Israeli Labor Party מפלגת העבודה הישראלית | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Levi Eshkol(first) Yair Golan(last) |
| Founded | 23 January 1968 (1968-01-23) |
| Dissolved | 12 July 2024 (2024-07-12) (de facto) |
| Merger of | Mapai Ahdut HaAvoda Rafi |
| Merged into | The Democrats |
| Headquarters | Tel Aviv |
| Youth wing | Israeli Young Labor |
| Membership(2024) | 48,288[1] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-left[5] |
| National affiliation |
|
| European affiliation | Party of European Socialists (observer) |
| International affiliation | Progressive Alliance Socialist International (until 2018) |
| Colours | Red,blue |
| Most MKs | 49 (1969–1973) |
| Fewest MKs | 3 (2020–2021) |
| Election symbol | |
| אמת أمت [6] | |
| Website | |
havoda | |
TheIsraeli Labor Party (Hebrew:מפלגת העבודה הישראלית,romanized: Mifleget HaAvoda HaYisraelitⓘ), commonly known asHaAvoda (Hebrew:העבודה,lit. 'The Labor'), was asocial democraticpolitical party in Israel.[7] The party was established in 1968 by a merger ofMapai,Ahdut HaAvoda andRafi. Until 1977, all Israeli prime ministers were affiliated with the Labor movement.[8] The final party leader wasYair Golan, whowas elected on 28 May 2024.
A party in theLabor Zionist tradition supporting thewelfare state andtrade union links,[9] the Labor Party was associated with supporting theIsraeli–Palestinian peace process, pragmatic foreign affairs policies and social-democratic economic policies.[10] The party has also been described assecular,[9][11][12]progressive,[13] and in favour of atwo-state solution.[14] The party was a member ofSocialist International until July 2018,[15][16][17] and was subsequently a member of theProgressive Alliance and an observer member of theParty of European Socialists.[18][19]
On 30 June 2024, under the leadership of its new head,Yair Golan, the party agreed to merge withMeretz to form a new party,The Democrats. Under the merger agreement there will be one Meretz representative in every four spots on the new party's electoral list as well as on the party bodies, and there will also be representation for Meretz's municipal factions.[20] The agreement was ratified by delegates of both Labor and Meretz on 12 July 2024. Under the agreement, Meretz and Labor continue as separate corporate and budgetary entities, and their factions in the Histadrut, municipal councils and other bodies outside the Knesset will not merge at this stage but will cooperate.[21]
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The foundations for the formation of the Israeli Labor Party were laid shortly before the1965 Knesset elections whenMapai, the largest left-wing party in the country and the dominant partner in every government sinceindependence, formed an alliance withAhdut HaAvoda.[22] Mapai'sArab satellite lists followed the merger. The alliance was an attempt by Mapai to shore up the party's share of the vote following a break-away of eight MKs (around a fifth of Mapai's Knesset faction) led by former prime ministerDavid Ben-Gurion to form a new party,Rafi, in protest against Mapai's failure to approve a change to the country's proportional representationelectoral system.
The alliance, called theLabor Alignment, won 45 seats in the elections, and was able to form the government in coalition with theNational Religious Party,Mapam, theIndependent Liberals,Poalei Agudat Yisrael,Progress and Development andCooperation and Brotherhood. After theSix-Day War broke out, Rafi andGahal joined the coalition. On 23 January 1968, Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi (with the exception of Ben-Gurion, who formed theNational List in protest) merged into one body, creating the Israeli Labor Party.[23][24] On 28 January 1969, the party allied itself with Mapam, the alliance becoming known as theAlignment.
As the largest faction within the Alignment, Labor came to dominate it. Mapam left during theeighth Knesset, but rejoined shortly afterwards.[citation needed] During the 1970s, the welfare state was expanded[25][26] under successive Labor governments, with increases in pension benefits[27] and the creation of new social security schemes such as disability insurance and unemployment insurance in 1970, children's insurance in 1975, vacation pay for adopting parents in 1976,[28] a Family Allowance for Veterans in 1970, a benefit for Prisoners of Zion in 1973, and a mobility benefit and a Volunteers' Rights benefit in 1975.[29] During 1975–76, a modest program of housing rehabilitation was launched in a dozen or so older neighbourhoods,[30] while the Sick Leave Compensation Law of 1976 provided for compensation in cases when employees were absent from work because of illness.[31]
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In the1977 elections, Labor ended up in opposition for the first time. In the1984 elections, Labor joined a national unity government withLikud, with the post of Prime Minister rotating between the two parties. Mapam broke away again during the eleventh Knesset, angry atShimon Peres's decision to form a national unity government with Likud. Although the Independent Liberals merged into the Alignment in the 1980s, they had no Knesset representation at the time.
