Košice[a] is the largest city in easternSlovakia. It is situated on the riverHornád at the eastern reaches of theSlovak Ore Mountains, near the border withHungary andUkraine. With a population of approximately 230,000, Košice is the second-largest city in Slovakia, after the capitalBratislava.
The city has a preserved historical centre which is the largest amongSlovak towns. There areheritage protected buildings inGothic,Renaissance,Baroque, andArt Nouveau styles with Slovakia's largest church: theCathedral of St. Elizabeth. The long main street, rimmed with aristocratic palaces, Catholic churches, and townsfolk's houses, is a thrivingpedestrian zone with boutiques, cafés, and restaurants. The city is known as the first settlement in Europe to be grantedits own coat of arms.[4]
The first written mention of the city was in 1230 as "Villa Cassa".[5] The name probably comes from theSlavicpersonal nameKoš,Koša →Košici (Koš'people) →Košice (1382–1383) with the patronymic Slavic suffix "-ice" through a natural development in Slovak (similar place names are also known from otherSlavic countries).[6][7] InHungarianKoša →Kasa,Kassa with a vowel mutation typical for the borrowing of old Slavic names in the region (Vojkovce → Vajkócz,Sokoľ → Szakalya, Szakál,Hodkovce → Hatkóc, etc.).[8] The Latinized formCassovia became common in the 15th century.[7]
Another theory is a derivation from Old Slovakkosa, "clearing", related to modern Slovakkosiť, "to reap".[9] According to other sources the city name may derive from an old Hungarian[10] firstname which begins with "Ko".[11]
There were two independent settlements, Lower Kassa and Upper Kassa, which were amalgamated in the 13th century around the long lens-shapedring, of today's Main Street (Hlavná ulica). The first knowntown privileges come from 1290.[16] The town proliferated because of its strategic location on aninternational trade route from agriculturally richcentral Hungary to centralPoland, itself part of a longer route connecting theBalkans and theAdriatic andAegean seas to theBaltic Sea. The privileges given by the king helped develop crafts, business, increasing importance (seat of the royal chamber[clarification needed] forUpper Hungary), and for building its strong fortifications.[17] In 1307, the firstguild regulations were registered here; they were the oldest in the Kingdom of Hungary.[18]
As a Hungarianfree royal town, Košice reinforced the king's troops at the crucial moment of the bloodyBattle of Rozgony in 1312 against the strong aristocraticPalatine AmadéAba (family).[19][20] In 1347, it became the second-placed city in the hierarchy of the Hungarian free royal towns, with the same rights as the capitalBuda. In 1369, it was granted itsown coat of arms byLouis I of Hungary.[16] The Diet convened by Louis I in Košice decided that women could inherit the Hungarian throne.
"Cassovia: Superioris Hungariae Civitas Primaria",[21] the prospect fromCivitates orbis terrarum. Cassovia (Slovak:Košice,German:Kaschau,Hungarian:Kassa), the "capital" ofUpper Hungary in 1617.The military base in Košice at the end of the 18th century.National Theater built in 1899Main Street (1902)
The significance and wealth of the city at the end of the 14th century were mirrored by the decision to build an entirely new church on the grounds of the previously destroyed, smaller St. Elisabeth Church. The construction of theSt. Elisabeth Cathedral, the biggest cathedral in the Kingdom of Hungary, was supported by EmperorSigismund, and by theapostolic see itself. From the beginning of the 15th century, the city played a leading role in thePentapolitana – theleague of the five most important cities inUpper Hungary (Bardejov,Levoča, Košice,Prešov, andSabinov). During the reign of KingMatthias Corvinus, the town reached its medieval population peak. With an estimated 10,000 inhabitants, it was among the largest medieval cities in Europe.[22]
The history of Košice was heavily influenced by the dynastic disputes over the Hungarian throne, which, together with the decline of the continental trade, brought the city into stagnation.Vladislaus III of Varna failed to capture the city in 1441.John Jiskra's mercenaries fromBohemia defeated Tamás Székely's Hungarian army in 1449.John I Albert, Prince of Poland, failed to capture the city during a six-month-long siege in 1491. In 1526, the city paid homage tothe Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I.John Zápolya captured the town in 1536, but Ferdinand I reconquered it in 1551.[23] In 1554, the settlement became the seat of theCaptaincy of Upper Hungary.
