Eighty experiments were conducted in such categories asmotion sickness,reproduction andregeneration,immunology, and readaptation to a normal gravity environment. A number of different biological specimens were used, includingrodents.
The joint United States/Soviet Union experiments were conducted on 2rhesus monkeys and 10 maleWistar rats. The biological payload also included cell cultures (Escherichia coli). The prime occupants were twomacaque monkeys. The 2.3 m diameter descent sphere was successfully recovered after 14 days, but a failure in the thermal control system resulted in the deaths of some of the specimens.
Biomechanical and Morphological Alteration of Intramuscular Connective Tissues: The objective of this experiment was to characterize the structural and material properties of cortical and trabecular bone samples, tendons and intervertebral disks; and to correlate the biomechanical properties of these tissues to the type and quality of structuralproteins. The institutions participating in this experiment wereUniversity of Iowa,West Virginia University,University of Wisconsin-Madison andInstitute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).[4]
Morphometric and EM Analyses of Tibial Epiphyseal Plates: The objective of this experiment was to measure the growth plate of the tibia as an index of its longitudinal growth, and to study the ultrastructure and chemical composition of the growth plate. The institutions participating in this experiment wereUniversity of Texas Medical Branch andInstitute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).[7]
Myosin Isoform Expression in Rodent Skeletal Muscle: The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of microgravity and contractile protein expression in antigravity and non-antigravity rodent skeletal muscle. The institutions participating in this experiment wereUniversity of California, Irvine andInstitute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).[11]
MessengerRNA Levels in Skeletal and Smooth Muscles: The objective of this experiment was to measure certain messenger RNA levels in various skeletal muscles and intestinal smooth muscle as an index of protein synthesis. Participated in the experiment theUniversity of Texas Medical Branch andInstitute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).[12]
Effects of Muscle Atrophy on Motor End Plates: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of spaceflight on neurotransmitter receptors of the brain and spinal cord, and on the morphology and histochemistry of nerve-muscle junctions. Specifically, it studied the muscarinic and gaba (benzodiazepine) receptors in the sensory-motor cortex and spinal cord. The institutions participating in this experiment were theNASA Ames Research Center andInstitute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).[19]
Pineal Physiology in Microgravity and Its Relation to Gonadal Function: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of microgravity on selected pineal gland neurotransmitters associated with rodent circadian rhythm control and correlate this with testis function. Participated in the experiment theInstitute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP), theSan Jose State University and theFlorida A&M University.[20]
Study of the Effect ofMicrogravity onEnzymes: The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of microgravity on 1) metabolic enzymes of type I, IIA, and IIB muscle fibers; and on 2) metabolic enzymes, neurotransmitter amino acids, and neurotransmitter associated enzymes in selected regions of the central nervous system. Participated in the experiment theWashington University School of Medicine andInstitute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).[22]
Studies of Vestibular Primary Afferents In Normal, Hyper- and Hypogravity: The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of microgravity on a primates vestibular system by measuring brain and eye movement responses to rotational stimuli preflight and postflight. Participated in the experimentUniversity of Texas Medical Branch andInstitute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).[28]
Functional Neuromuscular Adaption to Spaceflight: The objective of this experiment was to study primate electromyographic activity (EMG) and to determine its importance to the maintenance of normal muscle properties. The biochemical and morphological effects of microgravity on muscles was also studied. Participated in the experimentUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA),Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP) andMoscow Medical Institute.[29]
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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