City council secretaryYuri Vilkul (MayorKonstantyn Pavlov [de;uk;ru] died on 15 August 2021, since then his powers are temporarily exercised by the city council secretary)[1]
Stalin-era industrialisation builtKryvorizhstal in 1934, the largest integrated metallurgical works in the Soviet Union. After a brutal German occupation inWorld War II, Kryvyi Rih experienced renewed growth through to the 1970s. The economic dislocation associated with the break-up of theSoviet Union contributed to high unemployment and a large-scale exodus from the city in the 1990s. Theprivatization ofKryvorizhstal in 2005 was followed by increased foreign and private investment which helped finance urban regeneration. Beginning in 2017, there were major labour protests and strikes.
Kryvyi Rih, which in Ukrainian literally means 'crookedhorn' or 'curved cape', was the name originally given in the 18th century to the general area of the present city byZaporozhian Cossacks. According to local legend, the first village in the area was founded by a "crooked" (Ukrainian slang for 'one-eyed') Cossack namedRih (literally, 'horn'). The name likely derives from the shape of the landmass formed by theconfluence of the riverSaksahan with theInhulets.[9]
In 1734 the CossackZaporizhian Sich (or Host) incorporated the area within the Inhul Palanka division of theirde-facto republic. A list of villages and winter camps (zymivnyki) from that time mentions Kryvyi Rih. In 1770, Kryvyi Rih was again recorded as the camp of theZaporizhian Sich.[10][11]
The early 19th century saw the construction of the first stone houses (1828), and three water mills.[14] In 1860, the village was designated atownship.[15]
In 1880, with 5 millionfrancs ofcapital, Pol founded the "French Society of Kryvyi Rih Ores". In 1882 16.4 thousand tons of ore were extracted from surface mines on the outskirts of town by 150 workers. The first underground mine of the basin began operations in 1886.[21] In 1892, theHdantsivkaironworks was started. Ore began to be processed locally, spawning new metallurgical enterprises spurred by substantial western, and in particular Belgian,[22] investment. At the same time Kryvyi Rih ore began to feed the German metallurgical industry inSilesia. In 1902, the Catherine Railroad linked Kryvyi Rih to the coal mines of the Donbas.[20]
Kryvyi Rih's synagogue, 19th century
Alexander Pol studied iron ore in detail and proved its commercial value
At the end of the 19th century the tallest building was the Central Synagogue, built by a thriving Jewish community of artisans, merchants and traders.[15] In 1905, the community was subject topogroms, in which the authorities were complicit. Many Jewish people left the area, emigrating toGermany,Austria-Hungary and theUnited States.[23]
The surrounding mines attracted prospectors looking to turn a quick profit.[24] Thesupply of mined ore soon exceededdemand. Many mines had to cut employment or temporarily suspend operations. Workers, many drawn from the Russian-speaking north (fromGreat Russia),[25] laboured in harsh conditions with no security. Work in the mines induced lung cancer,tuberculosis andasthma.[26] In protest, workers began to develop ideas about socialism and democracy. Labour unrest resulted in several terrorist attacks and in widespreadstrikes.[27]
The town, with a population of 22,571, was now designated a city. Mine operations were revived, and in 1924 a 55.3 km (34.4 mi) water-supply system was laid underground. In the summer of 1927, 10,000 people began to work on theDnieprostroi, a huge dam on theDnieper River inZaporizhzhia, whose hydro-electric power drove Kryvyi Rih's industrialisation.[33] The firstMining Institute opened in 1929. The Medical andPedagogical Institutes were founded.[34]
In line withStalin's plans for break-neck industrialisation, in 1931 the foundation of the Kryvyi Rih Metallurgical Plant, the futureKryvorizhstal, was laid.[35] The first blast furnace of the metallurgical works produced steel three years later. The city grew rapidly.[36] In the surrounding countryside, industrialisation was accompaniedby the collectivisation of agriculture. The dispossession of the peasants and the confiscation of their harvests induced theHolodomor or Great Famine of 1932–33.[37]
