| Ladislaus | |
|---|---|
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| King of Naples | |
| Reign | 24 February 1386 – 6 August 1414 |
| Coronation | 29 May 1390 Gaeta, byAngelo Acciaioli II |
| Predecessor | Charles III |
| Successor | Joanna II |
| Contender | Louis II (1389–1399) |
| King of Hungary andCroatia Contested bySigismund | |
| Reign | 13 July 1403 – 7 November 1403 |
| Coronation | 5 August 1403,Zadar[1] |
| Predecessor | Sigismund |
| Successor | Sigismund |
| Born | 15 February 1377 Naples,Kingdom of Naples |
| Died | 6 August 1414(1414-08-06) (aged 37) Naples, Kingdom of Naples |
| Burial | |
| Spouses | |
| Issue Details | Reynold, Prince of Capua (ill.) Mary of Durazzo (ill.) |
| House | Anjou-Durazzo |
| Father | Charles III of Naples |
| Mother | Margaret of Durazzo |
Ladislaus the Magnanimous (Italian:Ladislao,Hungarian:László; 15 February 1377 – 6 August 1414) wasKing of Naples from 1386 until his death and an unsuccessful claimant to the kingdoms ofHungary andCroatia. Ladislaus was a skilled political and military leader, protector and controller ofPope Innocent VII; however, he earned a bad reputation concerning his personal life. He profited from disorder throughout Italy to greatly expand his kingdom and his power, appropriating much of thePapal States to his own use. He was the last male of theCapetian House of Anjou.
Ladislaus was born inNaples on 15 February 1377 during the reign of his great-aunt QueenJoanna I of Naples. He was the son ofCharles andMargaret of Durazzo, both members of theCapetian House of Anjou. His parents, having lived for years at the court of their kinsman KingLouis I of Hungary, named him after King SaintLadislaus I of Hungary. In 1379 his father declared war on Joanna and proclaimed himself king with the backing ofPope Urban VI. Fearing that Joanna would take her as hostage, Margaret fled with Ladislaus to her castle inMorcone. They returned to Naples on 11 September 1381, after Charles prevailed over Joanna. On 5 November Charles invested Ladislaus with theDuchy of Calabria, traditionally held by theheir apparent.[2]
Ladislaus became King of Naples at the age of nine (1386) under his mother's regency after his father was assassinated while pursuing his claim to the throne of Hungary. At the time the kingdom saw a rebellion of the barons (fomented byPope Urban VI), and there was a risk of a French invasion, since in 1385 the pope had assigned the throne toLouis II of Anjou, Count of Provence.[2] Urban VI refused to recognize Ladislaus, and in 1387 called a crusade against him. Margaret and her son at the time controlled not much more than Naples and its neighborhood. After turmoil broke out in the city, they fled to the fortress ofGaeta, while Naples was occupied by an Angevin army led byOtto of Brunswick, widower ofJoanna I of Naples, who had named Louis' father as her heir.[2]
In 1389 the newPope Boniface IX recognized Ladislaus as King of Naples, although he forbade him to unite it with his family lands in Germany and Italy. In Gaeta, Ladislaus marriedCostanza Chiaramonte, the daughter of the powerful Sicilian baron,Manfredi Chiaramonte. Within a few years the marriage was annulled.
