| Lagaan | |
|---|---|
 English-language release poster | |
| Directed by | Ashutosh Gowariker |
| Screenplay by |
|
| Story by | Ashutosh Gowariker |
| Dialogues by | K. P. Saxena (Hindi) Ashutosh Gowariker (English) |
| Produced by | Aamir Khan |
| Starring | |
| Narrated by | Amitabh Bachchan |
| Cinematography | Anil Mehta |
| Edited by | Ballu Saluja |
| Music by | A. R. Rahman |
Production company | Aamir Khan Productions |
| Distributed by | SET Pictures[1] |
Release date |
|
Running time | 233 minutes[2] |
| Country | India[3] |
| Language | Hindi |
| Budget | ₹250million[4] |
| Box office | est.₹659.7 million (see below) |
Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India, or simplyLagaan, (transl. Land Tax) is a 2001Indian Hindi-languageepicperiodsports drama[5] written and directed byAshutosh Gowariker. The film was produced byAamir Khan, who stars alongside debutantGracy Singh andBritish actorsRachel Shelley andPaul Blackthorne. Set in 1893, during the lateVictorian period ofBritish colonial rule in India, the film follows the inhabitants of a village inCentral India, who, burdened by high taxes and several years of drought, are challenged by an arrogantBritish Indian Army officer to a game ofcricket as a wager to avoid paying the taxes they owe. The villagers face the arduous task of learning a game that is alien to them and playing for a victory.
Produced on a budget of₹25 crore (US$5.3 million),Lagaan was themost expensive Indian film at the time of its release.[6] It faced multiple challenges during production: Khan was initially sceptical to star in a sports film, and later, prospective producers called for budget cuts and script modifications. Eventually, the film would become the maiden project of Aamir Khan Productions, and mark Khan's foray into film production. Gowariker was inspired by aspects of sports dramaNaya Daur (1957) in developing the film. The language featured in the film was based onAwadhi, but was diluted with standard Hindi for modern audiences. Principal photography took place in villages nearBhuj.Nitin Chandrakant Desai served as art director, whileBhanu Athaiya was the costume designer. The original soundtrack was composed byA. R. Rahman, with lyrics written byJaved Akhtar.
Lagaan was theatrically released in India on 15 June 2001, clashing withGadar: Ek Prem Katha. It received widespread critical acclaim for Gowariker's direction, Khan's performance, dialogues, soundtrack, and the film'santi-imperialist stance. With earnings of₹65.97 crore (US$13.98 million) during its initial release, the film was the thirdhighest-grossing Hindi film of 2001.Lagaan was screened at numerous international film festivals and garnered multiple accolades. It was the third, and as of 2025 the last, Indian film to be nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Film afterMother India (1957) andSalaam Bombay! (1988).Lagaan became the most-awarded film at the47th Filmfare Awards with eight wins, includingBest Film,Best Director for Gowariker andBest Actor for Khan.[7] At the49th National Film Awards, the film won eight awards, includingBest Popular Film.[8]
The farmers of the village ofChampaner, in theBritishCentral India Agency, live under an oppressive and racist regime, payingland tax (lagaan) despite poverty and an irregular harvest caused bydrought. Unable to bear the burden, they ask the king,Raja Puran Singh, for relief fromlagaan. The king is watching acricket match between British officers. When he meets the villagers later, theregiment's captain, Andrew Russell, proposes a cricket match against his team, allowing villagers exemption fromlagaan for three years should they win; they would be liable for triple the usual tax should they lose. A young farmer named Bhuvan accepts Russell's wager, and the match is scheduled to take place after three months.
Preparations for the match start slowly, as Bhuvan fails to unite the village in believing they have a chance. The few players who have enlisted for his team, try unsuccessfully to learn the game. Russell's sister, Elizabeth, who is visiting from England and who empathises with the farmers, offers to coach Bhuvan's team. Bhuvan gets eleven players as needed to compete for the match, though one of them, Lakha, secretly schemes with Russell to play against his own team. Meanwhile, Russell is berated by senior officers for gambling with the regiment's treasury and is told that he will face punitive, disciplinary action should the British team lose the match. He tries unsuccessfully to stop Elizabeth coaching the rival team, but she continues as she is secretly infatuated with Bhuvan. Bhuvan himself is unaware, courting the villagemedic's daughter, Gauri.