On 7 October 1991, the Alignment ceased to exist, with all factions formally merged into the Labor Party. At this time, the Likud government faced numerous problems, such as economic problems, the challenge of assimilating a large influx of immigrants from the formerSoviet Union, serious tensions with the American government led by PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush[32] and internal division. Led byYitzhak Rabin, Labor won the1992 elections and formed the government, together withMeretz andShas. In domestic policy, the Labor-led government introduced various measures to improve levels of social protection. Better provisions were introduced for single parents[33] and people with disabilities,[34] while income support entitlements were liberalised.[35]
The 1994 Law to Reduce Poverty and Income Inequality (which was extended a year later) increased income maintenance grants to needy families, particularly benefitting those sections of society most vulnerable to poverty.[36] In 1995, a national health insurance policy was implemented.[37] Various measures were also introduced to bring greater progressivity into the system of collection of national insurance contributions.[38] A maternity grant for adopting mothers was introduced,[39] together with old-age insurance for housewives,[40] a minimum unemployment allowance,[41] and a partial injury allowance.[42] In addition, investments were made in numerous development projects[43] while affirmative action programmes were launched to hire Palestinian citizens in the public sector, the Ministry of Interior increased the budgets for Arab local councils, and the Ministry of Education increased the budget for Arab education.[44]
The subsequent role of Labor became to a large extent tied to the Oslo Accords, based on the principle "land for peace". TheOslo Accords led to a vote of confidence, which the Government won with a margin of 61–50 (8 abstained). Several MKs from the Government parties declined to support the Government, but on the other hand, the Arab parties came to its rescue. Due to the lack of a constitution in Israel, the Government was able to implement the accords with a thin margin. Rabin's decision to advance peace talks with the Palestinians to the point of signing theOslo Accords led to hisassassination byYigal Amir in 1995. Peres decided to call early elections in 1996 to give him a mandate for advancing the peace process. However, his ploy failed; although Labor won the most seats in theKnesset election, he lost theelection for Prime Minister toBenjamin Netanyahu following a wave ofsuicide bombings byHamas. Netanyahu and Likud were thus able to form the government.
With his coalition falling apart, Netanyahu decided to call early elections in 1999.Ehud Barak won the internal primaries, and was nominated as the Labor candidate for Prime Minister. Meanwhile, the party entered an electoral alliance withMeimad andGesher calledOne Israel. Barak won theprime minister election, whilst One Israel won theKnesset elections, albeit with only 26 seats. Barak started by forming a 75-member coalition, together withShas,Meretz,Yisrael BaAliyah, theNational Religious Party, andUnited Torah Judaism. The coalition with religious parties (NRP, Shas, and UTJ) caused tensions with thesecularist Meretz, who quit the coalition after a disagreement with Shas over the authority of the Deputy Education Minister. The rest of the parties left before theCamp David 2000 summit.
Following theOctober 2000 riots and the violence of theSecond Intifada, Barak resigned from office. He then lost aspecial election for Prime Minister toLikud'sAriel Sharon. However, Labor remained in Sharon's coalition as he formed anational unity government with Likud, Labor, Shas, Yisrael BaAliyah and United Torah Judaism, and were given two of the most important cabinet portfolios; Peres was appointedMinister of Foreign Affairs andBenjamin Ben-Eliezer was madeDefense Minister. Labor supportedOperation Defensive Shield, which was conducted in April 2002 against Palestinians in theWest Bank. After harsh criticism that Peres and Ben-Elizer were "puppets" of Sharon and not promoting the peace process, Labor quit the government in 2003.[citation needed]
Prior to the2003 elections,Amram Mitzna won the party primaries, and led the party into the election with a platform that included unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. The party was routed in the elections, winning only 19 seats, whilst Sharon's Likud won 38 (40 afterYisrael BaAliyah merged into the party). Subsequently, due to internal opposition, Mitzna resigned from the party leadership,[45] and soon afterwards was replaced by Shimon Peres. Sharon invited Labor into the coalition to shore up support for thedisengagement plan (effectively Mitzna's policy which he had earlier lambasted) after theNational Union and theNational Religious Party had left the government.[citation needed]