In 1390, the archbishop of Arles poisoned Ladislaus, and though he survived, he subsequently stuttered and was forced to take repeated periods of rest.[2] Also in 1390, Louis II invaded Naples, starting a war with Ladislaus lasting nine years. Ladislaus limited Louis' control to the city of Naples and theTerra d'Otranto.[2] In 1399, while Louis was fighting against the Count ofLecce, Ladislaus regained the city of Naples with the support of several powerful barons of the kingdom, includingRaimondo Del Balzo Orsini. Louis of Anjou then decided to return to theCounty of Provence. Ladislaus spent the year 1400 subduing Onorato Caetani, count ofFondi, and the last rebellions inAbruzzo andApulia.[2]
In 1401 Ladislaus marriedMary of Lusignan, daughter of theKing of Cyprus. She arrived in Naples in 1402. In the same period, Ladislaus tried to restore Angevin rule inHungary andCroatia, where some of the nobles opposed KingSigismund. Between 1403 and 1414, Ladislaus ordered the painting of a cycle of theLegend of Saint Ladislaus in the church ofSanta Maria dell'Incoronata in Naples. In these paintings, the Hungarian king is depicted receiving the royal crown, fighting against the pagans, and receiving the crown of Croatia. (The cult of Saint Ladislaus and other Hungarian kings was already present in Naples and other Italian regions since the second half of the 13th century, thanks toMary of Hungary, Queen of Naples, who brought them when she marriedCharles II of Naples.)[3]
Considering himself the heir of the kings of Hungary, Ladislaus tried many times to obtain the crown of Hungary. He also proclaimed himselfDuke of Slavonia, a title with no basis. He first negotiated a treaty with theRepublic of Venice, ceding the island ofCorfu. He thus obtained free passage in the Adriatic Sea and, with the partial support of the Pope, landed atZadar on 19 July 1403. On 5 August 1403, while in the town ofZara, Ladislaus was crowned king of Hungary and Croatia by János Kanizsai,archbishop of Esztergom, in the presence of thepapal legate, CardinalAngelo Acciajuoli.[4] Even after his coronation, the rule of Ladislaus in Croatia and Hungary never extended beyondDalmatia. His father grew up in Hungary governing Croatia as viceroy, and eventually became king. However, Ladislaus remained inactive, and returned to Apulia; his authority in Dalmatia remained restricted to little more than the city of Zara. The following year, after the death of Boniface IX, he intervened in Rome in support of theColonna family, two days after the election of the new pope,Innocent VII.[2]
Aspiring to the brilliant prestige and might of his imperial forbearer in southern Italy,Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, Ladislaus was determined to conquer central Italy and extend his power into Tuscany and farther north. Ladislaus endeavored to consolidate Neapolitan royal power at the expense of the barons, and brought about the murders of several members of theSanseverino family for frustrating his ends. In 1405, he went again to Rome. When some nobles offered him the lordship of the city, the Pope responded by deposing him as King of Naples on 9 January 1406. The Pope had incited Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini to rebel, but he died soon after.[5] His wife,Mary of Enghien, continued the rebellion and successfully defendedTaranto against a two-month long siege by Ladislaus in the spring of 1406. She did not surrender even after Ladislaus and the Pope signed a treaty of peace in July, by which Ladislaus became the protector of the Papal States. He moved to Taranto again early in 1407, this time with diplomatic intentions. Since his second wife had died in 1404, Ladislaus solved the matter of Taranto by marrying Mary of Enghien on 23 April 1407.
In 1407, trying to taking advantage of the feebler personality of the new pope,Gregory XII, Ladislaus invaded the Papal States and conqueredAscoli Piceno andFermo.[6] In 1408, he besiegedOstia to prevent a success of the French party in the schism between Gregory XII andAntipope Benedict XIII.[7] After a short siege, he captured the city by bribing the Papal commander, Paolo Orsini, and entered Rome on 25 April. Later,Perugia also fell into his hands.