The match is to be played over three days outside the cantonment grounds. On the first day, the British elect tobat (see:rules of cricket), and are aided by Lakha's sabotage and inexperience of the locals, in putting up a good score. That night, the farmers learn about Lakha's betrayal from Elizabeth. They attack him but Bhuvan stands in his defence. Lakha redeems himself the next day by playing exceptionally, triggering a British collapse that ends their innings at 322, still a formidable score. The locals' innings starts with promise, but they lose almost all their best batters early. Bhuvan steadies the innings on the third day. In the finalover, he hitssix runs off the last ball to win the match for his team. Coincidentally, dark clouds gather in the sky and it begins raining heavily, signalling an end to the drought. The locals celebrate wildly, and Elizabeth catches Bhuvan and Gauri embracing amidst the crowd.
Elizabeth bids goodbye to the villagers, who are grateful for her coaching. She resists telling Bhuvan about her feelings for him, choosing to return to England, where she lives out her life unmarried.
The narrator states that, following the defeat, Russell is relocated to Central Africa and the provincial regiment is disbanded; that Bhuvan married Gauri in a grand ceremony blessed by Raja Puran Singh himself; and although Champaner's triumph benefited the whole province, knowledge of the event has escaped historical record altogether.
| Actor / Actress | Character / Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Aamir Khan | Bhuvan | Captain and all-rounder Primary protagonist and love interest of Gauri and Elizabeth |
| Gracy Singh | Gauri | Bhuvan's love interest |
| Rachel Shelley | Elizabeth Russell | Coach of Team Champaner Sister of Capt. Russell |
| Paul Blackthorne | Captain Andrew Russell | Primary antagonist |
| Suhasini Mulay | Yashoda Mai | Bhuvan's mother |
| Kulbhushan Kharbanda | Rajah Puran Singh | King of Champaner and its surrounding villages |
| Rajendra Gupta | Mukhiya Ji | Village chieftain |
| Raghubir Yadav | Bhura | Slip fielder and poultry farmer |
| Rajesh Vivek | Guran | All-rounder |
| Shrivallabh Vyas | Ishwar | Wicket-keeper Gauri's father and thevaidya (village medic) Credited as Sri Vallabh Vyas |
| Raj Zutshi | Ismail | Batsman |
| Pradeep Rawat | Deva Singh Sodhi | All-rounder |
| Akhilendra Mishra | Arjan | Batsman and village blacksmith |
| Daya Shankar Pandey | Goli | Seamer |
| Yashpal Sharma | Lakha | Batsman, woodcutter |
| Amin Hajee | Bagha | Batsman, the mute drummer |
| Aditya Lakhia | Kachra | Spinner |
| Javed Khan | Ram Singh | Match commentator An Indian who works with the British Elizabeth's translator |
| A. K. Hangal | Shambu Kaka | Village elder |
| Amin Gazi | Tipu | Youngest team member |
| John Rowe | Colonel Boyer | |
| David Gant | Major Warren | |
| Jeremy Child | Major Cotton | |
| Chris England | Lt. Yardley | English fast bowler Also wrote a book about his experience making the film, titledBalham to Bollywood. |
| Howard Lee | Lt. Burton | English wicketkeeper batsman |
| Ben Nealon | Lt. Patrick Smith | English all-rounder Capt. Russell's deputy |
| Simon Holmes | Lt. Brookes | English batsman |
| Ray Eves | Lt. Willis | English fast bowler |
| Jon House | Lt. North | English batsman |
| Neil Patrick | Lt. Harrisson | English all-rounder |
| Jamie Whitby Coles | Lt. Wesson | English all-rounder |
| Barry Hart | Lt. Benson | English spinner |
| Alex Shirtcliff | Lt. Flynn | English batsman |
| Amitabh Bachchan | Voice-over as Narrator |
Lagaan was inspired byNaya Daur (1957), asports drama film directed byB. R. Chopra, written byAkhtar Mirza and Kamil Rashid, and starringDilip Kumar,Vyjayanthimala andAjit Khan.[9][10]
Director Gowariker has stated that it was almost impossible to makeLagaan. He went to Khan, who agreed to participate after hearing the detailed script. Khan had initially rejected the idea of a "sporty" film, but was "himself in tears" upon hearing the full dialogued script.[11] Even after securing Khan, Gowariker had trouble finding a producer. Producers who showed interest in the script wanted budget cuts as well as script modifications. Eventually, Khan agreed to Gowariker's suggestion that he would produce the film.[12] Khan corroborated this by saying that the faith he had in Gowariker, the story and script of the film,[13] and the opportunity of starting his own production company inspired him to produceLagaan.[14] He also said that by being a producer himself, he was able to give greater creative freedom to Gowariker. He cited an example:
"If the director tells the producer that he wants 50 camels, the latter will probably say, 'Why not 25? Can't you manage with 25 camels?' Whereas, if he is telling me the same thing... I will not waste time asking him questions because I am also creatively aware why he needs them."[15]
Jhamu Sughand co-produced the film because he liked the emotional and patriotic story.[16][17]Lagaan was made on athen-unprecedented budget of₹250 million (US$5.32 million), the highest for an Indian film of the time.[4][18]
Gowariker first thought ofShah Rukh Khan,Bobby Deol,Hrithik Roshan andAbhishek Bachchan for the role of Bhuvan. After Bachchan chose to enter cinema withJ. P. Dutta'sRefugee (2000), Khan was approached with the idea.[19]
Several actresses had express interest to act in the female lead role in the film, but Khan needed someone who matched the description of the character given in the script. After consideringRani Mukerji who did not have dates to accommodate the film,Sonali Bendre,Nandita Das,Shamita Shetty andAmeesha Patel were approached for the role,[20] Gowariker selected Singh for the female lead because he was convinced that she was a good actress and dancer and resembled actressVyjayanthimala. Singh, a newcomer, devoted all her time to the film.[15] Since the script also demanded a British cast, Gowariker and Khan hired Danielle Roffe as one of thecasting directors.[21] After Danielle and Gowariker screen-tested many, Shelley and Blackthorne were chosen for the prime roles. Overall, the film cast 15 foreign actors.[22]
Raghubir Yadav played the role of the legendaryHaji Nasruddin in the teleplayMullah Nasiruddin and has given many memorable performances such asMungerilal Ke Haseen Sapne. Yadav was selected for the role of Bhura, a poultry farmer, based on his performance inEarth (1998). He had undergone anappendectomy during the filming schedule and returned to complete some of his scenes.[23]Rajesh Vivek, who played the fortune teller Guran, was spotted by Gowariker in the filmJunoon (1978). His liking for cricket helped him in his role.[24]Raj Zutshi's friendship with Khan and association in several films brought him the role of Ismail the potter after auditions.[25]Pradeep Rawat's association with Khan inSarfarosh (1999) brought him the role of Deva, aSikh ex-sepoy, which was initially intended forMukesh Rishi. Rawat claimed that it was the highest ever compensation he received in his career.[26]Daya Shankar Pandey, who preferred the role of Kachra, was known to Khan and Gowariker through previous films (Pehla Nasha (1993),Baazi (1995) andGhulam (1998)). Pandey credited Gowariker for his acting in the film as Goli, saying that Gowariker and he would discuss the required emotions and expressions before shooting.[27]
Yashpal Sharma was chosen by Gowariker for the role of Lakha, the woodcutter, after his portrayal inSamar (1999). He said it was a good experience working with Khan and Gowariker during the film.[28] Amin Hajee earlier worked in a film with Gowariker. The friendly association brought Gowariker to him with the script, which he liked, and thereafter he successfully auditioned for his role of Bagha, a mute drummer. His knowledge of mute people and some assistance from a music band helped him better prepare for his role. Gowariker, who believed that Amin was likeSylvester Stallone, would refer to him as Stallone during filming.[29]Aditya Lakhia's association with Gowariker inKabhi Haan Kabhi Naa (1993) andPehla Nasha (1993) brought him the role of Kachra, the untouchable. He read the bookEverybody Loves a Good Drought byP. Sainath to better understand and portray his character.[30]
One of the first members to join the production team wasNitin Chandrakant Desai, the art director, with whom Gowariker set out for extensive location hunt throughout India, to find the setting for the fictional town of Champaner, in late 1998. After searching through Rajasthan, Nasik, UP, they zeroed in on an ancient village nearBhuj, located inGujarat'sKutch district, by May 1999, where the film was primarily shot.[11][31]