By 1941, at over 200,000, the population of the industrial city had increased almost tenfold.[38]
Nazi occupation
During World War II, Kryvyi Rih was occupied by theGerman Army from 15 August 1941 to 22 February 1944. It was administered for most of that period as part of theReichskommissariat Ukraine. In advance of the Germans, industrial plant and machine operators were evacuated toNizhny Tagil in the Urals.[32] An initial toleration of Ukrainian cultural activity and propaganda by the pro-GermanOrganization of Ukrainian Nationalists in the town ended in January and February 1942 with the arrest and execution of the leading Ukrainian activists.[39]
In 1939, 12,745Jews had lived in Krivoy Rog, comprising about 6% of the total population. Those who did not leave the city during the organized evacuation were systematically concentrated and murdered by the Nazi occupiers during theHolocaust. The first mass killing of two to three hundred by anEinsatzkommando occurred at the end of August 1941 at a brick works. On 14–15 October a combination of SS, German police and Ukrainian auxiliaries murdered 7,000 more at an iron ore mine. Children were thrown into the pits alive.[40]
Hitler had repeatedly stressed the crucial importance of this area: "The Nikopol manganese is of such importance, it cannot be expressed in words. Loss of Nikopol (on theDnieper River, today's southwest of Zaporizhzhia) would mean the end of war."[41] The German bridgehead on the left bank of the Dnieper gave the German command a base in order to restore the land connection with their forces locked in the Crimea.[42] During the first half of January 1944,[43] Soviet troops made repeated attempts to eliminate the Nikopol-Krivoy Rog enemy group. TheNikopol–Krivoy Rog Offensive did not succeed in breaking into the city until the end of February. Although the greater part of city was destroyed, a special 37th Red Army detachment prevented the German demolition of the power stations in the city and theSaksahan dams.[44]
After the war, people lived among the ruins while rebuilding the housing stock. The housing shortage was met by innovative technological solutions, and temporary barracks and houses were quickly built.
In the late 1940s, re-construction was accompanied byStakhanovite propaganda:[46] Pre-war iron ore production was restored by 1950.[32] In 1961 this was supplemented by new mines and by theCentral and,Northern Iron Ore Enrichment Works.[47] By the end of the Soviet era, Kryvbas was producing 42% of the USSR's and 80% ofUkrainian ore.[48]
At the beginning of the 1960s, the city received a signature 185m-tall, guyed tubular steel TV mast.[49] Housing stock was replaced and expanded with several largeKhrushchyovkas apartment complexes. Urban planning incorporated broad tree-lined avenues with trams lines running down their center.[50]
On June 16–18, 1963, increased food prices triggered protests in the city, estimated to involve between 1,000 and 6,000 people.[51] After an ex-serviceman who had interacted with the police was severely beaten, there was rioting. Moscow sent in troops. While the authorities admitted to 4 dead and 15 wounded, witnesses report that soldiers killed at least 7, and that over 200 people were hospitalised with injuries.[52] Fifteen hundred people received prison sentences.[32]
In 1975, the city's two-hundredth anniversary was marked by the development of the Jubilee mine and adjacent residential area, and by the construction of a new city administration building and park. In September 1976, the Krivorozh wool spinning factory was commissioned.[32]
In last years of the Soviet Union, and following a sharp reduction in spending on cultural, sports and youth service, the city witnessed neighbourhood-based gang violence—the so-called "war of Runners".[53] The era ofPerestrioka was also marked by the emergence of independent trade unions, and of new civic and political organisations.[54]
In anational referendum on 1 December 1991, Ukrainian independence was approved by 90% of the votes cast in Kryvyi Rih'sDnipropetrovsk Oblast.[55] The first 25 years of independence was a period of economic dislocation and adjustment. The population of the city decreased by almost 100,000, from a peak of 780,000 in the late 1980s.[56][38]