On 8 November 2005, Shimon Peres was replaced as the leader of the Labor party by the election of left-wing Histadrut union leaderAmir Peretz in an internal Labor party ballot. Critics of Labor have argued that, over the years, the party had abandoned itssocialist heritage in favor of economic and business elites, and had passed the mantle of custodian of the underprivileged to right-wing and religious parties.[46] Peretz stated his intention to reassert Labor's traditional socialist policies, and took the party out of the government. This prompted Sharon to resign and call for newelections in March 2006. Prior to the election, the political map had been redrawn, as Sharon and the majority of Likud's MKs, together with a number of Labor MKs, including Shimon Peres, and some from other parties, had formed the new political partyKadima. In the elections Labor won 19 seats, making it the second largest party after Kadima. It joinedEhud Olmert's Kadima-led government, with Peretz appointed Defense Minister. Labor's main coalition demand and campaign promise was raising the minimum wage.[47]
On 28 May 2007, aleadership election resulted in Ehud Barak and Ami Ayalon defeating Peretz who was pushed into third place. In therun-off election (required as neither Barak nor Ayalon received over 40% of the vote), Barak was re-elected as party chairman. Despite stating that he would withdraw the party from the government unless Olmert resigned,[48] Barak remained in government and took over as Defense Minister. Prior to the2009 elections Labor and Meimad ended their alliance, with Meimad ultimately running a joint list with theGreen Movement (which did not pass the electoral threshold). Several prominent members left the party, includingAmi Ayalon, andEfraim Sneh (who formedYisrael Hazaka). In the elections, Labor was reduced to just 13 seats, making it the fourth largest party behind Kadima, Likud andYisrael Beiteinu.[citation needed]
Analysing the downfall of the once dominant political party in Israel, Efraim Inbar of theBegin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies points to several factors. By forfeiting identification with the establishment and building of the State of Israel, symbolised by a predilection for military service and by the settling of the land of Israel, Labor lost its most important asset. Deserting the Zionist symbol of Jerusalem, by showing willingness to cede part of it to the Palestinians was an ill-fated move. Their association with theOslo Accords meant that they could not avoid being discredited by its failure. Demographic factors have worked against Labor, as the growingSefardi population, as well as the recent Russian-Jewish immigrants, have largely voted for other parties. Attempts to gain the support of theIsraeli Arab voters have damaged the image of the party, and yielded no harvest.[46]
On 17 January 2011, disillusionment with party leader Ehud Barak, over his support for coalition policies, especially regarding the peace process, led to Barak's resignation from the Labor Party with four other Knesset members to establish a new "centrist, Zionist and democratic" party,Independence. Following this move, all Labor Party government ministers resigned. Two days after the split, a group of prominent members of Israel's business, technology, and cultural communities includingJerusalem Venture Partners founderErel Margalit founded the "Avoda Now" movement calling for a revival of the Labor Party. The movement launched a public campaign calling the people to support the Labor Party, with the aim of renewing its institutions, restore its social values, and choose new dynamic leadership.[49]
Shelly Yachimovich waselected leader in 2011 saying "I promise that we will work together. This is just the beginning of a new start for Israeli society." She was congratulated by many in the party including her one-time rival Amir Peretz.[50] Yachimovich was replaced as leader byIsaac Herzog in2013. In the2013 legislative election held on 22 January 2013, Labor received 11.39% of the national vote, winning 15 seats.[51]
