Lúthien and Beren are characters inJ. R. R. Tolkien'sfantasy worldMiddle-earth. Lúthien is anelf, daughter of the elf-kingThingol andgoddess-likeMelian. Beren is amortal man. The complex tale of their love for each other and the quest they are forced to embark upon is a story of triumph against overwhelming odds but ending in tragedy. It appears inThe Silmarillion, theepic poemThe Lay of Leithian, the Grey Annals section ofThe War of the Jewels, and in the texts collected in the 2017 bookBeren and Lúthien. Their story is told toFrodo byAragorn inThe Lord of the Rings.

The story of Lúthien and Beren, immortal elf-maiden marrying a mortal man and choosing mortality for herself, is mirrored in Tolkien'sThe Tale of Aragorn and Arwen. The names Beren and Lúthien appear on the grave of Tolkien and his wife Edith.

Scholars have noted the many sources that Tolkien used in constructing the story. It is based principallyon the classical tale ofOrpheus andEurydice in the underworld, supplemented by multiple story elements from myths, legends, and folktales from different periods. These include the FinnishKalevala, the WelshMabinogion, theSaga of the Volsungs, theProse Edda, and the folktale "Rapunzel".

Lúthien was aTelerin (Sindarin)princess, the only child ofElu Thingol, king ofDoriath, and his queen,Melian theMaia, making her half-royal, half-divine. She was born in theYears of the Trees, according to theGrey Annals. At her birth, the white flowerniphredil bloomed for the first time in Doriath.Lúthien's romance with themortal man Beren is considered the "chief" of the Silmarillion tales by Tolkien himself; he called it "the kernel of the mythology".^{[T 1]}Elrond was Lúthien's great-grandson andAragorn was descended from her via Elros and the Royal Family ofNúmenor. She is described as the Morning Star of the Elves and as the most beautiful daughter of the one god,Ilúvatar. Beren was the son of Emeldir and Barahir, a man of the royal House of Bëor of Dorthonion.^{[T 2]}

In contrast, Lúthien's descendantArwen was calledEvenstar, the Evening Star of the Elves, meaning that her beauty reflects that of Lúthien. Lúthien was first cousin once removed ofGaladriel (also Arwen's grandmother), whose mother, Eärwen ofAlqualondë, was the daughter of Thingol's brother. The story of Lúthien and Beren is mirrored inThe Tale of Aragorn and Arwen.^{[T 3][1]}

The nameLúthien appears to mean "daughter of flowers" in aBeleriandic dialect ofSindarin, but it can also be translated "blossom".^[2] The epithetTinúviel was given to her by Beren. It literally means "daughter of the starry twilight", which signifies "nightingale". The nameBeren means "brave" inSindarin.^{[T 4]}

Beren saw Lúthien dancing under moonrise in her father's forest, and fell in love with her, captivated by her beauty. He stood in the shadows wishing to be near enough to Lúthien to touch her, but Daeron, her childhood friend and partner in music and dance, noticed Beren and, believing him to be a wild animal, shouted for Lúthien to flee. She saw Beren's shadow and ran away. One day in summer when Lúthien was dancing on a green hill surrounded byhemlocks,^[3] she sang, awakening Beren. He ran to her, and again she tried to escape and he criedTinúviel. When Lúthien gazed upon him she reciprocated his love. He kissed her, but she slipped away and he fell into a deep sleep. In his hour of despair, she appeared before him, and in the Hidden Kingdom ofDoriath set her hand in his and cradled his head against her breast. From then on they met secretly.^{[T 2]}

Daeron, who also loved her, reported her meetings with Beren to her father.Though Melian warned her husband against it, Thingol was determined not to let Beren marry his daughter, and set a seemingly impossible task as thebride price: Beren had to bring him one of theSilmarils fromMorgoth's Iron Crown.^{[T 2]}

Lúthien had a vision of Beren lying suffering in the pits ofSauron, Lord of Werewolves. Her mother told her that Beren was captive inSauron's dungeons. Lúthien decided to save Beren, asking Daeron for help, but he betrayed her to Thingol. Thingol then had her guarded in the high branches of a beech tree. Daeron was filled with remorse; Lúthien forgave him and devised a plan to escape. She enchanted her hair into a cloak to lull her guards to sleep, and ran from her prison.^{[T 2]}