Assisted byMetinvest, investment followed the 2005privatization ofKryvorizhstal.[57] There was extensive redevelopment including new shopping and entertainment centers.[58] In July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, Kryvyi Rih Municipality and the Kryvyi Rih Raion came under a common city authority.[59][60] The city remains the second most important in the Dnipropetrovsk region afterDnipro. Krivyi Rih has two independent universities, and several institutes and technical schools.[32]
Until the events ofEuromaidan in 2014 and their aftermath, in local and national elections Kryvyi Rih favored Russian-friendly candidates belonging first, in the 1990s, to theCommunist Party of Ukraine and then, in the new century, theParty of Regions. In 2010 the city elected Party of Regions Yuriy Vilkul mayor, and helpedViktor Yanukovych to victory in thepresidential election. After theEuromaidan events, which were accompanied by demonstrations and clashes in the city centre,[61] support began to ebb from the Party of Regions.Petro Poroshenko, who insisted that Russian separatists in theDonbas "don't represent anybody",[62] was supported in the presidential election of 2014. Vilkul was re-elected mayor in 2015, but amidst large-scale protests alleging electoral fraud.[63][64]
In the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election the city supported its native sonVolodymyr Zelenskyy,[65] who defeated Poroshenko in the second round in April.[66][67][68] In the July 2019 elections for theUkrainian Rada, candidates forZelenskyy'sServant of the People Party won the city's three parliamentary seats. However, in December 2020, the Servant of the People candidate for mayor, Dmytr Shevchuk, lost to Kostantin Pavlov of the pro-RussianOpposition Platform — For Life.[69]
On 15 August 2021, Pavlov was found dead in the entrance to his home, a gun lying next to his body.[70] In September, reporting on an investigation that included a search of the home of the former, and now acting, mayor, Yyriy Vilkul,[71] the Minister of Internal AffairsDenys Monastyrsky suggested that Pavlov may have committed suicide against the backdrop of a large-scale audit of the city's budget.[72]
Labour protests
Beginning in 2017, Kryvyi Rih had major labour unrest. In May 2017, coordinated protest actions began at the city's main plants, Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Plant, Evraz-Sukha Balka and AMKR. Employees stopped work, held public meetings and occupied administration offices. Conscious that they were receiving one of the lowest wages across the global industry, the metalworkers raised the demand for a monthly wage of US$1,000/Euros. The conflict stopped after an agreement was reached to gradually raise wages, on average by 50%. In 2018, protest erupted again triggered by the fatal result of underinvestment in plant and safety. On the night of 3–4 March 2018, the roof collapsed at AMKR's converter shop, killing a 25-year-old worker.[73]
In May, theArcelorMittal steel plant ground to a halt as workers refused to guide trains along the factory's self-enclosed supply chain until they received monthly pay of 1,000 euros. Management brought in employees from state-owned railway company Ukrzaliznytsia to run the factory, breaking the strike but leaving the central dispute in place. An underlying problem, according to ArcelorMittal's chief procurement officer, is a labour shortage. Skilled workers are emigrating toPoland,Czechia, and to other countries. But the plant's upper management sees costs associated with the higher salaries that might retain workers as an unacceptable threat to an ambitious, multibillion-dollar factory modernization project.[74]
Kryvorizhstal, Ukraine's largest integrated steel company, had been privatised in 2005 in publicly televised auction. This was after the incoming government of PresidentViktor Yushchenko cancelled a 2004 auction that had seen the company sold at a much lower price, to a consortium that included the son-in-law of ex-PresidentLeonid Kuchma. The Indian-owned international steel conglomerateMittal Steel proved successful with a bid of $4.8 billion, equivalent to a fifth of Ukraine's national budget.[75] In 2006, Mittal took over its international rival, Arcelor, to formArcelorMittal headquartered inLuxembourg City.[76] Over the next five years, the company said it invested more than $5 billion in its Kryvyi Rih operations.[77]