On 10 December 2014, party leader Isaac Herzog andTzipi Livni, leader and founder of theHatnuah party, announced anelectoral alliance to contest the upcoming legislative election.[52] In the2015 legislative election on 7 March 2015, the joint listZionist Union received 24 seats in the Knesset, of which 19 belong to the Labor Party. Both parties remained independent parties while both represented by theZionist Union faction in the Knesset. The partnership continued after Avi Gabbay waselected chairman of the party on 10 July 2017, until 1 January 2019, when Gabbay announced the dissolution of the union unilaterally.[53] On 10 July 2018, the Labor Party suspended its membership of theSocialist International after the international adopted a policy ofBDS towards Israel.[54]
Labor's support collapsed in theApril 2019 legislative election, being reduced to only 4.43% of votes and 6 seats, marking it as the worst result in the party's history. Anger at Gabbay intensified, with poor election results, and negotiating with the right to join a Netanyahu-led government. Longtime party member Peretz criticized Gabbay, tweeting "We will not enter or sit in his [Netanyahu] government. Every other option is a violation of everything we promised to the public".[55] Gabbay resigned in June.[56] In July 2019, Amir Peretz waselected as the new leader of the Labor party.[57] A few weeks later, on 18 July 2019, ahead of theSeptember 2019 election, Amir Peretz merged the party with theGesher party, giving Gesher multiple spots on Labor's candidate list.[58]
On 12 January 2020, Labor announced that it was negotiating a joint list withMeretz to prevent the possibility of either party not making the electoral threshold and not entering the Knesset.[59] Labor and Meretz announced a joint run on 13 January 2020,[60] with the Labor party central committee voting in favor of ratification of the alliance the following day.[61] Meretz approved the alliance on 14 January.[62] The alliance submitted its list on 15 January under the name Labor-Gesher-Meretz.[63] In March 2020, Gesher's only MKOrly Levy announced that she was splitting from the union due to their support ofBenny Gantz's efforts to set up aminority government with theJoint List, with him as Prime Minister.[64] Gantz later abandoned that effort and instead joined a "national unitycoronavirus government" headed byBenjamin Netanyahu. After repeatedly promising not to join a government headed by Netanyahu,[65][55][66] Peretz decided to bring Labor into that coalition headed by Netanyahu to "promote social justice" along with Gantz.[67]
On 22 April 2020, it was announced that Labor Party leaderAmir Peretz would serve as Israel's Economic Minister as a result of a coalition agreement which was made following the2020 Israeli legislative election and will coordinate with Blue and White on parliamentary matters and policy issues.[68][69][70] Despite agreeing to join the new government, Peretz also stated that he and other Labor MKs will still vote against aproposed West Bank annexation plan.[71] On 26 April 2020, 64.2% of the Labor Party's 3,840 central committee members approved of Peretz's decision to join the new government.[72][73] During the coalition talks, the party was under negotiations withBlue and White to implement a merger.[74] On 17 May 2020, Peretz was officially sworn in at the new Israeli economic minister.[75] Labor memberItzik Shmuli also joined the Israeli government after being sworn in as Israel's Minister of Welfare.[75]
Peretz decided to not run for re-election in the2021 election and also resigned as leader. In the consequentleadership election,Merav Michaeli (who did not join theNetanyahu government) was elected leader. Labor, which was struggling to cross the threshold in polls taken before Michaeli became leader, increased their share of seats to 7. The party subsequently joined thenew government.[76][77] Michaeli was re-elected leader ahead of the2022 election. This was the first time the party re-elected its leader since primaries were held starting in 1992.[78] In the2022 elections the party was reduced to four seats and winning 3.69% of the votes.[79] In December 2023, Michaeli announced her intention to step down as Labor leader.[80] The following February, aleadership election was called for 28 May,[81] whichYair Golan won on a platform of merging the party with the rivalMeretz party.[82] On 30 June 2024, an agreement between Labor and Meretz was signed to merge the parties and formThe Democrats,[20] which was approved by the newly elected party delegates on 12 July.[83]
Despite the merger, members of The Democrats are identified in the 25th Knesset as members of theLabor Party, following an unsuccessful attempt to rename the Knesset faction.[84]
Mapai evolved from thesocialistPoale Zion movement and adhered to theSocialist Zionist ideology promulgated byNahum Syrkin andBer Borochov. Under Ben-Gurion's leadership (1930–1954), Mapai focused mainly on aZionist agenda, as establishing ahomeland for the Jewish people was seen as the most urgent issue.
