| Lachish reliefs | |
|---|---|
 The single inscription which identifies the location depicted in the reliefs reads: "Sennacherib, the mighty king, king of the country of Assyria, sitting on the throne of judgment, before (or at the entrance of) the city of Lachish (Lakhisha). I give permission for its slaughter". Identification number: BM 124911 | |
| Height | 2.5 meters[1] |
| Width | 18 meters[2] |
| Created | c. 681 BC |
| Discovered | c. 1847 Mosul,Nineveh,Iraq |
| Discovered by | Austen Layard |
| Present location | London,England,United Kingdom |
TheLachish reliefs are a set ofAssyrian palace reliefs narrating the story of theAssyrian victory over thekingdom of Judah during thesiege of Lachish in 701 BCE. Carved between 700 and 681 BCE, as a decoration of the South-West Palace ofSennacherib inNineveh (in modernIraq), the relief is today in theBritish Museum inLondon,[3] and was included asitem 21 in theBBC Radio 4 seriesA History of the World in 100 Objects by the museum's former directorNeil MacGregor. The palace room, where the relief was discovered in 1845–1847, was fully covered with the "Lachish relief" and was 12 metres (39 ft) wide and 5.10 metres (16.7 ft) long.[4] TheLion Hunt of Ashurbanipal sequence was found in the same palace.
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The reliefs were discovered by the then 28-year-oldAusten Henry Layard during excavations in 1845–1847. Commenting on the inscription above the seated figure ofSennacherib, Layard wrote:
Here, therefore, was the actual picture of the taking of Lachish, the city as we know from the Bible, besieged by Sennacherib, when he sent his generals to demand tribute of Hezekiah, and which he had captured before their return; evidence of the most remarkable character to confirm the interpretation of the inscriptions, and to identify the king who caused them to be engraved with the Sennacherib of Scripture. This highly interesting series of bas-reliefs contained, moreover, an undoubted representation of a king, a city, and a people, with whose names we are acquainted, and of an event described in Holy Writ.
— Austen Henry Layard, Discoveries Among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, 1853,[5]
Layard noted in his work thatHenry Rawlinson, the "Father of Assyriology", disagreed with the identification as the biblical Lachish.[6] Rawlinson had written in 1852: "At the same time, it is hardly possible that the capture of Lakitsu, which is figured in the most elaborate manner on the walls of Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh, can refer to this city, as the two names are written quite differently in the Cuneiform characters."[7] Layard and others refuted Rawlinson's identification, and the identification as the biblical Lachish prevailed.
Israeli researcherYigael Yadin showed that the images of the walls and town depicted fit with the uncovered walls and town as seen from a certain point near theTel Lachish digs. The descriptions shown in the reliefs were compared with those written about Lachish in the bible and found to be similar as well.[8]
The events surrounding the conquest of Lachish are recorded in an unparalleled number of sources for the 8th century BCE; in theHebrew Bible, theLachish reliefs, Assyrian cuneiform prisms and in the archeological excavations at Lachish.[9] Sennacherib's conquests of Judean cities, without the capital Jerusalem, are mentioned in the Bible, theBook of Kings,Book of Chronicles, and in theBook of Isaiah.
"Later, whenSennacherib king ofAssyria and all his forces were laying siege toLachish, he sent his officers to Jerusalem with this message for Hezekiah king of Judah and for all the people of Judah who were there." – (2 Chronicles 32:9)
"Now it came to pass in the fourteenth year of King Hezekiah that Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the fortified cities of Judah and took them." – (Isaiah 36:1–2)
In his annals, Sennacherib claimed that he destroyed 46 fortified cities and towns of Judah and took 200,150 captives, although the number of captives is seen today widely as exaggeration. He also claimed that he besiegedKing Hezekiah ofJudah inJerusalem "like a bird in a cage."[10]
Grabbe and other scholars today consider the city pictured on the Lachish relief to be Jerusalem. They point out that since Jerusalem was not captured by the Assyrians, the artist from Nineveh who carved the relief "added simply Lakisu instead of "Ursalimmu"" (Jerusalem).[11] Other authors point out that the siege of Jerusalem is not depicted on the Lachish relief because it resulted in failure and the relief was seen as a way of compensation for not conquering Jerusalem.[12] The size of the relief, its position in the central room of his palace, and the fact that the Lachish relief constitutes the only battle scene created by Sennacherib, indicate the importance he gave to this successful siege and presumed victory over Judah.[13][14]
| Preceded by | A History of the World in 100 Objects Object 21 | Succeeded by |
