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Areserve fleet is a collection ofnaval vessels of all types that are fully equipped for service but are not currently needed; they are partially or fullydecommissioned. A reserve fleet is informally said to be "in mothballs" or "mothballed". In earlier times, especially in British usage, the ships were said to be "laid upin ordinary".
A reserve fleet may be colloquially referred to as a "ghost fleet".[1] In the 21st century,ghost fleet may also refer to an activeshadow fleet of aged reserve fleetoil tankers returned to an active service in order to circumvent commodities sanctions.[2][3][4]
Such ships are held in reserve against a time when it may be necessary to call them back into service. They are usually tied up in backwater areas near naval bases or shipyards in order to speed the reactivation process. They may be modified for storage during such a period, for instance by having rust-prone areas sealed off or wrapped in plastic or, in the case of sailing warships, the masts removed. While being held in the reserve fleet, ships typically have aminimal crew (known informally as a skeleton crew) to ensure that they stay in somewhat usable condition. For instance,bilge pumps need to be run regularly to reducecorrosion of their steel and to prevent the ships fromfoundering at theirmoorings.
When a ship is placed into reserve status, the various parts and weapon systems that the ship uses are also placed in a storage facility, so that if the warship is reactivated, the proper spare parts and ammunition are available. Like the ships, however, the stored parts and equipment are prone to fall into disrepair, suffer metal corrosion, and become obsolete.
The BritishReserve Fleet was a repository for British decommissioned warships from about 1800 until 1960.[5]
TheUnited States National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF), consisted of about fiftyWorld War II ships that were moored inSuisun Bay (Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet) nearSan Francisco since the 1950s or '60s.[6] The fleet included militarycargo ships,troopships andtankers.[6] As of mid-2021 there are just two ships anchored in that area. Additional NDRF vessels are moored at the fleet sites atNewport News, Virginia (James River Reserve Fleet);Beaumont, Texas (Beaumont Reserve Fleet); and at designated outported berths.[citation needed]
In practice most reserve ships rapidly become obsolete and are scrapped, used for experiments,target practice, sold to other nations (and occasionally to private companies for civilian conversion), becomemuseum ships orartificial reefs.
Alternatives to reserve fleets include exporting the vessels forshipbreaking, or dismantling.[7] More recently, the U.S. Navy has established a program to allow ships, such asOriskany, to be sunk in selected locations to create artificial reefs.
Recycling is another option, as in the case of the United States National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF), the ships of which are set to be stripped of their paint, cut into pieces, and then recycled.[6]
Steel from pre-nuclear age ships either mothballed or sunk and raised, calledlow-background steel, is used in experimental physics when the experiment requires shielding material which is itself only extremely weakly radioactive, emitting less than present-day background radiation; materials which were manufactured after atmospheric nuclear explosions had taken place reflect the higher ambient level of radioactivity thatfallout has caused.[8]
The practice of exporting and dismantling ships has caused international protests as they contain toxic materials.[7] In 2007, following studies that found that 20 tons of lead paint had flaked off the ships of the NDRF, environmentalist groups sued to have them removed. The U.S. Federal Maritime Administration agreed to remove more than 50 of the ships as a result, 25 of which have been removed by 2012 and the remainder removed at the end of 2017.[6]