In 1604,Catholics seized theLutheran church in Košice.[24] TheCalvinistStephen Bocskay then occupied Košice during his Protestant insurrection against theHabsburg dynasty, with the backing of theOttomans. The futureGeorge I Rákóczi joined him as a military commander there.Giorgio Basta, commander of the Habsburg forces, failed in his attempt to recapture the city. At the 1606Treaty of Vienna, in return for giving back territory that included Košice, the rebels won from the Habsburgs a concession of religious toleration for the Magyar nobility and brokered an Austrian-Turkishpeace treaty. Stephen Bocskay died in Košice on 29 December 1606 and was interred there.
After Bethlen died in 1629, Košice and the rest of the Partium were returned to the Habsburgs.[26]
On 18 January 1644, the Diet in Košice elected George I Rákóczi the Prince of Hungary. He took the whole of Upper Hungary and joined the Swedish army besiegingBrno for a projected march againstVienna. However, his nominal overlord, theOttoman Sultan, ordered him to end the campaign, though he did so with gains. In the 1645Treaty of Linz, Košice returned to Transylvania again as the Habsburgs recognized George's rule over the seven counties of the Partium.[26] He died in 1648, and Košice was returned to the Habsburgs once more.[28]
Subsequently, Košice became a centre of theCounter-Reformation. In 1657, a printing house and university were founded by theJesuits, funded byEmperor Leopold I. The 1664Peace of Vasvár at the end of theAustro-Turkish War awarded Szabolcs and Szatmár counties to the Habsburgs,[29] which put once more positioned Košice further inside the borders ofRoyal Hungary. In the 1670s, the Habsburgs built a modern pentagonal fortress (citadel) south of the city. Also in the 1670s, the city was besieged byKuruc armies several times, and it again rebelled against the Habsburgs. The rebel leaders were massacred by the Emperor's soldiers on 26 November 1677.
When not under Ottoman suzerainty, Košice was the seat of the Habsburg "Captaincy of Upper Hungary" and the seat of the Chamber ofSzepes County (Spiš, Zips), which was a subsidiary of the supreme financial agency inVienna responsible for Upper Hungary. Due to Ottoman occupation ofEger, Košice was the residence ofEger's archbishop from 1596 to 1700.[30]
From 1657, it was the seat of the historic Royal University of Kassa (Universitas Cassoviensis), founded byBishop Benedict Kishdy. The university was transformed into a Royal Academy in 1777, then into a Law Academy in the 19th century. It was to cease to exist in the turbulent year 1921. After the end of the anti-Habsburg uprisings in 1711, the victorious Austrian armies drove theOttoman Army back to the south, and this major territorial change created new trade routes that circumvented Košice. The city began to decline and, from a rich medieval town, became a provincial town known for its military base, and was mainly dependent on agriculture.[31]
In 1723, theImmaculata statue was erected on the site of a formergallows on Main Street (Hlavná ulica) to commemorate theplague of 1710–1711.[32] The city also became one of the centers of theHungarian linguistic revival, including the publication of the first Hungarian-language periodical, called the Magyar Museum, in Hungary in 1788.[33] The city's walls were demolished step by step from the early 19th century to 1856; only theExecutioner's Bastion remained among limited parts of the wall. The city became the seat of its ownbishopric in 1802. The city's surroundings became a theater of war again during theRevolutions of 1848, when the Imperial cavalry generalFranz Schlik defeated the Hungarian army on 8 December 1848 and 4 January 1849. The city was captured by the Hungarian army on 15 February 1849, but theRussian troops drove them back on 24 June 1849.[34]
In 1828, there were three manufacturers and 460 workshops.[35] The first factories were established in the 1840s (sugar and nail factories). The first telegram message arrived in 1856, and the railway connected the city toMiskolc in 1860. In 1873, there were already connections toPrešov,Žilina, andChop (in today'sUkraine). The city gained a publictransit system in 1891 when the track was laid down for ahorse-drawn tramway. The traction was electrified in 1914.[35] In 1906,Francis II Rákóczi's house ofRodostó was reproduced in Košice, and his remains were buried in theSt. Elisabeth Cathedral.[36]
Jews had lived in Košice since the 16th century, but were not allowed to settle permanently. There is a document identifying the local coiner in 1524 as a Jew and claiming that his predecessor was a Jew as well. Jews were allowed to enter the city during the town fair, but were forced to leave it by night, and lived mostly in nearbyRozunfaca. In 1840, the ban was removed, and a few Jews were living in the town, among them a widow who ran a smallKosher restaurant for the Jewish merchants passing through the town.