In 1409, Ladislaus sold his rights toDalmatia to Venice for 100,000ducats. This was part of his attempts to gain allies in the upcoming war against theRepublic of Florence, caused by his expansion in central Italy and his alliance withPaolo Guinigi, lord ofLucca, a traditional enemy of the Florentines.[2] Ladislaus invadedTuscany, capturingCortona and the island ofElba fromGherardo Appiani. Florence hired thecondottiereBraccio da Montone, who defeated Ladislaus, and he was forced to retreat. However, he had not abandoned his aims in northern Italy, and took advantage of the presence of Pope Gregory XII in Gaeta.[2]
Fearing his aims, the Republics ofSiena and Florence and the powerful cardinalBaldassarre Cossa allied against him.Antipope Alexander V excommunicated him, and called Louis II of Anjou back to Italy to conquer Naples. Louis arrived in late July 1409 with 1,500 cavalry and was invested with the Neapolitan crown. The allies' troops, underMuzio Attendolo, Braccio da Montone and other condottieri, invaded the Papal lands under Ladislaus' control and moved to Rome; Orsini, left by Ladislaus to protect the city, defected to them with 2,000 men. However, the allies captured only theVatican and theTrastevere quarter. Cardinal Cossa and Louis left the siege to their condottieri, and moved to northern Italy and Provence in search of further support.
Ladislaus took advantage of an anti-French revolt inGenoa to gain the support of that city (1410). Rome fell on 2 January, and the allies did not score any other notable results. On 16 or 17 May May, Louis' fleet, carrying new troops from Provence, was intercepted and partly destroyed off the Tuscan coast, with the loss of 6,000 men and Louis' treasure (for a value of 600,000 ducats), which fell into the hands of Ladislaus.[2] In the meantime, Alexander had died, being replaced by Cossa himself asJohn XXIII. John XXIII proclaimed acrusade against Ladislaus and authorised the sale ofindulgences to finance it.[8]
The slow pace of the allied army led the Florentines and Sienese to accept peace with Ladislaus, which he bought by renouncing some of his Tuscan conquests. Louis continued the struggle: his army, led byMuzio Attendolo, crushed the Neapolitan army atRoccasecca on 19 May 1411. He was unable to exploit this success, as he could not breach the defensive line that Ladislaus had set up atSan Germano. Louis soon returned to Rome and Provence, where he died six years later. In 1412, the situation turned more favorable to Ladislaus: hiscondottiereCarlo I Malatesta occupied part of theMarch of Ancona, and, above all, Muzio Attendolo joined Ladislaus. A peace was eventually signed on 14 June 1412, by which the Antipope paid 75,000florins, invested Ladislaus with the Neapolitan crown and named him asGonfalonier of the Church. Ladislaus promised in turn to abandon the cause of Gregory XII, who was ousted from Gaeta and moved toRimini.
The peace was only a means to gain time for both John XXIII, who did not want to pay the 75,000 florins, and Ladislaus, who feared intervention in Italy by Sigismund of Hungary.[2] After Florence initiated diplomatic contacts with Sigismund, Ladislaus marched northwards in mid-May 1413. On 8 June, his troops conquered and sacked Rome, after which he went into Umbria and northern Latium. As it was clearly his next objective, Florence forestalled him by signing a treaty, which recognized Ladislaus' conquest of the Papal States (onlyTodi andBologna had not fallen).
Having fallen ill in July 1414, Ladislaus was forced to return to Naples, where he died on 6 August 1414.[7] Rumours that he had been poisoned remain unproven: it is more likely that he fell ill due to an infection to his genitals.[2] He is buried in the church ofSan Giovanni a Carbonara, where a monument was built over his tomb. He was succeeded by his sister,Joanna II, the last member of the seniorAngevin line in Italy.
Ladislaus married three times:
Plus, in 1393, he agreed to marry Erhundi Hatun, a daughter of the Ottoman sultanBayezid I in exchange for help againstSigismund of Hungary, but the marriage did not materialize due to the rejection of the clause providing for the princess's conversion to Christianity.[9][10][11][12]
There were no children from any of his marriages. However Ladislaus had at least two illegitimate children:
Ladislaus of Naples Cadet branch of theHouse of Anjou Born: 5 September 1187 Died: 8 November 1226 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | King of Naples 1386–1389 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | King of Naples 1399–1414 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | King of Hungary andCroatia 1403 withSigismund (1403) (as contender) | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prince of Taranto 1406–1414 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Count of Lecce 1406–1414 With:Mary | Succeeded by |
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