After the founding of thestate of Israel, Mapai engaged in nation building—the establishment of theIsrael Defense Forces (while dismantling every other armed group), the establishment of many settlements, the settling of more than 1,000,000 Jewish immigrants and the desire to unite all the inhabitants of Israel under a new Zionist Jewish Israeli culture (an ideology known as the "Melting pot" כור היתוך).
Labor in the past was morehawkish on security and defense issues than it is now. During its years in office, Israel fought the1956 Sinai War, theSix-Day War and theYom Kippur War.
While originally ademocratic socialist party, Labor evolved into a programme that supported amixed economy with strongsocial welfare programmes. In November 2005,Amir Peretz, leader of the social-democraticOne Nation which had merged into Labor after a split in 1999,[85] was elected chairman of the party, defeatingShimon Peres. Under Peretz, especially in the2006 electoral campaign, the party took a significant ideological turn, putting social and economic issues on top of its agenda, and advocating asocial democratic approach (including increases in minimum wage and social security payments), in sharp contrast to theeconomically liberal policies led by former Finance MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu. In the post–Cold War era, the party's foreign policy retained a strong orientation toward theUnited States (especially theDemocratic Party), and its security policy maintained that a permanent peace with the Palestinians can only be based on agreements that are enforceable.[86] Labor supported atwo-state solution and the creation of an independent, demilitarized Palestinian state.[14]
On social issues, Labor supportedsame-sex marriage, the legalisation ofcannabis, advancing surrogacy rights for gay couples and organized public transportation onShabbat.[14] Labor was committed to the continued existence of Israel as aJewish and democratic state. It believed in maintaining a strong defense force and also supports the promotion of individual human rights. It supported most Supreme Court decisions on the latter issue, as well as the adoption of a written constitution that would entrench human rights.[86] The party opposed theNation State Bill in 2018, and after its passing pledged to adding a clause emphasising equality for all citizens.[14]
| No. | Image | Leader | Took office | Left office | Prime Ministerial tenure | Knesset elections | Elected/reelected as leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Levi Eshkol | 1968 | 1969 | 1963–1969 | 1965(as leader of Mapai) | 1965(Mapai) |
| 2 |  | Golda Meir | 1969 | 1974 | 1969–1974 | 1969,1973 | 1969 |
| 3 | .jpg) | Yitzhak Rabin | 1974 | 1977 | 1974–1977 | 1974,1977 (Feb) | |
| 4 | .jpg) | Shimon Peres | 1977 | 1992 | 1984–1986 | 1977,1981,1984,1988 | 1977 (Apr),1980,1984 |
| (3) | | Yitzhak Rabin | 1992 | 1995 | 1992–1995 | 1992 | 1992 |
| (4) |  | Shimon Peres | 1995 | 1997 | 1995–1996 | 1996 | 1995[87] |
| 5 | .jpg) | Ehud Barak | 1997 | 2001 | 1999–2001 | 1999 | 1997[87] |
| 6 |  | Binyamin Ben-Eliezer | 2001 | 2002 | 2001[88] | ||
| 7 |  | Amram Mitzna | 2002 | 2003 | 2003 | 2002[89] | |
| (4) |  | Shimon Peresinterim[90] | 2003 | 2005 | 2003[90] | ||
| 8 | .jpg) | Amir Peretz | 2005 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005[91] | |
| (5) |  | Ehud Barak | 2007 | 2011 | 2009 | 2007 | |
| 9 |  | Shelly Yachimovich | 2011 | 2013 | 2013 | 2011 | |
| 10 |  | Isaac Herzog | 2013 | 2017 | 2015 | 2013 | |
| 11 | .jpg) | Avi Gabbay | 2017 | 2019 | 2019 (Apr) | 2017 | |
| (8) |  | Amir Peretz | 2019 | 2021 | 2019 (Sep),2020 | 2019 | |
| 12 |  | Merav Michaeli | 2021 | 2024 | 2021,2022 | 2021,2022 | |
| 13 | .jpg) | Yair Golan | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
The rules adopted in 1963 by the preceding Mapai party for electing leaders saw the party's leader elected by a vote of its Central Committee. This initially remained the case with the Labor Party when it succeeded Mapai.[87] Beginning with the 1977 leadership election, the party shifted to electing its leaders by a vote of the party's convention delegates.[87] Following Rabin's resignation, only months after the February 1977 leadership election, the party opted against holding another convention vote, and instead selected Peres as its new leader by a vote of its Central Committee.[87] A vote of convention delegates was again used in the 1980 leadership election.[87]