On her way to rescue Beren, she found Huan, the Hound ofValinor, and was taken to his master Celegorm. He, plotting to force her to marry him, offered to help her, asking her to follow him toNargothrond. When she arrived, Celegorm held her hostage and forbade her to talk to anyone else. Huan took pity on her, betraying his master, and freed her. Huan was granted the power to speak, and together they escaped from Nargothrond.^{[T 2]}

They came to Sauron's Isle, and Lúthien sang a call to Beren. He answered, but Sauron heard her song and sent wolves to slay Huan, but Huan killed them, one by one. Finally, Sauron transformed himself into the most powerful of all werewolves and went out. Huan flinched, but Lúthien smothered Sauron's lunge in her enchanted cloak. Sauron changed into different shapes, but Huan bested him. Lúthien forced Sauron to surrender the keys of his tower; he fled in the shape of a vampire.^{[T 2]} Lúthien destroyed the Tower. Finding Beren seemingly dead, she fell down beside him in grief, but with the rising sun he awoke and they were reunited. Huan returned to Celegorm.^{[T 2]}

Beren pleaded with Lúthien to return to her father, but she refused. As they were about to embrace, Celegorm and Curufin appeared, exiled because of Lúthien's escape from Nargothrond. Seeking revenge, they fought Beren, and Huan again fought on Lúthien's side. Beren defeated them, but spared their lives at Lúthien's request. Beren stole one of their horses, and the couple fled. As she slept, he went toAngband to get the Silmaril.^{[T 2]}

Lúthien and Huan disguised themselves asMairon's vampire Thuringwethil and the werewolf Draugluin. She found Beren and they reached the throne of Morgoth, but he saw through Lúthien's disguise. She declared herself and offered to sing for Morgoth. Filled with an evil lust, he accepted, but she put him and his entire court into a deep sleep. She awakened Beren, and he cut a Silmaril from Morgoth's crown. As he tried for another Silmaril, his blade snapped, striking Morgoth's cheek. Lúthien and Beren fled to the gates, where the werewolf Carcharoth attacked them. Beren thrust the Silmaril into its face, but it bit off Beren's hand, swallowing it and the Silmaril. Lúthien sucked out the venom, and with her failing power tried to restore Beren. Huan summoned theEagles of Manwë, who carried them to Doriath.^{[T 2]}

Lúthien healed Beren, and together they stood before her father's throne. Beren told Thingol that the quest was fulfilled, and that he held a Silmaril in his hand. When Thingol demanded to see it, Beren showed him his stump. The couple then explained what had happened. They were married before Thingol's throne that day. Meanwhile, Carcharoth slaughtered all the living beings he came across in his frenzied flight, both empowered and tormented by the jewel burning his stomach. Beren, Thingol, Huan, and other Elves went to defeat the beast. Beren was attacked by the wolf; Huan killed the beast, but died of his wounds. Beren was carried to Doriath, where he died in Lúthien's arms.^{[T 2]}

In grief, Lúthien lay down and died, going to the Halls ofMandos.^[a] There she sang a song of the suffering of Elves and Men, the greatest ever sung. This proved effective: it was the only time that Mandos ever acted out of pity. He summoned Beren from the houses of the dead, and Lúthien's spirit met his by the shores of the sea. Mandos consulted withManwë, King ofArda. Even Manwë could not change the fate of Men, and so he gave Lúthien a choice: to live in Valinor, but without Beren; or to return to Middle-earth with Beren as a mortal herself, accepting the Doom of Men. She chose Beren and mortality.^{[T 2]}

Lúthien and Beren dwelt together in Ossiriand until after the sack ofMenegroth. Their abode wasDor Firn-i-Guinar: the "Land of the Dead that Lived". They had a son, Dior.^{[T 6]}