The script demanded a dry location: an agricultural village where it had not rained in several years. To depict the 1890s era, the crew also required a village which lacked electricity, communication and automobiles.[13] Kutch faced the same problems at that time and hence the village of Kunariya, located a few miles away from Bhuj, was chosen. During the filming ofLagaan, it did not rain at all in the region. However, a week after the shoot finished, it rained heavily bringing relief to Bhuj, which had a lean monsoon the previous year.[20] The typical old Kutch hamlet was built by the local people four months before the arrival of the crew.[11] The2001 Gujarat earthquake devastated this region and displaced many locals. The crew, including the English, contributed to their cause by donating₹250,000 (equivalent to₹1,000,000 or US$12,000 in 2023), with further contributions during the year.[32]
Avadhi, which is adialect ofHindi, is primarily from a region inUttar Pradesh. It was chosen to give the feel of the language spoken during that era. However, the language was diluted, and modern viewers can understand it.[15] The dialogues, which were a combination of three dialects (Avadhi,Bhojpuri andBraj Bhasha) were penned by Hindi writerK. P. Saxena.[20]
Bhanu Athaiya, who won anOscar for her work inGandhi (1982), was thecostume designer for the film. With a large number of extras, it was difficult for her to make enough costumes. She spent a lot of time researching to lend authenticity to the characters.[20]
The film took approximately a year to plan, which included ten months for production and one month for the development of Khan's character, which the first-time producer found tiring. Khan obtained a crew of about 300 people for six months. Due to the lack of comfortable hotels in Bhuj, he hired a newly constructed apartment and furnished it completely for the crew. Security was set up and a special housekeeping team was brought to take care of the crew's needs.[14] Most of the 19th century tools and equipment depicted in the film were lent to the crew by the local villagers. Initially, they did not want to part with their equipment, but after much coaxing, they gave in. They then travelled to different parts of the country to collect the musical instruments used in that day and era.[14]
During the shooting, Gowariker suffered from aslipped disc and had to rest for 30 days. During this period, he had his bed next to the monitor and continued with his work.[33]
The filming schedule spanned the winter and summer, commencing in early January 2000 and finishing in mid-June. This was physically challenging for many, with the temperatures ranging from 0 to 50 °C (32 to 122 °F).[25][29] The actors had to drink frequently and sit in the shade.[24][26] The schedule was strict. The day began at 6 am, changing into costumes and getting onto the actors' bus, which took them to the sets in Kanuria. The actors, including Khan, all travelled on the same bus. If anyone missed it, it was up to them to reach the sets. One day, Khan was late and missed the actors' bus. That day, his wife Reena, the executive producer, reprimanded him for being late. She told him he had to set an example for the rest of the crew. "If he started coming late, how could she tell the others to come on time?"[26] While on the sets, the actors were given call sheets with the day's timetable such as breakfast, hairstyling, make-up, costumes, etc.[34]
Before its worldwide release, Khan kept a promise to screen the film to the locals ofBhuj.[35]Lagaan clashed withAnil Sharma'sGadar: Ek Prem Katha, starringSunny Deol andAmeesha Patel, at the box-office.[36][37] The film made it to the UK Top 10 after its commercial release.[38] It was the first Indian film to have a nationwide release inChina[39] and had its dubbed version released in Italy.[40] With favorable reviews from the French press,Lagaan premiered in Paris on 26 June 2002 and continued to have an unprecedented nine weeks of screening with over 45,000 people watching.[41] It was released in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, South Africa and the Middle East with respectivevernacular subtitles.[40][42] The film took a cumulative of $2.5 million at the international box-office and₹380 million (equivalent to₹1.5 billion or US$18 million in 2023) at the domestic box-office.[43][44][45]