The party's 5th convention adopted a rule change that shifted the election of party leaders to a vote of the party's general membership.[87] As a result, since 1992, Labor Party leaders have been chosen through party membership votes, aside from exceptional circumstances.[87] Exceptional circumstances arose after the November 1995assassination of Rabin, which saw the a vote of the party's Central Committee used to install Peres as the party's new leader.[87] Exceptional circumstances again arose in 2003, when an internal vote of the party's Central Committee was used to select Shimon Peres to serve as they party's interim leader until a later vote for a new permanent leader.[90]
Prominent former members include:
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | Golda Meir | Part ofAlignment | 49 / 120 | Coalition | ||
| 1973 | 44 / 120 |  5 | Coalition | |||
| 1977 | Shimon Peres | 28 / 120 | 16 | Opposition | ||
| 1981 | 40 / 120 |  12 | Opposition | |||
| 1984 | 37 / 120 | 3 | Coalition | |||
| 1988[a] | 685,363 | 30.02 (#2) | 39 / 120 | 2 | Coalition(1988–1990) | |
| Opposition(1990–1992) | ||||||
| 1992 | Yitzhak Rabin | 906,810 | 34.65 (#1) | 44 / 120 | 5 | Coalition |
| 1996 | Shimon Peres | 818,741 | 26.83 (#1) | 34 / 120 | 10 | Opposition |
| 1999 | Ehud Barak | Part ofOne Israel | 23 / 120 | 11 | Coalition(1999–2002) | |
| Opposition(2002–2003) | ||||||
| 2003[b] | Amram Mitzna | 455,183 | 14.46 (#2) | 18 / 120 | 5 | Opposition(2003–2005) |
| Coalition(2005) | ||||||
| Opposition(2005–2006) | ||||||
| 2006[b] | Amir Peretz | 472,366 | 15.06 (#2) | 18 / 120 |  | Coalition |
| 2009 | Ehud Barak | 334,900 | 9.93 (#4) | 13 / 120 | 5 | Coalition(2009–2011) |
| Opposition(2011–2013) | ||||||
| 2013 | Shelly Yachimovich | 432,118 | 11.39 (#3) | 15 / 120 | 2 | Opposition |
| 2015 | Isaac Herzog | Part ofZionist Union | 19 / 120 | 4 | Opposition | |
| Apr 2019 | Avi Gabbay | 190,870 | 4.43 (#6) | 6 / 120 | 13 | Snap election |
| Sep 2019[c] | Amir Peretz | 212,782 | 4.80 (#9) | 5 / 120 | 1 | Snap election |
| 2020 | Part ofLabor-Gesher-Meretz | 3 / 120 | 2 | Coalition[d] | ||
| 2021 | Merav Michaeli | 268,737 | 6.09 (#6) | 7 / 120 | 4 | Coalition |
| 2022 | 175,922 | 3.69 (#10) | 4 / 120 | 3 | Opposition | |
| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Shimon Peres | 1,471,566 | 49.5 (#2) | Lost |
| 1999 | Ehud Barak | 1,791,020 | 56.1 (#1) | Won |
| 2001 | Ehud Barak | 1,023,944 | 37.6 (#2) | Lost |
| Knesset | Members | Total |
|---|---|---|
| 7 (1969–1974) | Aharon Becker,Eliyahu Sasson,Ze'ev Sherf,Ya'akov Shimshon Shapira,Yitzhak Ben-Aharon,Mordechai Ben-Porat,Mordechai Bibi,Shimon Peres,Mordechai Ofer (replaced byMoshe Shahal 1 September 1971),Pinchas Sapir,Avraham Ofer,Yitzhak Navon,Moshe Dayan,Reuven Barkat,Yigal Allon,Yosef Almogi,Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino,Moshe Baram,Menachem Cohen,David Coren,Yitzhak Coren,Adiel Amorai,Ari Ankorion,Abba Eban,Aryeh Eliav,Ada Feinberg-Sireni,Yisrael Galili,Uzi Feinerman,Zina Harman,Ze'ev Herring,Shlomo Hillel,Yisrael Kargman,Shalom Levin,Zvi Dinstein,Moshe Carmel,Yisrael Yeshayahu,Gad Yaacobi,Haim Yosef Zadok,Avraham Zilberberg,Mathilda Guez,Zvi Guershoni,Yizhar Harari,Mordechai Zar,Aharon Yadlin,Ben-Zion Halfon,Golda Meir,Haim Gvati,Mordechai Surkis,Yehonatan Yifrah,Moshe Wertman | 50 (part ofAlignment) |
| 8 (1973–1977) | Yigal Allon, Yosef Almogi, Adiel Amorai, Ari Ankorion, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino, Moshe Baram, Yitzhak Ben-Aharon, Mordechai Ben-Porat (Left party to sit as an independent), Moshe Carmel, David Coren, Moshe Dayan, Abba Eban, Aryeh Eliav (Left party to sit as an independent, before establishingYa'ad – Civil Rights Movement and then forming theIndependent Socialist Faction), Uzi Feinerman (replaced byAmos Hadar 8 April 1974), Yisrael Galili,Avraham Givelber, Zvi Guershoni (replaced bySenetta Yoseftal 1 September 1976), Mathilda Guez,Menachem Hacohen, Ben-Zion Halfon,Michael Harish,Esther Herlitz, Shlomo Hillel, Yisrael Kargman,Nuzhat Katzav, Shalom Levin, Golda Meir (replaced byJacques Amir 10 June 1974),Eliyahu Moyal,Ora Namir, Yitzhak Navon, Avraham Ofer (replaced byYehiel Leket 3 January 1977), Shimon Peres,Yitzhak Rabin, Pinchas Sapir (replaced byYa'akov Frank 12 August 1975),Yossi Sarid, Moshe Shahal, Moshe Wertman, Gad Yaacobi, Aharon Yadlin,Aviad Yafeh,Aharon Yariv (replaced byZvi Alderoti 16 May 1977), Yisrael Yeshayahu, Haim Yosef Zadok, Avraham Zilberberg,Haviv Shimoni (replacedAbd el-Aziz el-Zoubi of theMapam, 14 February 1974) | 44 (part of Alignment) |
| 9 (1977–1981) | Yigal Allon (replaced byYehuda Hashai 29 February 1980), Jacques Amir, Adiel Amorai, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino,Haim Bar-Lev,Uzi Baram, Moshe Dayan (Left party to sit as an independent before establishingTelem), Abba Eban,Tamar Eshel, Menachem Hacohen, Amos Hadar, Michael Harish, Shlomo Hillel,Yeruham Meshel, Eliyahu Moyal, Ora Namir, Yitzhak Navon (replaced byAvraham Katz-Oz 18 April 1978), Shimon Peres,Yitzhak Rabin,Yehoshua Rabinovitz (replaced byEsther Herlitz 14 August 1979),Daniel Rosolio, Yossi Sarid, Moshe Shahal,Eliyahu Speiser, Gad Yaacobi, Aharon Yadlin (replaced byZe'ev Katz 12 January 1979),Yehezkel Zakai, Haim Yosef Zadok (replaced byEmri Ron of Mapam) | 28 (part of the Alignment) |
