviation facility, but two on-site operations are somewhat unusual. HAECO (formerlyTIMCO) is an aircraft modification and rehabilitation operation for large (B-727, 737 and Airbus A-320 A-319) civilian and military aircraft. TheU.S. Forest Service uses C-130 transport aircraft in support of its forest fire-fighting operations in thesoutheastern United States.
This is where I-75 (exit 435) and I-10 (exit 296) intersect.
Lake City was ascheduled stop forAmtrak'sSunset Limited betweenLos Angeles andOrlando from 1993 to 2005, when damage to railroad lines and bridges byHurricane Katrina caused the curtailment of all service east of New Orleans.
Freight service is provided by theFlorida Gulf & Atlantic Railroad, which acquired most of the formerCSX main line from Pensacola to Jacksonville on June 1, 2019.
| Topics |  Map of North Florida | |
|---|---|---|
| Counties | ||
| Major cities | ||
| Cities and towns 50k–100k | ||
| Cities and towns 10k–40k | ||
| Metro areas | ||
| Regions | ||
Municipalities and communities ofColumbia County, Florida,United States | ||
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| City |  | |
| Town | ||
| CDPs | ||
| Unincorporated communities | ||
| Geographic | |
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| Other | |