Thingol received the Nauglamír fromHúrin, who had recovered it from the ruins ofNargothrond. Thingol decided to unite the greatest works of theDwarves and the Elves – the Nauglamír and theSilmaril – and hired Dwarf smiths from Nogrod. The Dwarves murdered Thingol and took the Nauglamír. Beren and an army of Green Elves andEnts waylaid the returning Dwarves. Beren reclaimed the Nauglamír, and Lúthien kept the necklace and the great jewel all her life. This hastened Beren's and Lúthien's end, since her beauty enhanced by the jewel was too bright for mortal lands to bear.^{[T 7]}

Elrond andArwen were descendants of Lúthien, as wasAragorn, a descendant of Elrond's brother Elros.^{[T 3]}

In the various versions ofThe Tale of Tinúviel, Tolkien's earliest form of the tale, as published inThe Book of Lost Tales, her original name isTinúviel. Beren is, in this earlier version, anElf (specifically aNoldo, orGnome), and Sauron has not yet emerged. In his place, they faceTevildo, the Prince of Cats, a monstrous cat who is the principal enemy of theValinorean houndHuan. However Tolkien initially created the character of Beren as a mortal man before this in an even earlier but erased version of the tale.^{[T 10]}

The story is also told in an epic poem inThe Lays of Beleriand, upon which most of the finer details of her life and relationship to Beren is extracted from in this article, sinceThe Silmarillion provides only a generalization of the tale.^{[T 11]}

Thephilologist and Tolkien scholarTom Shippey writes that Tolkien based the tale of Beren and Lúthienon the classical legend of Orpheus in the underworld, and embroiders this framework with story elements from multiple folktales, myths, and legends. These include the FinnishKalevala, the WelshMabinogion, the NorseSaga of the Volsungs, the IcelandicProse Edda, the Old EnglishGenesis B, and the German folktale "Rapunzel". Shippey comments that Tolkien "had not yet freed himself from his sources – as if trying to bring in all the older bits of literature that he liked instead of forging a story with an impetus of its own."^[4]

Peter Astrup Sundt draws multiple parallels between Beren andOrpheus. More precisely, he compares both Beren and Lúthien and the classical character, as it is Lúthien not Beren who has magical powers, and far from playing a passiveEurydice to be rescued, or not, from the underworld, she too goes to sing forMandos, the Vala who watches over the souls of the dead.^[5] Ben Eldon Stevens adds that Tolkien's retelling contrasts sharply with the myth. Where Orpheus nearly manages to retrieve Eurydice from Hades, Lúthien rescues Beren three times – from Sauron's fortress-prison of Tol-in-Gaurhoth, involving singing; from Morgoth's Angband, with the Silmaril; and by getting Mandos to restore both of them to life. In the original myth, Eurydice meets "a second death", soon followed by the griefstruck Orpheus, whereas Tolkien has Lúthien and Beren enjoy "a second life" after their "resurrection".^{[6][T 12]}

Robert Steed, inMallorn, argues that Tolkien echoes and "creatively adapts" the medieval theme of theHarrowing of Hell, in the tale of Lúthien and Beren, and in other places. The medieval tale holds that Christ spent the time between his crucifixion and resurrection down in Hell, setting the Devil's captives free with the irresistible power of his divine light. The motif, Steed suggests, involves a multi-step sequence:

1. someone imprisoned in darkness;
2. a powerful and evil jailor;
3. a still more powerful liberator
4. who brings light, and
5. sets the captives free.

Steed describes the tale "Of Beren and Lúthien" as an instance, where Lúthien sets Beren free from Sauron's imprisonment. Beren is freed from darkness, Lúthien from despair, so, Steed remarks, both of them take on aspects of Christ:^[7]

But Beren coming back to light out of the pit of despair lifted her up, and they looked again upon one another; and the day rising over dark hills shone upon them."^{[T 13]}

Several scholars, fromRandel Helms onwards, have noted that Tolkien's tale of Beren and Lúthien shares elements with folktales such as the Welsh "Culhwch and Olwen". One of these is the disapproving parent who sets a seemingly impossible task (or tasks) for the suitor, which is then fulfilled.^[8] TheBrothers Grimm folktale "The Devil With the Three Golden Hairs" sets such a task, the King requiring the boy to obtain three golden hairs from the Devil's beard.^[9] Another is the houndCafall, matching Tolkien's Huan, hound of Valinor.^[10]

