Movatterモバイル変換

Kyirong language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tibetic language spoken in Tibet

Kyirong
Lende Kyerung
स्युबा
Region	Tibet
Native speakers	100 (2002)^[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Kanauri ? Bodish Tibetic Kyirong–Kagate Kyirong
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`kgy`
Glottolog	`kyer1238` Kyerung

Kyirong is a language from the subgroup ofTibetic languages^[2] spoken in theGyirong County of theShigatse prefecture, of theTibetan Autonomous Region.

Kyirong haslexical tone, with a three-tone system.^[3]

Relationship to other languages

[edit]

There is a varying degree of mutual intelligibility between Kyirong and otherKyirong-Yolmo varieties. It is most closely related to the Nubri and Gyalsomdo languages,^[4] and more distantly related to other languages in the family.^[5]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]

There are 36 consonants in Kyirong, which are summarized in the table below.^[3]

		Bilabial	Apico-Dental		Retroflex	Lamino- post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n				ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	ts	ʈ	tɕ	c	k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	tsʰ	ʈʰ	tɕʰ	cʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d	dz	ɖ	dʑ	ɟ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless		s			ɕ			h
Fricative	voiced		z			ʑ			ɦ
Liquid	rhotic		r
	voiced lateral		l
	unvoiced lateral		ɬ
Semivowel		w					j

Vowels

[edit]

There are eight places of articulation for vowels. There is a length distinction at each place of articulation, as well as a long nasalised vowel.^[3]

		Front		Central	Back
Close	oral	i iː	y yː		u uː
Close	nasal	ĩː	ỹː		ũː
Half-close	oral	e eː	ø øː
Half-close	nasal	ẽː	ø̃ː
Half-open	oral	ɛ ɛː			ɔ ɔː
Half-open	nasal	ɛ̃ː			ɔ̃ː
Open	oral			a aː
Open	nasal			ãː

Tone

[edit]

Kyriong has a three tone system; high, medium and low. Low tone is often accompanied by breathy voice.^[3]

Sources

[edit]

Hedlin, M. (2011).An Investigation of the relationship between the Kyirong, Yòlmo, and Standard Spoken Tibetan speech varieties. Masters thesis, Payap University, Chiang Mai.
Huber, B. (2005).The Tibetan dialect of Lende (Kyirong). Beiträge zur tibetischen Erzählforschung, 15.

References

[edit]

^Kyirong atEthnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Kyirong atEthnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes."Lalies, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56[1]
^^a ^b ^c ^dHuber, Brigitte (2005).The Tibetan dialect of Lende (Kyirong). Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.
^Hedlin, Matthew (2011).An investigation of the relationship between the Kyirong, Yòlmo, and Standard Spoken Tibetan speech varieties (unpublished MA thesis). Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
^Gawne, Lauren (2013). "Report on the relationship between Yolmo and Kagate".Himalayan Linguistics.12:1–27.

Sino-Tibetan branches

WesternHimalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim)

West Himalayish
Tamangic
Newaric
- Newar
- Baram–Thangmi
Kiranti
Dhimalish
- Dhimal
- Toto
- Lhokpu
Lepcha

Greater Magaric	Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange

EasternHimalayas
(Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal)

Bodish
- Tibetic
- East Bodish
- Tshangla
- Basum
- Nam?
Gongduk
ʼOle
Kho-Bwa
- Puroik?
Tani
Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border

Naga	Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme
Sal	Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish

East andSoutheast Asia

Sinitic
- Yue
- Pinghua
- Hakka
- Min
- Wu
- Hui
- Gan
- Xiang
- Mandarin
- Jin
Bai
Tujia
Nungish
Karenic
Gong
Kathu
Cai–Long
- Caijia
- Longjia–Luren

Burmo-Qiangic	Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish

Dubious (possible
isolates,Arunachal)

Greater Siangic	Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon

Proposed groupings

Proto-languages

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages

West Himalayish
(Kanauric)