On 15 October 2020, in an action that began with 393 miners occupying mine-shafts,[78] 18 iron-ore miners came to the surface after spending a total of 43 days underground to protest pay and conditions. The mine administration had introduced piecework wages for most jobs underground, linking people's daily income to the amount of ore mined. In response to this, and to above-ground worker blockades, plant management made concessions on wages, benefits and health and safety.[79][77]
On the first day of theinvasion of Ukraine by Russia, 24 February 2022, there were air strikes against military targets in the city, causing evacuations of residents in the district of Makulan.[80]
On 27 February, city mayorOleksandr Vilkul was appointed the head of the military administration of Kryvyi Rih.[2] According to Vilkul, the day previously — the second day the war — the Russian military had attempted an air assault. AnIlyushin Il 76 transport had approached an abandoned Soviet-era air base just east of the city. Carrying more than 100 paratroopers with orders to capture the airfield as an “air bridge”, it was forced to abort its mission, 300 metres from landing. As soon as the city had been hit with missiles, local defenders had blocked the runway with mechanical equipment.[65][22] On the same day, Vilkul said that he had received a phone call from a former colleague who invited him to "sign an agreement of friendship, cooperation and defense with Russia"; he said that he "responded with profanity."[81]
On the third day of the war, 27 February, the Russian forces, according to Vilkul, sent a column of 300 military vehicles from their advancing position to the south, and that after ten days of intense fighting they were turned back. As an industrial center that accounted for fully 10% of Ukraine's GDP, Vilkul was convinced that Kryvyi Rih was a prime target for Russian forces.[82]
In the third week of the war, Russian troops broadened their offensive across Ukraine and were again advancing toward Kryvyi Rih from the south.[83] On 10 March, two rockets struck theKryvyi Rih International Airport inLozovatka [uk].[84] On 12 March, Metinvest shuttered an open pit iron ore mine in the city, and sent the huge trucks used at the mine to block key roads to slow the Russian advance.[85] In its 15 March briefing, theUkrainian Ministry of Defence stated that the movement by "occupation troops" toward Kryvyi Rih had been stopped.[86]
According to Russian sources, the invaders faced extensive improvised fortifications and minefields.[87] On 29 March 2022, Vilkul said that the line of contact was no longer on the border withDnipropetrovsk region, but 40–60 kilometers south in theKherson Oblast.[88] He was confident that running 120 km north to south, the longest city in Europe could not be surrounded.[22]
A residential building in Kryvyi Rih after a Russian rocket attack on the night of 13 June 2023
On 30 March, ArcelorMittal which at the beginning of the month had idled its steelmaking operations in Kryvyi Rih citing concern for the safety and security of its 26,000 workers and for its assets,[89][90] announced that it was preparing to restart production.[91] (It 2023, it operated at 25% pre-war capacity. In 2024, the company plans to increase capacity utilization from to 50%).[92]
At the end of May 2022, responding to Russian rocket and missile strikes, Ukrainian forces made limited counterattacks south of Kryvyi Rih.[93] The southernInhulets andRadushne districts remain exposed to Russian shelling with civilian losses.[94] At dawn on 25 August, Kryvyi Rih was hit bycluster munitions.[95]
On 14 September 2022, the city faced rising water levels in the Inhulets River, and water shortages, as the Russian forces fired eight cruise missiles at local infrastructure.[96] The strike against President Zelenskyy's home town—an attempt, he suggested, to flood the city—came after his visit to towns in the Kharkiv region regained inUkraine's first major counteroffensive.[97]
The city of Kryvyi Rih is governed by theKryvyi Rih Municipality. It is a city community that is designated as a separate district within itsoblast.
