| LBRY | |
|---|---|
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| Developers |
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| Stable release | |
| Repository | github |
| Written in | C++[2] |
| Platform | Windows,macOS,Linux,Android,iOS[3] |
| Type | |
| License | MIT License[1] |
| Website | lbry |
LBRY (pronounced "library")[4] is ablockchain-basedfile-sharing and payment network that powersdecentralized platforms, primarilysocial networks andvideo platforms. In September 2020,Odysee was created, a video hosting platform created and founded by Julian Chandra, anopen-source video-sharing website that uses the network, which was split into a separate company on October 1, 2021.[4][5][6] Video platforms built on LBRY, such as Odysee, have been described as decentralized, fringe alternatives toYouTube.[7] Odysee lightly moderates content based on community guidelines; its web site delists videos containing pornography and the promotion of violence and terrorism, although delisted videos remain available on the platform's blockchain data store.[4]
LBRY, Inc.'s CEO was political activistJeremy Kauffman.[8][9][10] The company closed in July 2023 after losing a lawsuit from theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission which found that LBRY had sold unregisteredsecurities.[11]
The LBRY protocol is a decentralized file-sharing and payment network built using blockchain andBitTorrent technology.[12] It allows anyone to create an account and register content that cannot be deleted by the company.[13] LBRY uses BitTorrent technology to serve content without relying on their own servers by usingpeer-to-peer file-sharing.[14] Creators can record video content to the LBRY blockchain, as well as other digital content including music, images,podcasts, ande-books.[12] The LBRY projects areopen source.[12]
In October 2017, LBRY, Inc. released a media hosting site built atop the protocol called spee.ch.[15][16] It stopped being supported in December 2019, in favor of LBRY, Inc.'s LBRY.tv website.[17][16] Odysee, another video website, using their LBRY protocol, enteredbeta in September 2020 and officially launched that December.[4] Odysee was split into a separate corporate entity with its own CEO on October 1, 2021 as LBRY faced a lawsuit from theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).[6][11]
| |
| Founded | 2015; 10 years ago (2015) |
|---|---|
| Founders |
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| Defunct | 2023; 2 years ago (2023) |
| Headquarters | , United States |
Key people |
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| Website | lbry |
LBRY, Inc., which built the LBRY protocol and the platform based upon it, was founded in May 2015 byJeremy Kauffman and Jimmy Kiselak.[7][18] The company was based inManchester, New Hampshire.[19]
Through 2015 and 2016, Kauffman and Kiselak were joined by Mike Vine, Josh Finer, and Alex Grintsvayg, who they also described as co-founders.[20][21][22] Kauffman, Kiselak, and Grintsvayg all attendedRensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where they playedultimate frisbee together.[22] Kauffman was LBRY'schief executive officer, Grintsvayg waschief technology officer, and Finer was the director of operations and analytics.[4][8] Julian Chandra was the company'schief marketing officer.[23]
LBRY, Inc. maintained their owncryptocurrency, "LBRY credits" (LBC), which they used as a part of a digital store they built on the LBRY blockchain. Using this currency, creators could charge viewers to stream their content or earntips. Users of the platform earned LBC by using the platform and inviting others to it.[12] On March 29, 2021, the SEC charged LBRY, Inc. with selling unregistered digital asset securities.[24][25] The SEC alleged that LBRY, Inc. had sold LBRY credits (LBC) to fund their work without registering them with the SEC as a security, a violation of securities laws. In response, LBRY's CEO began a public relations campaign to gather support among blockchain and cryptocurrency enthusiasts, and to argue that the SEC had mislabeled LBC as a security.[24] On November 7, 2022, the SEC won the lawsuit when JudgePaul Barbadoro of theUnited States District Court for the District of New Hampshire granted the SEC's motion forsummary judgment.[26] Although the SEC initially sought a $22 million fine, they later revised the request to $111,614, citing LBRY's "lack of funds and near-defunct status". In July 2023, the judge imposed the fine, and LBRY announced they would be closing.[11]