Western

Kinnauric	Kinnauri Chitkuli Kinnauri Sunam
Lahaulic	Pattani Tinani

Eastern

Central	Bunan Rongpo Marcha Tolcha Sunam Zhang-Zhung
Almora	Rangas Darmiya Byangsi Dhuleli Chaudangsi

Bodish

Tibetic

Central Tibetan

Amdo

Kham (Eastern)

Southern

Western

Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)	Ladakhi Zangskari Changthang Purgi Balti
Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)	Lahuli (Stod Bhoti) Spiti Bhoti Nyamkat Tukpa

Sherpa-Jirel

Kyirong–Kagate

Tshangla-East Bodish

Tshangla	Tshangla
East Bodish	Takpa Dzala Nyen Chali Bumthang Kheng Kurtöp Nupbi ʼOle

Basum

Basum

Tamangic

TGTM	Tamang Gurung Thakali Manang Chantyal
Ghale	Ghale Kutang
Kaike	Kaike

Languages of Nepal

Official language

Nepali

Indigenous
languages

Sino-Tibetan

Kiranti	Bahing Bantawa Belhare Chamling Dumi Limbu Sampang Sunwar Thulung Vayu Waling Yakkha
Magaric	Bhujel Chepang Dura Kham Magar
Tamangic	Chantyal Gurung Manang Tamang
Tibetic	Jirel Kagate Kyirong Lepcha Mugomt Naapa Nubri Sherpa Sikkimese Bhutia Yolmo
Other	Baram Dhimal Kaike Lepcha Newar Raji Raute Thangmi

Indo-Aryan

Sign language

Other

Languages of China

Official

Standard Chinese

Regional

ARs /SARs	Cantonese^HK/MC English^HK Mongolian^NM Portuguese^MC Tibetan^XZ Uyghur^XJ Zhuang^GX
Prefecture	Hmong Kam Bouyei Tujia Korean Qiang Yi Kyrgyz Kazakh Tai Nüa Tai Lü Zaiwa Lisu Bai Hani Zhuang
Counties/Banners	numerous

Indigenous

Sino-Tibetan languages

Hanoish	Akeu Akha Amu Angluo Asuo Baihong Bisu Budu Bukong Cosao Duoni Duota Enu Habei Hani Honi Jino Kabie Kaduo Lami Laomian Laopin Mpi Muda Nuobi Nuomei Phana’ Piyo Qidi Sadu Sangkong Suobi Tsukong Woni Yiche
Lisoish	Eka Hlersu Kua-nsi Kuamasi Laizisi Lalo Lamu Lavu Lawu Limi Lipo Lisu Lolopo Mangdi Micha Mili Sonaga Toloza Xuzhang Yangliu Zibusi
Nisoish	Alingpo Alugu Aluo Axi Azha Azhe Bokha Gepo Khlula Lope Moji Muji Muzi Nasu Nisu Nuosu Phala Phola Phowa Phukha Phuma Phupa Phupha Phuza Samei Sani Thopho Zokhuo
Other	Gokhy Katso Kucong Lahu Naruo Namuyi Naxi Nusu Samu Sanie Zauzou

Qiangic

Tibetic

Other

Other languages

Austroasiatic

Hmong–Mien

Hmongic	A-Hmao Bu-Nao Gejia Guiyang Hm Nai Hmong Hmu Huishui Kiong Nai Luobohe Mashan Pa-Hng Pa Na Pingtang Qo Xiong Raojia Sanqiao Sheyu Small Flowery Xixiu Younuo
Mienic	Biao Min Dzao Min Iu Mien Kim Mun

Mongolic

Kra-Dai

Zhuang	Bouyei Dai Min Ningming Nong Tai Dam Tai Dón Tai Hongjin Tai Lü Tai Nüa Tai Ya Yang Yei
Other	Ai-Cham Biao Buyang Cao Miao Chadong Cun Gelao Hlai Jiamao Kam Lakkja Mak Maonan Mulam Naxi Yao Ong Be Paha Qabiao Sui Then