Administratively, the city is divided intodistricts (raions). There are 7 districts: Metalurhiinyi, Tsentralno-Miskyi, Ternivskyi, Saksahanskyi, Inhuletskyi, Pokrovskyi and Dovhyntsivskyi. Small townships, Avanhard, Horniatske, Ternuvatyi Kut, Kolomiitseve and Novoivanivka were added to the city.[98]
In 1775, the Inhulets Povit (territory) ofNovorossiysk Governorate was established on lands of the Inhulets palanca, after the abolition of theZaporozhian Sich. In 1775/1776 it was part ofKherson Governorate. In 1783, the povit centre became Kryvyi Rih, and it was renamed "Kryvyi Rih Povit". In 1860, Kryvyi Rih received the status of township within theKherson Governorate. In 1919, the township was granted city status inYekaterinoslav Governorate and, later,Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. As a result of the administrative reform in 1923, Kryvyi Rih povit converted to Kryvyi Rih county. In 1930, it became an independent administrativeunit of Ukraine.[99][100]
One of the biggest flower clocks in Europe is here. A local history museum is inside of it.[102]
Kryvyi Rih has a thriving theatre, circus and dance scene, and is home to a number of large performance venues. There are also the Doll Theatre and Movement Theatre.The first theater was the Coliseum, built in 1908. The New Theatre of Vyzenberh and Hrushevskyy followed in 1911, at the corner of Lenina and Kalynychenko streets. Kryvbas Theatre began its activities in 1931, and three years later was incorporated with the Shevchenko Theater.
The first film screenings were conducted in the city in the early 1920s. In 1934 Lenin Cinema was built. Today there are three movie theaters: Olympus,Odessa andMultiplex.[104] The Kryvyi Rih Circus features large-scale exhibition space where fairs are held.[105] A remnant of Soviet heritage arePalaces of Culture, located in every district of the city.
The local historical museum celebrates Cossack history, the industrial heritage of the area and its role in the Soviet State. The municipally owned Art Gallery houses a collection of local paintings.[106]
The nightlife of the city has expanded significantly since the 2000s. Big clubs such as Hollywood[107] and Sky have attracted touring DJs and pop and rap performers. Another major scene of the city is the Palace of Youth and Students of theKryvyi Rih National University (KNU).[108] The most popular fast-food,McDonald's, is located atKvartal 95 neighborhood.
Kryvyi Rih's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging fromeclecticism tocontemporary architecture. The widespread use of red brick and block apartments characterize the city. Much of the architecture in the city was built during its prosperous days as a center for the ore trade. Just outside the immediate city center is a large number of former factories. Some have been totally destroyed. Others are in desperate need of restoration.
Stalinist architecture was the predominant style of postwar apartments, of 5 to 7 stories. City Hall is the best example ofThe decree On liquidation of excesses.[110]Khrushchyovka are a type of low-cost, concrete-paneled or brick three- to five-storied apartment building which was developed in the USSR during the early 1960s. They are named afterNikita Khrushchev, then premier of the Soviet government. Dozens of these aging buildings around the city are now past their design lifetime.
The city has manyChristian churches, the most notable being the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral of the Ukrainian Orthodox church in union with theRussian Orthodox Church. It is the base of theKryvyi Rih Eparchy, which was established in July 1996.[111] A Roman Catholic chapel located in the old town, Pokrova church, Mykhailivska church and Christmas church were destroyed in the 1930s during theGreat Purge, never to be used as a church again.[112] Beside the Russian jurisdiction, in 2009 to 2011 there existed parallel eparchy of theOrthodox Church of Ukraine (as theUkrainian Orthodox Church – Kyivan Patriarchate). Domination of the pro-Russian political partyParty of Regions in Kryvyi Rih expelled that organization.
Kryvyi Rih has few[116] designatednatural monuments: the oldpear near Karnavatka, anotherpear of 1789,[117] Vizyrka landscape reserve, Northern and Southern Red Beam, Amphibolite, Arkose and Skelevatski Outputs, Mopr Rocks, Slate rocks, Sandstone rock.[118] A park named after the newspaperPravda is very famous for itsampir boat station.[119] Kryvyi Rih Botanical Gardens of theNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS) was established in 1980.[120]
Located 316 kilometres (200 mi) south ofKyiv, the city is the biggest by size within theCentral Ukraine and being situated in the right-bank portion ofDnipropetrovsk Oblast. In addition, the city is located right on the conditional border whereDnieper Upland transitions toBlack Sea Lowland. The Dnieper Upland is part of theUkrainian Crystalline Shield which in the region contains number ofheavy metal deposits such as iron and uranium ores andhard rock deposits likegranite. Combination of the crystalline shield with the near flowing river ofDnieper causes the plain-relief river looking as mountainous and running through rapids (Dnieper rapids).
