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| Lü Dongbin 呂洞賓 | |||||||||||||||||
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 Zhang Lu's painting of Lü Dongbin, early 16th century | |||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 呂洞賓 | ||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 吕洞宾 | ||||||||||||||||
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Lü Dongbin is a daoist scholar and poet who lived during theTang dynasty in China, and whose lifetime supposedly spanned two hundred and twenty years. Elevated to the status of animmortal in theChinese cultural sphere byDaoists, he is one of the most widely known of the group of deities known as theEight Immortals. Lü is also a historical figure and mentioned in the official history bookHistory of Song. He is widely considered to be one of the earliest masters ofneidan, or internal alchemy. He is also depicted in art dressed as a scholar carrying asword to dispel evil spirits.
Lü Dongbin is usually portrayed as a scholarly, clever man with a genuine desire to help people obtain wisdom/enlightenment and to learn theTao. However, he is often portrayed as having some character "flaws," not an uncommon theme for the colorful Taoist immortals, all of whom in general have various eccentricities:
His name isLü Yán, withYán (巖 or岩 or喦) being thegiven name. Dòngbīn is hiscourtesy name. He is called "Master Pure-Yang" (純陽子;Chunyang Zi), and is also called "Lü the Progenitor" (呂祖;lü zŭ) by someDaoists, especially those of theQuanzhen School. He was born inJingzhao Prefecture (京兆府) around 796 CE during theTang dynasty. His birthday is said to be the 14th day of the fourth month of theChinese calendar.[1]
When he was born, afragrance allegedly filled the room. He had been very intelligent since childhood and had many academic achievements. However, according to one story, still unmarried by the age of 20, Lü twice took the top-levelcivil service exam to become a government official, but did not succeed.
In the first year of Tang Baoli (825 CE), he was a scholar for a period of time. He served as a countymagistrate twice. Soon he was ruined by officialdom, abandoned his official position and retired to the mountains. Once he went to a Chang'an wine store, met the realZhongli Quan (鍾離權), passed ten trials, and Quan taught him the way to create the Golden pill; consequently he learned the way and became an immortal.
Legend has it that one night when Lü Yan was inChang'an orHandan, he dozed off as his yellowmillet was cooking in a hotel. He dreamed that he took the imperial exam and excelled, and thus was awarded a prestigious office and soon promoted to the position of vice minister (侍郎;shìláng). He then married the daughter of a prosperous household and had a son and a daughter. He was promoted again and again, and finally became theprime minister. However, his success and luck attracted jealousy of others, so he was accused of crimes that caused him to lose his office. His wife then betrayed him, his children were killed by bandits, and he lost all his wealth. As he was dying on the street in the dream, he woke up.
Although in the dream, eighteen years had passed, the whole dream actually happened in the time it took his millet to cook. The characters from his dream were actually played byZhongli Quan in order to make him realize that one should not put too much importance on transient glory and success. As a result, Lü went with Zhongli to discover and cultivate theTao. This dream is known as "Dream of the Yellow Millet" (黃粱夢;Huáng Liáng Mèng) and is described in a writing compiled byMa Zhiyuan of theYuan dynasty.
In volume 82 ofSong dynasty scholarLi Fang'sExtensive Records of the Taiping Era, an earlier version of the story, Lü Dongbin was replaced by Student Lu (盧生;Lú Shēng), and Zhongli Quan by Elder Lü (呂翁;Lǚ Wēng).
The exact age of Lü Yan when this incident occurred varies in the tellings, from 20 years of age to 40.
Legend has that while he was inChang'an, Lü had to pass ten tests by Zhongli Quan before Quan took him in as a disciple and Lü could subsequently cultivate into an immortal. These ten trials are described below.[2]
These 10 tests proved that Lü was a pure and dignified person and Master Zhongli was very satisfied and happy to take Lü to Nan San Her Ling to pass on his secret to life and subsequently formed a "Zhong-Lü Golden Dan" school of Taoism. Lü, however, decided to change his formula for inner peace in order to bring the benefits of his practice to more human beings, and his path of cultivation continues to guide people to this day.[citation needed]
Since theNorthern Song dynasty, there have been many stories and legends that are connected to Lü Dongbin. The stories were usually about Lü helping others to learn the Tao. According to the officialhistory of the Song dynasty (宋史), Lü was seen several times visiting the house ofChen Tuan (陳摶), who was believed to be the first person to present to the public theTaijitu.
He was popular even centuries before the Northern Song.[3]
The kindness of Lü Dongbin is demonstrated in theChinese proverb "dog bites Lü Dongbin" (狗咬呂洞賓;gǒu yǎo Lǚ Dòngbīn), which means an inability to recognize goodness and repay kindness with vice. According to the story behind the proverb, Lü Dongbin once argued withErlang Shen at the heavenly court, which ledXiaotian Quan to harbor deep animosity towards Lü Dongbin. One day, Xiaotian Quan fell into the mortal realm as punishment and was captured by humans and sold at a dog meat shop. Around the same time, Lü Dongbin descended to earth and happened to pass by. He saw what had happened and rescued the dog. However, instead of showing gratitude, the dog bit him, remembering its master's grudge.[4]
Some say[who?] that the original proverb should actually be "狗咬呂洞賓，不識好人心," stemming from a story about the friendship between the Dog and Lü Dongbin, who both did for the other great favors, each of which seemed like a disservice initially, signifying the importance of having faith in one's friends. This story is not substantiated because Gou Miao is not mentioned in any classical text, and only popularized on the Internet.[citation needed]
According toRichard Wilhelm, Lü was the founder of the School of the Golden Elixir of Life (Jin Dan Jiao), and originator of the material presented in the bookTai Yi Jin Hua Zong Zhi (太一金華宗旨; "The Secret of the Golden Flower"). Also, according toDaoist legend, he is the founder of theinternal martial arts style called "Eight Immortals Sword" (八仙剑), considered to be one of the martial treasures ofWudangshan.