Košice was ceded to Hungary by theFirst Vienna Award from 1938 until early 1945. The town wasbombarded on 26 June 1941, by a still unidentified aircraft,[38] in what became a pretext for the Hungarian government to declare war on theSoviet Union a day later.
TheGerman occupation of Hungary led to the deportation and almost certain extermination of Košice's entire Jewish population of 12,000 and an additional 2,000 from surrounding areas viacattle cars toNazi concentration camps. A concentration camp was established in Košice under HungarianLászló Csatáry (1915–2013). In 1948, Csatary was tried and sentenced to death in absentia in Czechoslovakia, but he fled to Canada. Canadian officials accused him of lying about his wartime activities and, in 1997, stripped him of his citizenship. He was discovered living in Budapest in 2011 and detained there. He was arrested on 18 June 2013, aged 98, and died before trial on 12 August 2013[39][40]
In 1946, after the war, Košice was the site of an orthodox festival, with aMizrachi convention and aBnei AkivaYeshiva (school) for Jews, which, later that year, moved with its students to Israel.[41]
A memorial plaque in honor of the 12,000 deported and exterminated Jews from Košice and the surrounding areas in Slovakia was unveiled at the pre-war Košice Orthodox synagogue in 1992.[42]
TheSoviet Union captured the town in January 1945, and for a short time, it became a temporary capital of the restoredCzechoslovak Republic until the Soviets'Red Army reachedPrague. Among other acts, the Košice Government Programme was declared on 5 April 1945.[43]
A large population ofethnic Germans in the area was expelled and sent on foot to Germany or to the Soviet border.[44]
After theCommunist Party of Czechoslovakia seized power inCzechoslovakia in February 1948, the city became part of theEastern Bloc. Severalcultural institutions that still exist were founded, and large residential areas around the city were built. The construction and expansion of the East Slovak Ironworks caused the population to grow from 60,700 in 1950 to 235,000 in 1991. Before theVelvet Divorce, it was the fifth-largest city in the federation.
Following the Velvet Divorce and creation of the Slovak Republic, Košice became the second-largest city in the country and became the seat of theSlovak Constitutional Court. Since 1995, it has been the seat of theArchdiocese of Košice.
Košice lies at an altitude of 206 metres (676 ft)above sea level and covers an area of 242.77 square kilometres (93.7 sq mi).[47] It is located in eastern Slovakia, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Hungarian border, 80 kilometres (50 mi) from theUkrainian border, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) from the Polish border. It is about 400 kilometres (249 mi) east of Slovakia's capitalBratislava and a chain of villages connects it to neighboringPrešov, which is about 36 kilometres (22 mi) to the north.
Košice is on theHornád river in theKošice Basin [sk], at the easternmost reaches of theSlovak Ore Mountains. More precisely, it is a subdivision of theBlack Mountain (Čierna hora) mountains in the northwest andVolovec Mountains (Volovské vrchy) mountains in the southwest. The basin is met on the east by theSlanské Hills (Slanské vrchy) mountains.
Košice has ahumid continental climate (Köppen:Dfb,Trewartha:Dcbo), as the city lies in thenorth temperate zone. The city has four distinct seasons with long, warm summers with cool nights and long, cold, and snowy winters. Precipitation varies little throughout the year, with abundant precipitation that falls during summer and only a few during winter. The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of −2.6 °C (27.3 °F), and the hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F).
Climate data for Košice, Slovakia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Košice has a population of 225,044, as of 2024[update]. According to the 2021 census, 84% of inhabitants are ofSlovak nationality, 2% are eachHungarians, and an additional 2%Roma. There are also modestly sizedCzech,Ruthenian,Ukrainian andVietnamese communities. In terms of religion, 51% of inhabitants areCatholic and 28% had no religious affiliation, with smallerProtestant denominations also present.[51][52] The median age as of 2024 is 44 years.