Also, the city is often claimed to be the longest in Europe. It is said up to 100 km[7] or even 126 kilometres (78 mi)[8] from north to south. While the city is strikingly elongated on a map, in reality the greatest distance between two points within city limits is 66.1 km. The longer figures result from drawing a line precisely following the heavily indented city limits from north to south.[121]
The city area is not contiguous, with part of theInhulets District being an exclave to the city proper. There isn't a continuous built up area along the full length of the city. Kryvyi Rih's shape is influenced by theoredeposits which lie parallel to it and which have been the city's mining mainstay. The city centre is on the east bank of theInhulets River, near its confluences with its tributary riverSaksahan. Both Inhulets and Saksahan change their river course in the area often bending in each direction. Theconfluence of the riverSaksahan with theInhulets supposedly gave the name for the city by forming a geographical crooked horn ("kryvyi rih").[122]
The city is set in the rolling steppe land surrounded by fields of sunflowers and grain. A short distance east of the city center, there is an area along a small lake where glacial boulders were deposited. As a result, this area was never cultivated and contains one of the few remaining patches of wildsteppe vegetation in the area. The city'senvironmental andconstructionsafety is a growing problem due to abandonedmines andpolluted ore-processingwaste.
Climate
Kryvyi Rih has a dry warmhot-summer continental climate (Dfa) within to the Köppen climate classification system, like much of southern Ukraine. This tends to generate warm summers and cold winters with relatively low precipitation. Snowfalls are not common in the city, due to the urban warming effect. Districts that surround the city receive more snow and roads leading out of the city can be closed[123] due to snow.[124]
Climate data for Kryvyi Rih (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
Historically, the population of Kryvyi Rih began to increase rapidly during theInterwar period, peaking at 197,000 in 1939.[129] From then the population began to decrease rapidly. Foreign workers arrived, and there was increased building of social housing estates by the Kryvyi Rih City Council after the Second World War, such as Sotsmisto and Soniachnyi.[130]
The 2014 estimate for the population of Kryvyi Rih was 654,900 (8th in Ukraine). This was a decrease of 4,348 since the 2013 estimate. Since 2001, the population has grown by 48,001. In 2013, deaths exceeded births by 3,589. Thenet migration rate is 234 (negative).[129][131]
Kryvyi Rih historically had a Christian majority-population. It has numerous churches, particularly in the city centre. The well-known Saviour Transfiguration Cathedral in Saksahan Raion is anOrthodox administrative centre, and the bishop of theKryvyi Rih Eparchy has his main residence here. The town has a school oficon painting. The patron saint of the city isSaint Nicholas, as well as bishops Onufry and Porphyry.[138]
This was long a centre ofJewish population. Its Central Synagogue was the tallest building in town in the late 19th century. The majority of the region's Jews live here, and a significant Jewish community has been re-established. Beis Shtern Shtulman Synagogue[139] opened in 2010 in the city centre. In the early twentieth century, the city had two synagogues, located on Kaunas street. As part of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Kharkiv-Zaporizhzhia, the city has the Kostel of Mary Mother of Jesus. Kryvyi Rih is also home to Evangelical Christians, CEF, andVedas communities.
In terms of ethnicity, ethnicUkrainians account for the majority of the local population. Jews constituted one of the largestethnic minorities.[140] As of 2018, approximately 71% of Kryvyi Rih's residents were ethnicUkrainians and 27% ethnicRussians.[141]
Large immigrant groups include people fromKorea,Poland,Moldova andAzerbaijan, as well asAssyrians andRoms.[142] NumerousAfrican students come to the city to attend local universities.[143] Central city and Dovhuntsevskyi Raion are centres of population for ethnic minorities.