In 2001,Lagaan had a world premiere at theInternational Indian Film Academy Awards (IIFA) weekend inSun City, South Africa.[46] TheLocarno International Film Festival authorities published the rules of cricket before the film was screened to a crowd which reportedly danced to its soundtrack in the aisles.[47]Lagaan was shown 4 times due to public demand as against the usual norm of showcasing films once at the festival.[40] It subsequently won the Prix du Public Award at the festival.[48] After the film's publicity in Locarno, the director, Gowariker said that distributors from Switzerland, Italy, France, Netherlands, North Africa, Finland and Germany were wanting to purchase the distribution rights.[40] Special screenings were held in Russia, where people were keen to watch the film after its Oscar nomination.[49]
Apart from these screenings, it was shown at theSundance Film Festival,[50]Cairo International Film Festival,[51]Stockholm International Film Festival,[52]Helsinki Film Festival[53] and theToronto International Film Festival.[54] The film is available onNetflix.[55]
There were two releases for the DVD. The first, as a 2-DVD set, was released on 27 May 2002 in limited regions. It contained subtitles inArabic, English, Hebrew, Hindi, Turkish and several European languages. It is available in 16:9 Anamorphic widescreen, Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround, progressive 24 frame/s, widescreen and NTSC format. It carried an additional fifteen minutes of deleted scenes, filmographies and trailers.[56]
The second was released as anniversary edition 3-disc DVD box after 6 years of the theatrical release. This also includedChale Chalo which was a documentary on the making ofLagaan, a curtain-raiser on the making of the soundtrack, deleted scenes, trailers, along with other collectibles such as 11 collector cards, a collectibleLagaan coin embossed with the character ofBhuvan, a 35 mmCinemaScope filmstrip hand-cut from the film's filmstrip were bundled with the film.[57] After its release, it became the highest-selling DVD in India, beatingSholay (1975).[58]Chale Chalo – The Lunacy of Film Making, won theNational Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film.[57]
A comic book,Lagaan: The Story, along with 2 colouring books, a mask book and a cricketboard game were subsequently released to the commercial market. The comic book, available in English and Hindi, was targeted at children between the ages of 6 and 14. At the book's launch, Aamir Khan said that they were keen to turn the film into a comic strip during the pre-production phase itself.[59][60]
In March 2002, a book titledThe Spirit of Lagaan – The Extraordinary Story of the Creators of a Classic was published. It covers the making of the film, describing in detail the setbacks and obstacles that the crew faced while developing the film from concept to its release.[61]
The film initially grossed₹65.97 crore (equivalent to₹263 crore or US$31 million in 2023) worldwide in 2001. This made it the thirdhighest-grossing Hindi film of 2001, behindKabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham andGadar: Ek Prem Katha.[62]
Domestically,Lagaan grossed₹55.13 crore (equivalent to₹219 crore or US$26 million in 2023) in India. Its domesticnet income was₹34.31 crore, equivalent to₹187 crore ($25 million) when adjusted for inflation.[63]
With an overseas gross of₹10.84 crore[45] (US$2.2 million) in 2001, it was the year's secondhighest-grossing Indian film overseas, preceded only byKabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham.[64]Lagaan's overseas gross included£600,000 in theUnited Kingdom, US$910,000 in theUnited States andCanada, and US$180,000 in theArab states of the Persian Gulf.[63]
InChina, where the film released on 16 May 2003, it grossed¥3 million,[65] equivalent to₹ 1.71 crore[66] (US$362,500).[67]
Including the film's China collections, the film's total worldwide gross was₹67.68 crore (US$14.533 million).[68] At a ticket inflation rate of 5.5 times in 2016,[63] the film's total gross is equivalent to approximately₹372 crore ($50 million) when adjusted for inflation in 2016.