According to the researchers the town had aGerman majority until the mid-16th century,[53] and by 1650, 72.5% of the population may have been Hungarians,[54] 13.2% was German, 14.3% was Slovak or of uncertain origin.[53] TheOttomanTurkish travellerEvliya Çelebi mentioned that the city was inhabited by "Hungarians, Germans, Upper Hungarians" in 1661 when the city was under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire and under Turkish control.[53] But by 1850, the Slovaks gained a plurality of 46.5%, with Hungarians reduced to 28.5% and Germans at 15.6%.[55]
The linguistic makeup of the town's population underwent historical changes that alternated between the growth of the ratio of those who claimedHungarian and those who claimedSlovak as their language. With a population of 28,884 in 1891, just under half (49.9%) of the inhabitants of Košice declared Hungarian, then the official language, as their main means of communication, 33.6% Slovak, and 13.5% German; 72.2% wereRoman Catholics, 11.4% Jews, 7.3%Lutherans, 6.7%Greek Catholics, and 4.3%Calvinists.[56] The results of that census are questioned by some historians[57] by claims that they were manipulated, to increase the percentage of theMagyars during a period ofMagyarization.[55]
By the 1910 census, which is sometimes accused of being manipulated by the ruling Hungarian bureaucracy,[58] 75.4% of the 44,211 inhabitants claimed Hungarian, 14.8% Slovak, 7.2% German and 1.8%Polish.[59] The Jews were split among other groups by the 1910 census, as only the most frequently-used language, not ethnicity, was registered.[60] The population around 1910 was multidenominational and multiethnic, and the differences in the level of education mirror the stratification of society.[61] The town's linguistic balance began to shift towards Slovak afterWorld War I bySlovakization in the newly establishedCzechoslovakia.[citation needed]
Ethnic composition of Košice between 1850 and 1921
As a consequence of theFirst andSecond Vienna Awards, Košice was ceded to Hungary. Starting on 15 May 1944, during the German occupation of Hungary towards the end ofWorld War II, approximately 10,000 Jews were deported by theNazis, with the enthusiastic assistance of the Hungarian Interior Ministry and its gendarmerie (the csendőrség).[63] The last transport toAuschwitz left the city on 2 June, three months before theArrow Cross Party gained control over Hungary. The ethnic makeup of the town was dramatically changed by the persecution of the town's large Hungarian majority,population exchanges between Hungary and Slovakia andSlovakization and by mass migration of Slovaks into newly builtcommunist-block-microdistricts, also known aspaneláks, which increased the population of Košice four times by 1989 and made it the fastest growing city inCzechoslovakia.[64]
There are several theatres in Košice. TheKošice State Theater (Národné divadlo Košice) was founded in 1945 (then under the name East Slovak National Theater (Východoslovenské národné divadlo)). It consists of three ensembles: drama, opera, and ballet. Other theatres include the Marionette Theatre (Marionetové divadlo) and the Old Town Theatre (Staromestské divadlo). The presence of Hungarian and Roma minorities also makes it host the Hungarian Thália Theatre (Thália Színház) and the professional Roma Romathan Theatre (Divadlo Romathan).[66]
Some of the museums and galleries based in the city include theEast Slovak Museum (Východoslovenské múzeum), originally established in 1872 under the name Upper Hungary Museum (Felső-magyarországi Múzeum). TheSlovak Technical Museum (Slovenské technické múzeum) with aplanetarium, established in 1947, is the only museum in the technical category in Slovakia that specializes in the history and traditions of science and technology.[68] TheEast Slovak Gallery (Východoslovenská galéria) was established in 1951 as the first regional gallery to document artistic life in present-day eastern Slovakia.[69]
In 2008, Košice won the competition amongSlovak cities to hold the prestigious titleEuropean Capital of Culture 2013. Project Interface aims at the transformation of Košice from a centre ofheavy industry to apostindustrial city with creative potential and new cultural infrastructure. Project authors bring Košice a concept of thecreative economy – merging of economy and industry witharts, where transformedurban space encourages development of certain fields ofcreative industry (design, media, architecture, music and film production, IT technologies, creative tourism). The artistic and cultural program stems from a conception of sustained, maintainable activities with long-lasting effects on cultural life in Košice andits region. The main project venues are:
Kasárne Kulturpark (BarracksCultural Park) – 19th-century militarybarracks turned into a new urban space with a centre of contemporary art, exhibition and concert halls, and workshops for the creative industry.[71]
Kunsthalle Košice – a 1960s disused swimming pool turned into the firstKunsthalle in Slovakia.[72]
SPOTs – the 1970s and 1980s disused heat exchangers turned into cultural "spots" inCommunist era block-of-flats (paneláks) districts.[73]
City park, Park Komenského and Moyzesova – revitalisation of urban spaces.