TheKryvyi Rih Metropolitan Region (KMR) had a population over 1,010,000 in 2010. In addition to Kryvyi Rih, the KMR (factually) includes far more than fiveraions, and numerous territories in central and southern parts of Ukraine. The KMR is the sixth-largest within Ukraine.
2001 census
As of theUkrainian national census in 2001, Kryvyi Rih had a population of 710,412 inhabitants. The city is home to a large number of different ethnic groups. EthnicUkrainians (79.1%) accounted for the overwhelming majority of the population, while people who claimed to have aRussian background (17.7%) made up the second-largest group. The exact ethnic composition was as follows:[144]
In terms of native languages, 70.8% of the population spokeUkrainian, while 27.6% spokeRussian. Smaller linguistic minorities spokeBelarusian,Romani orArmenian. The exact linguistic composition was as follows:[145]
In 2020 Kryvyi Rih's share ofUkraine's national GDP was about 7%.[146] In mid-2014, Kryvyi Rih had anIPI of ₴41.6bn[147][148] about $3bn,[149] with 17.9% growth. Exports reached $2.520m (a 4.9% decrease), Import – $276m. The city has received $4.899m of foreign investments, mainly fromGermany,Cyprus,Netherlands, and theUK.
Theaverage wage in September 2021 was ₴10.258 ($384).[150] Official unemployment throughout 2018 averaged 0.95%.[151]
Processing and themining industry – are the two largest sectors of Kryvyi Rih's economy. Rest fraction is about 50%. The city has over 53 plants, mines and factories.[152]ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih, owned byArcelorMittal since 2005, is the largest private company by revenue in Ukraine,[153] producing over 7 million tonnes of crude steel, and mined over 17 million tonnes of iron ore. As of 2011, the company employed about 37 000 people. The 4 Iron Ore Enrichment Works ofMetinvest are a large contributors to the UA'sbalance of payments. Other giants of the city are theEvraz mining company andHeidelbergCement.[147][148]
Transport
Local public transportation in Kryvyi Rih includes theMetrotram (subway),buses[147][148] andminibus lines,trolleybuses (in operation since 1957, the system presently comprises 23 routes),trams (one of the world's largest tram networks, operating on 88.1 kilometres (54.7 miles) of total route; as of 2014, it was composed of 13 lines) and,taxi.
The publicly owned and operated Kryvyi Rih Metrotram is the fastest, the most convenient and affordable network that covers most, but not all, of the city. The Metrotram is continuously expanding towards the city limits to meet growing demand, currently has two lines with a total length of 18.7 kilometres (11.6 miles) and 11 stations. Despite its designation as a "metrotram" and its use oftram cars as rolling stock, the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram is a completerapid transit system with enclosed stations and tracks separated both from roads and from the city's conventional tram lines.City public transport serviced 66m persons in the first part of 2014.[147][148]
In May 2021, Kryvyi Rih became the first city in Ukraine to introduce free travel in public transport for its citizens.[154] In order not to pay for municipal transport one must show a special electronic "Kryvyi Rih Card".[154]
The historictram system,[47] once a well maintained and widely used method of transport, is now gradually being phased out in favor of buses and trolleybuses.
Thetaxi system is expansive but not regulated. In particular, the taxi fare per kilometer is not regulated. There is a fierce competition between private taxi companies.
Kryvyi Rih International Airport is the airport that serves the city. It is located 17.5 km (10.9 Miles) northwest of the city of Kryvyi Rih.
Kryvyi Rih National University, a major institution, was originally formed as a college and Mining Institute in 1929. It gained university status in 1982.Kryvyi Rih Pedagogical Institute was founded in 1930 as an Institute of Vocational Training, and is the oldest pedagogical institution in Kryvyi Rih, reorganized as a Pedagogical Institute. In 2011 the Cabinet of Ukraine founded Kryvyi Rih National University by uniting the Mining Institute, Pedagogical University, Economic Institute ofKyiv National Economic University and Department of theNational Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine.