The LBRY platform's video sharing websites have been described as an alternative to YouTube.[7] In 2017, LBRY, Inc. publicly archived 20,000 deletedUC Berkeley lectures from the university's YouTube channel after theUS Department of Justice ruled that the videos violated theAmericans with Disabilities Act due to a lack of transcription.[27][28] spee.ch, a media hosting site built atop the LBRY protocol, was used by groups such asDeterrence Dispensed to upload3D printed firearm blueprints.[16][17] When LBRY, Inc. stopped supporting spee.ch in 2019 in favor of their new site, LBRY.tv, Deterrence Dispensed moved to LBRY.tv.[29]
The LBRY platform experienced a surge in popularity in late 2020 and early 2021, and LBRY, Inc. said in January 2021 that their new user sign-ups had increased to 250% from the previous month. Writing forThe New York Times,Nathaniel Popper reported that many of the new users appeared to be supporters of former United States presidentDonald Trump andgun rights advocates who were suspended from YouTube.[7] Robert Hackett and David Z. Morris writing forFortune attributed the increased interest in LBRY and other blockchain-based platforms to the choice byTwitter and other popular social networks to ban Trump and many others after the2021 United States Capitol attack.[14]
As of April 2021[update], Odysee hosted 10 million videos, the most-viewed of which was a video challenging the safety ofCOVID-19 vaccines.[19] A May 2021 report byThe Guardian found "scores of extremist videos" on the Odysee platform that promotedantisemitic conspiracy theories, glorifiedAdolf Hitler and other Nazis, sharedCOVID-19 misinformation, and depicted meetings and rallies by extremist groups including the white nationalist and antisemitic National Justice party and the neo-NaziNordic Resistance Movement.[30]
Megan Squire, a computer scientist and researcher ofright-wing political extremism, described challenges faced by blockchains such as LBRY and the social networks built atop them: "As a technology it is very cool, but you can't just sit there and be aPollyanna and think that all information will be free ... There will be racists, and people will shoot each other. It's going to be the total package."[7] Extremism researcher Eviane Leidig, writing for theGlobal Network on Extremism & Technology (GNET) atThe International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, described Odysee as "the newYouTube for the far-right", and wrote that although Odysee was "not inherently a platform for far-right or extremist content creators", it had become popular among them.[31]
Because the LBRY network is built on a blockchain, there is no way for LBRY, Inc. to moderate at the blockchain level their users or the content that they upload.[7] LBRY, Inc. is able to moderate content on the websites they build on top of the protocol.[7][32] On LBRY's Odysee platform, guidelines prohibit content includingpornography and promotion of violence or terrorism.[7][4] Rule-breaking content can be delisted from Odysee, which leaves the channel and content in place and continues to allow it to be shared, but prevents it from being found via search or browsing channels.[33] Most people access the protocol through websites including Odysee and LBRY.tv which are built on top of the LBRY blockchain.[7][4]
Todd Bookman writing forNew Hampshire Public Radio described Odysee's approach to content moderation as "no censorship, no-deplatforming, no matter what users say".[19] When asked in July 2019 about the use of LBRY, Inc.'s sites to host blueprints for 3D-printed guns, LBRY, Inc.'s CEO Kauffman has said that he would only remove the files from his websites if courts deem them illegal. Champe Barton writing forThe Trace has said Kauffman "signal[ed] his support" for the distribution of such blueprints by sharing them on his personal Twitter account.[34] On May 14, 2021,The Guardian reported that LBRY executive Julian Chandra wrote to Odysee site moderators that a "Nazi that makes videos about the superiority of the white race" was not grounds for removal from Odysee. The e-mail was accidentally sent to a user who had complained about neo-Nazi content on the platform.[30]
[Chandra] also clarified his title as chief marketing officer, not vice president of growth.