Shippey^[11] andRichard C. West^[10] have warned that claims about Tolkien's use of sources must be cautious, because as Tolkien said, he thoroughly boiled down his "soup" from the original "bones of the ox" of his sources. Shippey agrees with Alex Lewis and Elizabeth Currie that Tolkien very likely used theMabinogion, as he certainly knew "Culhwch and Olwen", but finds their suggestion that Tolkien also used von Eschenbach'sParzival as an Arthurian source improbable, stating that "similarity does not prove connection".^[11] Shippey adds that the hunt of the giant boarTwrch Trwyth is a "plausible" model for the hunt of Carcharoth the wolf.^[11] On the other hand, he writes, the incomplete fulfilment of Chief GiantYspaddaden's list of items to be supplied for Olwen's hand in marriage does not match the attempt to meet Thingol's demand for the Silmaril, and "the scenes aren't like each other at all!"^[11]

The Tolkien scholarJohn Garth, writing in theNew Statesman, notes that it took a century forThe Tale of Beren and Lúthien, mirroring the tale of Second Lieutenant Tolkien watching Edith dancing in a woodland gladefar from the "animal horror" of the trenches, to reach publication. Garth finds "much to relish", as the tale changes through "several gears" until finally it "attains a mythic power". Beren's enemy changes from a cat-demon to the "Necromancer" and eventually to Sauron. Garth comments that if this was supposed to be the lost ancestor of theRapunzelfairytale, then it definitely portrays a modern "female-centred fairy-tale revisioning" with a Lúthien who may be fairer than mortal tongue can tell, but is also more resourceful than her lover.^[12]

Grave of Edith and J. R. R. Tolkien

+ Edith Mary Tolkien Luthien 1889–1971 John Ronald Reuel Tolkien Beren 1892–1973

In a letter to his sonChristopher, dated 11 July 1972, Tolkien requested the inscription below for his wifeEdith's grave "for she was (and knew she was) my Lúthien."^{[T 14]} He added, "I never called EdithLuthien – but she was the source of the story.... It was first conceived in a small woodland glade filled with hemlocks at Roos in Yorkshire where ... she was able to live with me for a while."^{[T 14]} In a footnote to this letter, Tolkien added "she knew the earliest form of the legend...also the poem eventually printed as Aragorn's song."^{[T 14]} Particularly affecting for Tolkien was Edith's conversion to theCatholic Church from theChurch of England for his sake upon their marriage; this was a difficult decision for her that caused her much hardship, paralleling the difficulties and suffering of Lúthien from choosing mortality.^[13]

Edith and J. R. R. Tolkien lie inWolvercote Cemetery in northOxford. Their gravestone shows the association of Lúthien with Edith, and Tolkien with Beren.^[14]

• Carpenter, Humphrey (1977).J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography. New York:Ballantine Books.ISBN 978-0-04-928037-3.
• Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) [1981].The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York:HarperCollins.ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
• Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982].The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology (Third ed.).HarperCollins.ISBN 978-0-261-10275-0.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955).The Return of the King.The Lord of the Rings. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.OCLC 519647821.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977).Christopher Tolkien (ed.).The Silmarillion. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1984).Christopher Tolkien (ed.).The Book of Lost Tales. Vol. 1. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.ISBN 0-395-35439-0.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1985).Christopher Tolkien (ed.).The Lays of Beleriand. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.ISBN 0-395-39429-5.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1987).Christopher Tolkien (ed.).The Lost Road and Other Writings. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.ISBN 0-395-45519-7.
• Williams, Hamish, ed. (2021).Tolkien and the Classical World. Zurich:Walking Tree.ISBN 978-3-905703-45-0.OCLC 1237352408.

• LaSala, Jeff (14 September 2016)."Lúthien: Tolkien's Badass Elf Princess".Tor.com. Retrieved22 September 2016.

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