| 10 (1981–1984) | Jacques Amir, Adiel Amorai,Nava Arad, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino, Haim Bar-Lev,Michael Bar-Zohar, Uzi Baram,Dov Ben-Meir,Naftali Blumenthal, Abba Eban,Rafael Edri, Tamar Eshel,Ya'akov Gil,Mordechai Gur, Menachem Hacohen,Aharon Harel,Moshe Harif (replaced byEdna Solodar 16 January 1982), Michael Harish,Yehuda Hashai,Chaim Herzog (replaced byNahman Raz 22 March 1983), Shlomo Hillel, Avraham Katz-Oz,Hamad Khalaily Yeruham Meshel,Aharon Nahmias,Ra'anan Naim, Ora Namir,Aryeh Nehemkin, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, Daniel Rosolio (replaced byHaim Ramon 16 March 1983), Yossi Sarid,Uri Sebag, Moshe Shahal, Eliyahu Speiser,Rafael Suissa,Ya'akov Tzur,Shevah Weiss, Gad Yaacobi, Yehezkel Zakai | 40 (part of Alignment) |
| 11 (1984–1988) | Jacques Amir, Adiel Amorai (replaced byUri Sebag 31 October 1988), Nava Arad, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino,Yitzhak Artzi, Haim Bar-Lev, Uzi Baram, Dov Ben-Meir,Abdulwahab Darawshe (Left party to sit as an independent, before forming theArab Democratic Party),Simcha Dinitz (replaced by Ya'akov Gil 13 March 1988), Abba Eban, Rafael Edri, Mordechai Gur, Menachem Hacohen, Aharon Harel (replaced byAvraham Shochat 10 May 1988), Michael Harish, Shlomo Hillel, Avraham Katz-Oz,Yisrael Kessar,David Libai,Amnon Linn, Aharon Nahmias, Ora Namir, Yitzhak Navon, Aryeh Nehemkin, Shimon Peres,Yitzhak Peretz, Yitzhak Rabin, Haim Ramon, Nahman Raz, Yossi Sarid (Left party to joinRatz), Moshe Shahal,Efraim Shalom, Edna Solodar, Eliyahu Speiser, Ya'akov Tzur, Shevah Weiss, Gad Yaacobi | 38 (as part of the Alignment,Mapam leaves Alignment following election) |
| 12 (1988–1992) | Nava Arad, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino, Haim Bar-Lev, Michael Bar-Zohar, Uzi Baram,Yossi Beilin,Binyamin Ben-Eliezer,Eli Ben-Menachem,Avraham Burg,Ra'anan Cohen,Eli Dayan, Rafael Edri, Aryeh Eliav,Gedalia Gal,Micha Goldman,Efraim Gur (Left party to establish theUnity for Peace and Immigration, which merged into Likud), Mordechai Gur, Michael Harish, Shlomo Hillel, Avraham Katz-Oz (replaced byPini Shomer 28 May 1996), Yisrael Kessar, David Libai,Nawaf Massalha,Hagai Meirom, Ora Namir, Yitzhak Navon, Shimon Peres,Amir Peretz, Yitzhak Rabin, Haim Ramon, Moshe Shahal,Shimon Shetreet, Avraham Shochat, Edna Solodar, Ya'akov Tzur, Shevah Weiss,Ezer Weizman, Gad Yaacobi,Emanuel Zisman | 39 (Alignment dissolved and renamed Labor Party) |
| 13 (1992–1996) | Shmuel Avital, Uzi Baram, Yossi Beilin, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Eli Ben-Menachem,Shlomo Bohbot, Avraham Burg (replaced byHaneh Hadad 5 July 1995), Ra'anan Cohen, Eli Dayan,Yael Dayan, Rafael Edri,Rafi Elul, Gedalia Gal, Micha Goldman,Eli Goldschmidt, Mordechai Gur (replaced by Avraham Katz-Oz 16 July 1995), Michael Harish,Dalia Itzik,Avigdor Kahalani (Left party to establish theThird Way),Yossi Katz, Yisrael Kessar,Yoram Lass, David Libai,Masha Lubelsky, Nawaf Massalha, Hagai Meirom, Ora Namir,Ori Orr, Shimon Peres, Amir Peretz, Yitzhak Rabin (replaced byNava Arad 5 November 1995, left Labor to sit as Independent in 1996), Haim Ramon,Gideon Sagi, Moshe Shahal,Ya'akov Shefi, Shimon Shetreet, Avraham Shochat,Efraim Sneh,Salah Tarif,Yosef Vanunu, Shevah Weiss,Avraham Yehezkel, Emanuel Zisman (Left party to establish theThird Way),Nissim Zvili | 44 |
| 14 (1996–1997) | Adisu Massala (Left party to establishOne Nation), Amir Peretz (Left party to establishOne Nation), Avraham Shochat, Avraham Yehezkel, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Dalia Itzik, David Libai (Replaced byEitan Cabel on 15 October 1996),Efi Oshaya, Efraim Sneh,Ehud Barak, Eli Ben-Menachem, Eli Goldschmidt, Hagai Meirom (Left party to establishCentre Party), Haim Ramon, Micha Goldman, Moshe Shahal (Replaced byRafik Haj Yahia on 20 March 1998), Nawaf Massalha, Nissim Zvili (Left party to establishCentre Party),Ophir Pines-Paz, Ori Orr, Ra'anan Cohen, Rafael Edri, Rafi Elul, Saleh Tarif,Shalom Simhon, Shevah Weiss, Shimon Peres,Shlomo Ben-Ami,Sofa Landver, Uzi Baram, Yael Dayan,Yona Yahav, Yossi Beilin, Yossi Katz | 34 |