In 2014 Donetsk Tugan-Baranovsky National University of Economics and Trade was evacuated to Kryvyi Rih after a start of theRusso-Ukrainian War.[155]
There are 149 general secondary schools and 150 nursery schools and kindergartens in Kryvyi Rih.[147] There are evening schools for adults, musical, art, sports and specialist technical schools.
FC Hirnyk Kryvyi Rih is afootball club based in Hirnyk Stadium, and competes in theUkrainian First League. It is part of the Sports Club Hirnyk which combines several other sections. The club's owner is the Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Combine (KZRK), the biggest subterranean mining public company in Ukraine.
Kryvyi Rih was home to another football team,Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih. The team was founded as FC Kryvyi Rih in 1959. The next year it was part of the republican sports society Avanhard. After a couple of years, it changed to Hirnyk, before obtaining current its name in 1966. Kryvbas debuted in theUkrainian Premier League in the1992–93 season. They had been in the top league since their debut, with their best finish in third place in the 1998–99 and 1999–2000 seasons.
At the end of the2012–13 season the team finished in 7th place. Due to financial difficulties the club declared itself bankrupt in June 2013.FC Kryvbas-2 Kryvyi Rih was the reserve team of Kryvbas. In 1998 the club entered into the professional leagues to compete in theSecond League. In 3 seasons the club moved to the Amateur Level before competing one last time inSecond League.
SC Kryvbas is a professional basketball club. Achievements of the team are winning the Ukrainian Basketball League in 2009 and winning the Higher League in 2003 and 2004. Since 2010 the team is active in theUkrainian Basketball SuperLeague.
^В. Ізмайлов. Подорож у полуденну Росію в 1799 р. у листах, виданих Володимиром Ізмайловим (tr. "V. Izmaylov. A trip to southern Russia in 1799 in letters published by Volodymyr Izmailov")
^Перелік (Списку) казенних селищ Херсонського й Олександрійського повітів, які у 1816 – 1817 р.р. були звернені у військові поселення (tr. "The list (list) of state villages of Kherson and Oleksandriy districts, which in 1816 – 1817 were sent to military settlements")
^Borys Krupnytsky & Arkadii Zhukovsky (1993)."The Zaporozhia".Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved3 April 2022.
^«По Катерининській залізниці», вип. 1-й (tr. ""On the Catherine railway", vol. 1st"), Katerinoslaw, 1903 р
^abBrockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 1890—1907
^Осуществленные строительством основные объекты архитектора Иосифа Каракиса // Архитектор Иосиф Каракис: Судьба и творчество (Альбом-каталог к столетию со дня рождения) / Под ред. Бабушкин С. В., Бражник Д., Каракис И. И., А. Пучков; Сост. Д. Бражник, И. Каракис, И. Несмиянова. — Киев, 2002. — С. 97. — 102 с. — (Н0(4УКР)6–8). —ISBN966-95095-8-0.
^"Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.Archived from the original on 2022-02-25. Retrieved2021-05-08.
^Волости и важнѣйшія селенія Европейской Россіи. По данным обслѣдованія, произведеннаго статистическими учрежденіями Министерства Внутренних Дѣл, по порученію Статистическаго Совѣта. Изданіе Центральнаго Статистическаго Комитета. Выпуск VIII. Губерніи Новороссійской группы. СанктПетербургъ. 1886. — VI + 157 с.
^Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. М.: Издание ЦСУ Союза ССР, 1928–29. Том 10–16. Таблица VI. Население по полу, народности
^Architecture of The Stalin Era, by Alexei Tarkhanov (Collaborator), Sergei Kavtaradze (Collaborator), Mikhail Anikst (Designer), 1992,ISBN978-0-8478-1473-2
^Климат Кривого Рога [Climate of Kryvyi Rih] (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. 2016. Archived fromthe original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved29 October 2021.
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