Kunduz[a] (Persian:استان قندوز,romanized: Ostāne Qanduz) (Pashto[b]:کندز,), also known asQunduz, is one of the 34provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northern part of the country next toTajikistan. The population of the province is around 1,136,677,[2] which is mostly a tribal society; it is one of Afghanistan's most ethnically diverse provinces with many different ethnicities in large numbers living there.[3][4][5] The city ofKunduz serves as the capital of the province. It borders the provinces ofTakhar,Baghlan,Samangan andBalkh, as well as theKhatlon Region ofTajikistan. TheKunduz Airport is located next to the provincial capital.
TheKunduz River valley dominates the Kunduz Province. The river flows irregularly from south to north into theAmu Darya river which forms the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan. A newly constructed bridge crosses the Amu Darya atSherkhan Bandar and the international trade is a large source of Kunduz's economy. The river, its tributaries, and derivative canals provide irrigation to the irrigated fields that dominate land usage in the agricultural province. There are also rain-fed fields and open range land that span several miles. Kunduz was once a major economic center for Afghanistan, but the wars since 1978 have changed fortunes for the province.[4] Initially during theWar in Afghanistan (2001-2021), Kunduz was one of the more stable regions of Afghanistan, but during the 2010s quickly turned into one of the most unstable provinces of the country, resulting in large parts falling underTaliban insurgent control.[6] In 2021, the Taliban gained control of the province during their nationwidesummer offensive.
The area has been part of many empires in the past. It became part of the AfghanDurrani Empire in the mid-18th century. It saw a major migration fromRussian Turkestan in the north during the early 1920s. During the governance ofSher Khan Nasher, Kunduz became one of the wealthiest of Afghanistan's provinces, mainly due to Nasher's founding of theSpinzar Cotton Company, which continues to exist in post-war Afghanistan in the early 20th century.
Between 100,000 and 200,000 Tajiks and Uzbeks fled the conquest of their homeland byRussianRed Army and settled in northern Afghanistan.[7]
The province witnessed much violence and fighting during theSoviet–Afghan War.[5]
During thewar in Afghanistan Kunduz was captured by NATO forces. In November 2001, members of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, along with Pakistani military personnel and Afghan sympathizers were airlifted to Pakistan to evade NATO capture in theKunduz Airlift.
Sherkhan Bandar, located in theImam Sahib District of Kunduz province, is the border crossing between Afghanistan and neighboring Tajikistan.
Germany had 4,000 soldiers stationed in theNATO-ISAF Kunduz provinceProvincial Reconstruction Team, along with Regional Command North. The province was largely peaceful untilTaliban militants started infiltrating the area in 2009.[8]
On 4 September 2009, the German commander called in an American jet fighter, which attacked two NATO fuel trucks, which had been captured by insurgents. More than 90 people died, among them at least 40 civilians, who had gathered to collect fuel.[9][10]
It was reported that on 21 November 2009, a bomb going off along the Takhar Kunduz highway killed a child and injured two others.[11]
The governor,Mohammad Omar, was killed by a bomb on 8 October 2010.
On 10 February 2011, a suicide bomber killed a district governor and six other people in the district ofChardara in Kunduz Province, where the insurgency is well entrenched.[12]
As part of the Taliban's resurgence in northern Afghanistan, Kunduz has been increasingly affected by war and instability. TheTaliban after their ouster did not gain a foothold in Kunduz Province until 2009, but since then their influence expanded and they eventually captured the capital city of Kunduz briefly in 2015 and 2016.[6] As of 2021, many parts are underTaliban control. Since the mid-2010s and in 2021 many residents have been forced to flee the province to places likeKabul or across the border to Tajikistan.[13]
On 8 August 2021, the Taliban regained control of Kunduz City according to local sources.[14]
Agriculture andlivestock husbandry are the primary occupations of the provinces residents. Fruit and vegetable are the most commonly farms items but there is also some cotton and sesame production.[15] Farmers facedwater shortages.[16]
Men and women in Kunduz were employed in clothing production, metal working, carpentry and hide business.[16]
The port ofSherkhan Bandar provides an international outlet for Kunduz's goods and has allowed for importing commercial goods from Asia, Middle East, and the Persian Gulf.[16]
Cotton production is the province's most important industry.Agriculture is a significant source of income for 66 percent of households in the province, including 34 percent of urban households. However, commerce and services provide income to 28% of households, and non-farm work provides income to 15% of households. To some extent, Kunduz produces industrial crops. Sesame is another important product, in addition to cotton. The province's small-business sector is essentially non-existent, and karakul skin is the main product. Handicrafts aren't made in significant quantities, but rugs and jewelry are made to some extent. In the province, 85 percent of households have access to irrigated land, while 12 percent have access to irrigated land. Wheat, rice, watermelons, melons, and maize are among the province's most important field crops. Sheep, cattle, poultry, donkeys, and goats are the most frequent livestock.[17]
The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 25% in 2005 to 16% in 2011.[18] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 6% in 2005 to 22% in 2011.[18]
Only 25% of families have access to safe drinking water, and only 18% of houses have access to electricity, with the bulk relying on public power. Safe toilets are found in only 2% of urban households, while they are almost non-existent in rural regions. The province's transportation infrastructure is fairly well developed, with 68 percent of roads capable of carrying car traffic in all seasons. However, there are no roads in 4% of the province. In terms of telecommunications, theRoshan (telco),Afghan Wireless, and MTN Digital phone networks are all operational in the province.[19]
The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 33% in 2005 to 20% in 2011.[18] The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) fell from 62% in 2005 to 50% in 2011.[18]
Although a reliable census has not been carried out, as of 2020 the population of Kunduz province is estimated to be around 1,136,677 people.[2] The province is mostly rural and very ethnically diverse of Afghanistan's provinces.[20] According to theNaval Postgraduate School, the ethnic groups of the province are as follows:Pashtuns 33%,Uzbeks 27%,Tajiks 22%,Turkmens 11%,Hazaras 6%, andPashais 1%.[3][7]
^"Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.
^abWörmer, Nils (2012)."The Networks of Kunduz: A History of Conflict and Their Actors, from 1992 to 2001"(PDF).Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik.Afghanistan Analysts Network. p. 8. Retrieved7 September 2013.According toThe Liaison Office the ethnic composition of Kunduz province is as follows: 24 per cent Tajik 27 per cent Uzbek, 20 per cent Pashtun, 9.4 per cent Turkmen, 4.6 per cent Arab, 23.5 per cent Hazara, plus a few very small groups including Baluch, Pashai and Nuristani.
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