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Akurultai (/kʊrʊlˈtaɪ/,lit. 'gathering'),[dn 1] also called aquriltai, was a medieval political and military council consisting of members of aMongol khan's family, imperial sons-in-law, captains of the army and others[1] during and before theMongol empire.
According to theOld Turkic–Russian dictionary [ru], the oldest recorded pre-Genghis Khan mention of the root word "Qur" is found inDīwān Lughāt al-Turk (11th century), where it was used as a verb meaning 'to assemble, to assemble into a formation, to build'.[2] The root word and the word kurultai are currently in use in numerous Turkic languages. According to another hypothesis, the root of the term is from the hypotheticalProto-Mongolic verb *kura-, *kurija- 'to collect, to gather'[3] whencekhural 'meeting, assembly' inMongolic languages. From this same root arises theMongolian wordхуримkhurim 'feast', which originally referred to large festive gatherings on the steppe, but it is now used mainly in the sense of 'wedding'.
AllGreat Khans of theMongol Empire, were formally elected in a kurultai; khans of subordinate Mongol states, such as theGolden Horde, were elected by a similar regional kurultai.
The election ofTemujin toGenghis Khan is a topic which is brief, but touched on in theSecret history of the Mongols.[4]
And so, when the people of the felt walled tents had been brought to allegiance, the year of the tiger (1206) they all gathered at the source of the Onan river. They hoisted the white standard with nine tails and there they gave Chinggis Qa’an the title of Qan.
During the kurultai, Mongol chiefs would convene to choose the next great khan among other things. The kurultai was often, but not always, held in the capital of the Mongol Empire. They were also a time to assign all critical positions of leadership, as well as an opportunity to decide the military direction to be implemented under the new khan and leadership.[5]
After the new khan was elected, an elaborate enthronement procedure followed.Johann Schiltberger, a 15th-century German traveler, described the installation of a new Golden Horde khan as follows:[6][7]
When they choose a king, they take him and seat him on whitefelt, and raise him in it three times. Then they lift him up and carry him round the tent, and seat him on a throne, and put a golden sword in his hand. Then he must be sworn as is the custom.
Kurultai were imperial and tribal assemblies convened to determine, strategize and analyze military campaigns and assign individuals to leadership positions and titles. Though no laws were written down during a kurultai,[8] they were important political events and determined policies. Genghis Khan was declared khan in the kurultai of 1206. Most of the major military campaigns were first planned out at assemblies such as this and there were minor and less significant kurultai under the Mongol Empire under political subordinate leaders and generals.
The kurultai, however, required the presence of senior members from across the empire to participate, who were generally also military leaders. Without the participation of elites from across the empire the decision of any kurultai was viewed as illegitimate or no action was taken. As well, a fully plenary attendance at a kurultai was sometimes indicated by the phrase ‘aqa and ini,’ meaning literally ‘older and younger brothers’.[9] Thus, after the deaths ofÖgedei andMöngke in 1241 and 1259, respectively, necessitated the withdrawal of Mongol leaders (and troops) from the outskirts ofVienna andVenice (in 1241) and fromSyria (in 1259), hamstringing military operations against the Austrians andMamluks that might otherwise have continued.
Although the kurultai was a serious political event in the Mongol world, it was also a festival of sorts including great feasting and various traditional games. Many of these traditions have been carried on in the modern-day Mongolian eventNaadam, which includesMongolian wrestling, horse racing and archery competitions.[10] Women also attended kurultai, however, they could not vote.[11]
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Various modernMongol andTurkic peoples use it in the political or administrative sense, as a synonym forparliament,congress,conference,council,assembly,convention, gathering. Examples include theKese Qoroltay [ru] (lit. 'Lesser Kurultai'), theWorld Qoroltai of the Bashkirs, theQurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, theNational Kurultai of Kazakhstan,[12][13] thePeople's Kurultai of Kyrgyzstan,[14] theState Great Khural of Mongolia, theState Assembly — Kurultai of Bashkortostan, thePeople's Khural of Buryatia,El Kurultai of Altai Republic andKurultáj held today in Hungary.
In Mongolian, the following forms of the word are still in use today:khuraldai,khuraldaan andkhural.Ulsin Deed Shuukhiin Khuraldaan means "session of theNational Supreme Court".
Other spellings include:kurultay,qurultay,qurıltai,qorıltay, andqoroltay.
The word has several modern usages in the modernTurkish language as well, e.g.Yükseköğretim Kurulu "Higher Education Council",genel kurul toplantısı "general board meeting".Kurultay is also a commonly used word in modern Turkish meaning "general assembly", such as for organisations, committees etc.Kurmak[15] is also a verb in Turkish meaning "to set up, assemble, put together". It is also used for "extraordinary conventions" (Turkish:Olağanüstü Kurultay) of political parties.
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