According to one story, Lü's teacherZhongli Quan became an immortal and was about to fly toheaven, while saying to Lü that if he kept practicing the Tao he would also be able to fly to heaven himself very soon. Lü Dongbin replied to his teacher that he'll fly to heaven only after he enlightens all the sentient beings on earth (another story says all his relatives). According to the book "The Eight Immortals Achieving the Tao" (八仙得道摶), in his previousincarnation, Lü Dongbin was a Taoist master and the teacher of Zhongli Quan.
According to the Taoist bookHistory of the Immortals (歷代神仙通鑒), Lü is thereincarnation of the ancientSage-King "Huang-Tan-Shi" (皇覃氏).
According to Venerable Hsuan Hua, Lü is one of the transformations ofGuanyin (Avalokiteśvara) Bodhisattva.[5]
Lü killed multipledragons with his magic sword.[3]
One of the most popular of Lü Dongbin's legends is his encounter with a prostitute namedWhite Peony (Bai Mudan). The most popular version comes from the novelJourney to the East.[6] It is said that the immortal Lü Dongbin was greatly attracted to White Peony, one of the most beautiful courtesans inLuoyang. Lü Dongbin slept with her many times but never ejaculated, because he did not want to lose his Yang essence. Unfortunately, Lu's immortal colleagueIron-Crutch Li andHe Xiangu taught Mudan how to make him ejaculate by tickling his groin. Finally, White Peony successfully made Lü Dongbin ejaculate and absorbed his Yang essence. Later she cultivated herself and became immortal too.[7]
Another version comes from the novelBa Xian Dedao.[8] This version is more subtle and there is no sexual intercourse here. One day the immortal Lü Dongbin transforms himself into a handsome scholar and tries to advise the famous prostitute White Peony. In their first encounter, White Peony seduces him passionately, but he refuses to sleep with her. In their second encounter, Lü agrees to sleep with her. But as they walk to the bed, Lü suddenly cries that his stomach is painful, and faints. White Peony is very sorry about his condition and calls a doctor using her money (despite her pimp's grumbling, who incites her to throw the sick Lü to the road). Lü (who is only pretending to be sick) is very pleased knowing Peony's merciful heart. In their third encounter, Lü Dongbin finally succeeds in persuading White Peony to leave her wayward life. She finally becomes immortal too.[7]
In the opera version, White Peony is changed from a seductive prostitute to the daughter of a drugstore owner. One day Lü Dongbin comes to their store and makes trouble by asking for impossible medicines. Knowing her father's difficulty, Peony meets Lü and answers all of his question. From quarreling, they finally become lovers.[9]
Lü Dongbin Drunk at Yueyang Tower Three Times is a well-known Chinese Taoist tale often depicted in plays, novels, and other forms of art. It tells the story of Lü Dongbin, who helps two spirits, a willow and a plum, to become immortals. He reincarnated them as humans, had them marry, and tested their devotion through many difficult trials. The story recounts that Lü Dongbin visitedYueyang Tower and met the willow spirit, who wanted to become a god but was trapped in a wooden body. Lü Dongbin told the willow spirit to be reborn as a human, promising to return and help him after thirty years.[10]
The willow spirit was reborn as Guo Maer, and the plum spirit as He Lamei. They grew up, married, and opened a teahouse below Yueyang Tower. Lü Dongbin visited Guo Maer twice, but Guo was unable to understand his guidance. On his third visit, Lü Dongbin instructed Guo Maer to kill his wife and become a monk. Though Guo Maer couldn’t bring himself to do it, He Lamei still died, and he was blamed for her death. Later that day, Lü Dongbin returned and revealed that He Lamei was not truly dead. The judges then realized they were all immortals in disguise. Guo Maer learned he was the reincarnated willow spirit, and He Lamei the plum spirit. Together, they followed Lü Dongbin into the Dao and became immortals.[10]
From the early 19th century on, Lüzu's messages were received throughfuji (扶乩;扶箕), which led to the establishment of a network of Lüzu spirit writing halls throughout China, called Zanhuagong (贊化宮). They also offered medical oracles and healing services. Famous Zanhuagong were established inHong Kong andGuangzhou.[11]
In 19th- and 20th-century Guangdong, belief in the powers of Lüzu was strong. In the century after the 1840s, additional temples were founded which organizedFuji (planchette writing) seances, festivals for the birthdays of the gods, death rituals, and running schools, clinics, and disaster relief.[12]
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