The Kolyma begins at the confluence of theKulu and theAyan-Yuryakh (the Kolyma a natural continuation of Ayan-Yuryakh). The confluence happens in theOkhotsk-Kolyma Upland (Охотско-Колымское нагорье), which lies within the watershed that separates the Kolyma basin and the basins of rivers flowing into theSea of Okhotsk.[7] Kolyma flows across theUpper Kolyma Highlands roughly southwards in its upper course. Leaving the mountainous areas it flows roughly northwards across theKolyma Lowland, a vast plain dotted with thousands of lakes, part of the greaterEast Siberian Lowland. The river empties into theKolyma Gulf of theEast Siberian Sea, a division of theArctic Ocean.
The Kolyma is 2,129 kilometres (1,323 mi) long. The area of its basin is 647,000 square kilometres (250,000 mi2).[3] The averagedischarge atKolymskoye is 3,254 m3/s (114,900 cu ft/s), with a high of 26,201 m3/s (925,300 cu ft/s) reported in June 1985, and a low of 30.6 m3/s (1,080 cu ft/s) in April 1979.[6]
In the last 75-kilometre (47 mi) stretch, the Kolyma divides into two large branches. There are many islands at the mouth of the Kolyma before it meets the East Siberian sea. The main ones are:
Sukharnyy, or Sukhornyy, is 3 kilometres from the northeastern shores of Mikhalkino. It is 11 kilometres (7 mi) long and about 5 kilometres (3 mi) wide. Northeast of Sukhornyy lies a cluster of small islands known as the Morskiye Sotki Islands.
Piat' Pal'tsev lies 5 kilometres to the southeast of Sukhornyy's southern end. It is 5 kilometres long and has a maximum width of 1.8 kilometres.
Nazarovsky Island69°31′59″N161°05′10″E / 69.533°N 161.086°E /69.533; 161.086 lies on the western side of the Kolyma's western branch, the Prot. Pokhodskaya Kolyma, in an area where there are many small islands. It is 4.5 kilometres long and 1.3 kilometres wide.
Shtormovoy Island69°39′58″N161°01′52″E / 69.666°N 161.031°E /69.666; 161.031 lies offshore, about 10 kilometres (6 mi) to the north of Nazarovsky Island. Shtormovoy is the northernmost island off the Mouths of the Kolyma. It is 4.3 kilometres long and 1.5 kilometres wide.
In 1640 Dimitry Zyryan (also called Yarilo or Yerilo) went overland to theIndigirka. In 1641 he sailed down the Indigirka, went east and up theAlazeya. Here they heard of the Kolyma and metChukchis for the first time. In 1643 he returned to the Indigirka, sent hisyasak (tribute) toYakutsk and went back to the Alazeya. In 1645 he returned to theLena where he met a party and learned that he had been appointedprikazchik (land administrator) of the Kolyma. He returned east and died in early 1646. In the winter of 1641–42Mikhail Stadukhin, accompanied bySemyon Dezhnyov, went overland to the upper Indigirka. He spent the next winter there, built boats and sailed down the Indigirka and east to the Alazeya where he met Zyryan. Zyryan and Dezhnyov stayed at the Alazeya, while Stadukhin went east, reaching the Kolyma in the summer of 1644. They built azimovye (winter cabin), probably atSrednekolymsk, and returned to Yakutsk in late 1645.[8]
In 1892–94Baron Eduard Von Toll carried out geological surveys in the basin of the Kolyma (among other Far-eastern Siberian rivers) on behalf of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Barr, 1980). During one year and two days the expedition covered 25,000 kilometres (16,000 mi), of which 4,200 kilometres (2,600 mi) were up rivers, carrying out geodesic surveys en route.
After the camps were closed, statesubsidies, local industries and communication dwindled to almost nothing. Many people have migrated, but those who remain in the area make a living by fishing and hunting. In small fishing settlements, fish are sometimes stored in caves carved frompermafrost.[9] The last Americans to visit the Kolyma during the Soviet era, beforeperestroika, were the crew of the sailingschoonerNanuk in August 1929, whose visit was captured in a film taken by theNanuk owner's 18-year-old daughter, Marion Swenson.[10] The first two Americans to visit the Kolyma after theNanuk's visit were writer Wallace Kaufman and journalist Rebecca Clay, who traveled by cutter from Ziryanka to Green Cape in August 1991.[11] Kaufman and his daughter Sylvan and CPA Letty Collins Magdanz also travelled part of the Kolyma in August 1992, the first American visitors since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Both trips were arranged by North-East Scientific and Industrial Center: Ecocenter to try out an ecotourism route which was found to be impractical.[citation needed] In February 2012, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reported that scientists had grown plants from 30,000-year-oldSilene stenophylla fruit, which was stored insquirrel burrows near the banks of the Kolyma river and preserved in permafrost.[12]
Old bridge over the Kolyma before its dismantling inDebin.
TheKolyma Hydroelectric Station is a hydropower plant atSinegorye, downstream from theKolyma Reservoir in the upper part of the river. The plant was started in the 1980s by Kolyma Gestroi and both the plant and the town of Sinegorye were built under the supervision of chief engineer Oleg Kogadovski. The town included an olympic sized swimming pool, an underground rifle range, and many amenities absent in most other small Russian towns. Kogadovski said that in order to attract and employ good talent in such a remote place, the town had to be exceptional.[13] The dam provides most of the electricity to the region including Magadan. the Kolyma dam is an earthen dam some 150 ft high. Air circulation tubes carry frigid winter air into the core of the dam where frozen earth stabilizes the structure. Kolyma Ges. said it was the largest dam ever built in a permafrost region. In 1992 a new hydropower plant was under construction at Ust-Srednekan, theUst-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant. Larch forests cleared for the reservoir were cut in winter when the trunks were frozen and easily snapped. The wood was sold for pulp.
There are only a few bridges over the river, including atUst-Srednekan, at Sinegorye and at Debin (which carries theKolyma Highway).
^Lantzeff, George V.; Pierce, Richard A. (1973).Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750. Montreal: McGill-Queen's U.P.ISBN0773501339.
^Personal observation in 1991, journals kept by Wallace Kaufman
^Gleason, Robert J. (1977).Icebound in the Siberian Arctic. Alaska Northwest Publishing.ISBN0882400673.