| 15 (1999–2003) | Ehud Barak (Resigned from Knesset and replaced by Eitan Cabel on 9 March 2001), Shimon Peres, Shlomo Ben-Ami (Resigned from Knesset and replaced byOrit Noked on 11 August 2002), Yossi Beilin (Resigned from Knesset and replaced by Eli Ben-Menachem on 17 November 1999),Matan Vilnai (Resigned from Knesset and replaced byColette Avital on 17 November 1999), Avraham Burg, Ra'anan Cohen (Resigned from Knesset and replaced byTzali Reshef on 21 August 2002), Uzi Baram (Resigned from Knesset and replaced by Efi Oshaya on 15 February 2001), Dalia Itzik, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Haim Ramon, Eli Goldschmidt (Resigned from Knesset and replaced byMordechai Mishani ofGesher on 15 February 2001), Avraham Shochat, Yael Dayan, Ophir Pines-Paz, Efraim Sneh, Nawaf Massalha, Avraham Yehezkel, Sofa Landver, Salah Tarif, Shalom Simhon, Yossi Katz,Weizman Shiri | 22 (as part ofOne Israel) |
| 16th (2003–2006) | Amram Mitzna (Replaced by Salah Tarif on 23 February 2005, who was replaced byRonen Tzur on 22 January 2006), Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Shimon Peres (Replaced byWizman Shiry on 17 January 2006 when he left to joinKadima), Matan Vilnai, Avraham Burg (Replaced byRaleb Majadele on 28 June 2004), Dalia Itzik (Replaced by Avraham Yehezkel on 17 January 2006 when she left to joinKadima and thenDani Koren on 28 January 2006), Ophir Pines-Paz, Efraim Sneh,Yuli Tamir,Isaac Herzog, Haim Ramon (Replaced by Efi Oshaya on 18 January 2006 when he left to joinKadima and then byTova Ilan of Meimad on 21 January 2006),Danny Yatom, Eitan Cabel, Avraham Shochat (Replaced by Sofa Landver on 11 January 2006 and thenOrna Angel on 8 February 2006 and thenNeta Dobrin on 15 February 2006), Colette Avital, Shalom Simhon, Orit Noked, Eli Ben-Menachem | 18 (as part of Labor-Meimad) |
| 17 (2006–2009) | Amir Peretz, Isaac Herzog, Ophir Pines-Paz,Avishay Braverman, Yuli Tamir,Ami Ayalon (Joined Meimad in November 2008), Eitan Cabel, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer,Shelly Yachimovich, Matan Vilnai, Colette Avital,Nadia Hilou, Shalom Simhon, Orit Noked,Yoram Marciano, Raleb Majadele, Efriam Sneh (replaced byShakhiv Shana'an on 28 May 2008 when he left the Knesset to form his own party), Danny Yatom (replaced byLeon Litinetsky on 30 June 2008) | 18 (as part of Labor-Meimad) |
| 18 (2009–2013) | Shelly Yachimovich, Isaac Herzog, Avishay Braverman, Eitan Cabel, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer,Daniel Ben-Simon, Raleb Majadele, Yoram Marciano, Ophir Pines-Paz (replaced byEinat Wilf on 10 January 2010. Wilf resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party), Ehud Barak (resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party) Matan Vilnai resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party), Shalom Simhon (resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party), Orit Noked resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party), Amir Peretz (replaced by Yoram Marciano on 9 December 2012 when Peretz resigned to joinHatnua) | 13 (as Labor) |
| 19 (2013–2015) | Shelly Yachimovich, Isaac Herzog, Eitan Cabel,Merav Michaeli,Yehiel Bar,Omer Bar-Lev,Stav Shaffir, Avishay Braverman,Erel Margalit,Itzik Shmuli,Mickey Rosenthal,Michal Biran,Nachman Shai,Moshe Mizrahi, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer (replaced by Raleb Majadele 14 December 2014) | 15 |
| 20 (2015–2019) | Isaac Herzog (replaced byRobert Tiviaev ofHatnua 31 July 2018), Shelly Yachimovich, Stav Shaffir, Itzik Shmuli, Omer Bar-Lev, Yehiel Bar, Amir Peretz (rejoined the Labor Party from Hatnua), Merav Michaeli, Eitan Cabel, Mickey Rosenthal,Revital Swid,Eitan Broshi, Michal Biran, Nachman Shai,Ayelet Nahmias-Verbin,Yossi Yona,Saleh Saad (replacedManuel Trajtenberg on 3 October 2017),Leah Fadida (replaced Erel Margalit 6 October 2017),Zouheir Bahloul (replaced by Moshe Mizrahi 18 October 2018),Danny Atar (replaced byYael Cohen Paran of Hatnua on 25 November 2015) | 19 (as part ofZionist Union) |
| 21 (April–September 2019) | Avi Gabbay,Tal Russo, Itzik Shmuli, Shelly Yachimovich, Amir Peretz, Merav Michaeli (replaced by Stav Shaffir 1 August 2019) | 6 (as Labor) |
| 22 (September 2019 – 2020) | Amir Peretz, Itzik Shmuli, Merav Michaeli, Omer Bar-Lev, Revital Swid | 5 (as part ofLabor-Gesher) |
| 23 (2020–2021) | Amir Peretz (replaced byIlan Gilon ofMeretz 28 January 2021), Itzik Shmuli, Merav Michaeli | 3 (as part ofLabor-Gesher-Meretz) |
| 24 (2021–2022) | Merav Michaeli,Emilie Moatti,Gilad Kariv,Efrat Rayten,Ram Shefa,Ibtisam Mara'ana, Omer Bar-Lev (replaced byNaama Lazimi 22 June 2021 underNorwegian Law) | 7 (as Labor) |
| 25 (2022–present) | Merav Michaeli, Naama Lazimi, Gilad Kariv, Efrat Rayten | 4 (as Labor) |
העבודה היא מפלגת שמאל ציוני מתונה
מיכאלי היא גם שגרירתו האותנטית של השמאל המתקדם, ה"פרוגרסיב", על המפלגות בישראל.
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