Lagaan was met with critical acclaim. On thereview aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes, 95% of 64 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's consensus reads: "Lagaan is lavish, rousing entertainment in the old-fashioned tradition of Hollywood musicals."[69]Metacritic, which uses aweighted average, assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[70]
Sudish Kamath ofThe Hindu suggested that "the movie is not just a story. It is an experience. An experience of watching something that puts life into you, that puts a cheer on your face, however depressed you might be."[71]The Times of India wrote, "Lagaan has all the attractions of big-soundingA. R. Rahman songs, excellent performances by Aamir Khan... and a successful debut for pretty Gracy Singh. In addition, there is the celebratedDavid vs. Goliath cricket match, which has the audiences screaming and clapping."[72]
Roger Ebert, writing for theChicago Sun-Times, gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and wrote, "Lagaan is an enormously entertaining movie, like nothing we've ever seen before, and yet completely familiar... At the same time, it's a memory of the films we all grew up on, with clearly-defined villains and heroes, a love-triangle, and even a comic character who saves the day.Lagaan is a well-crafted, hugely entertaining epic that has the spice of a foreign culture."[73] Derek Elley ofVariety suggested that it "could be the trigger for Bollywood's long-awaited crossover to non-ethnic markets".[74] Somni Sengupta ofThe New York Times, described it as "a carnivalesque genre packed with romance, swordplay and improbable song-and-dance routines".[75] Dave Kehr, anotherNew York Times film critic, calledLagaan "a movie that knows its business -- pleasing a broad, popular audience -- and goes about it with savvy professionalism and genuine flair."[76] Kevin Thomas of theLos Angeles Times argued that the film is "an affectionate homage to a popular genre that raises it to the level of an art film with fully drawn characters, a serious underlying theme, and a sophisticated style and point of view."[77]
Peter Bradshaw ofThe Guardian described the film as "a lavish epic, a gorgeous love story, and a rollicking adventure yarn. Larger than life and outrageously enjoyable, it's got a dash ofSpaghetti Western, a hint ofKurosawa, with a bracing shot ofKipling."[78] Kuljinder Singh of theBBC stated that "Lagaan is anything but standard Bollywood fodder, and is the first must-see of the Indian summer. A movie that will have you laughing and crying, but leaving with a smile."[79]
Lagaan was listed as #14 onChannel 4's "50 Films To See Before You Die" and was the only Indian film to be listed.[80] The film was also well received in China, where its themes resonated with Chinese audiences.[81] It was ranked #55 inEmpire magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.[82] In 2011, John Nugent of theTrenton Independent called the film "a masterpiece ... and what better way to learn a bit about India's colonial experience! History and great entertainment, all rolled into one (albeit long) classic film."[83] In 2021, American filmmakerJames Gunn namedLagaan as his favorite Indian movie.[84]
Aamir Khan and Gowariker went to Los Angeles to generate publicity for theAcademy Awards. Khan said, "We just started showing it to whoever we could, even the hotel staff."[85] About India's official entry to the 2002 Oscars,The Daily Telegraph wrote, "A Bollywood film that portrays the British in India as ruthless sadists and Mafia-style crooks has been chosen as Delhi's official entry to the Academy Awards."[86] It added that the film was expected to win the nomination.[86]
On 12 February 2002,Lagaan was nominated for thebest foreign language film at the Academy Award nominations ceremony.[87] After the nomination, Khan reacted by saying, "To see the name of the film and actually hear it being nominated was very satisfying".[88] Post-nomination reactions poured in from several parts of the world.USA Today wrote "Hooray forBollywood, and India'sLagaan".[85] WithSony Pictures Classics distributing the film and Oscar-winning directorBaz Luhrmann praising it,Lagaan had a chance to win.[85][89] TheBBC commented that the nomination raisedBollywood hopes that Indian films would become more popular in the US.[90] In India, the nomination was celebrated with news reports about a win bringing in "a great boost for the Indian film industry"[91] and "aBharat Ratna for Aamir Khan and the status of a 'national film' for Lagaan".[92]
WhenLagaan lost the award to the Bosnian filmNo Man's Land,[93] there was disappointment in India. Khan said, "Certainly we were disappointed. But the thing that really kept us in our spirits was that the entire country was behind us."[94] FilmmakerMahesh Bhatt criticised the "American film industry" as "insular and the foreign category awards were given just for the sake of it."[94] Gowariker added that "Americans must learn to like our films".[95]
The film won a number of awards at Indian award ceremonies including eightNational Film Awards,[96] eightFilmfare Awards, eightScreen Awards[97] and 10IIFA Awards.[98] Apart from these major awards, it also won awards at other national and international ceremonies.
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