Castle of Košice, Amphitheater, Mansion of Krásna, Handicrafts Street – reconstruction.
Tabačka – a 19th-centurytobacco factory turned into a centre of independent culture. The Tabačka Kulturfabrik, DIG gallery, Kotolňa (Boiler room), and several artistic residents are located in the area of the former tobacco factory.
The first and the oldest international festival of localTV broadcasters (founded in 1995) – TheGolden Beggar (Zlatý žobrák), takes place every year in June in Košice.
The oldest evening newspaper isKošice's Evening (Košický večer). Other daily newspapers areKorzár, and, more recently,Košice:Today (Košice:Dnes).
Košice is the economic hub of easternSlovakia. It accounts for about 9% of the Slovak gross domestic product.[citation needed]
GDP per capita in 2001 was €4,004, which was below Slovakia's average of €4,400.[75] Theunemployment rate was 8.32% in November 2015, which was below the country's average 10.77% at that time.[76] The city has abalanced budget of 224 million euros, as of 2019[update].[77]
The steel mill,U.S. Steel Košice with 13,500 employees, is the largest employer in the city and the largest private employer in the country.[78][needs update?]
The second-largest employer in the east of the country is Deutsche Telekom IT Solutions Slovakia. It was established and has been based in Košice since 2006. Deutsche Telekom IT Solutions Slovakia had 4,545 employees in Košice in Q4 of 2020, which makes it the second-largest shared service center in Slovakia and one of the top fifteen largest employers in Slovakia.
As part of the growingICT field, the Košice IT Valley association was established in 2007 as a joint initiative ofeducational institutions,government, and leadingIT companies. In 2012, it was transformed into a cluster. In 2018, the cluster was for the second time certified for"Cluster Management Excellence Label GOLD" as the first in central Europe and is one of three certified clusters in the area of information and communication technologies.
Volvo Cars has invested 1.2 billioneuros (1.25 billionUSD) in a new plant, which is set to start construction in 2023, for opening in 2026.[79] In 2024, the European Commission approvedstate aid of €267 million from the Slovak government to support construction of the plant. In 2025, while the plant was still under construction, Volvo Cars announced the manufacturing start date to be delayed to 2027,[80] withPolestar signing a memorandum of understanding with Volvo Cars to have Polestar 7 manufactured in the new plant.[81]
The city centre, and most historical monuments, are located in or around Hlavná ulica (Main Street), and the town has the largest number of protected historical monuments in Slovakia.[82]
TheExecutioner's Bastion and the Mill Bastion are the remains of the city's previous fortification system. TheChurch of the Virgin Mary's Birth is the cathedral for theGreek CatholicEparchy of Košice. Other monuments and buildings of cultural and historical interest are: the old Town Hall, the Old University, the Captain's Palace, Liberation Square, as well as several galleries (theEast Slovak Gallery) and museums (theEast Slovak Museum). There is aMunicipal Park located between the historical city centre and the main railway station. The city also has azoo located northwest of the city, within the borough ofKavečany.
The local government is composed of a mayor (primátor), acity council (mestské zastupiteľstvo), a city board (mestská rada),city commissions (komisie mestského zastupiteľstva), and acity magistrate's office (magistrát). Thedirectly elected mayor is the head and chief executive of the city. The term of office is four years. The previous mayor,František Knapík, was nominated in 2006 by a coalition of four political partiesKDH,SMK, andSDKÚ-DS. In 2010, he finished his term of office.[83] The present mayor is Ing.Jaroslav Polaček. He was inaugurated on 10 December 2018.[84]
Administratively, the city of Košice is divided into four districts:Košice I (covering the center and northern parts),Košice II (covering the southwest),Košice III (east), andKošice IV (south), which are further divided into 22boroughs (city wards):
This section needs to beupdated. The reason given is: Majority of the references are old, making itpossible for there to be outdated information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(March 2025)
There are 38 public elementary schools, six private elementary schools, three religious elementary schools, and one International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP) candidate international school.[90] Overall, they enroll 20,158 pupils.[90] The city's system of secondary education (somemiddle schools and all high schools) consists of 20gymnasia with 7,692 students,[91] 24 specialized high schools with 8,812 students,[92] and 13Vocational schools with 6,616 students.[93][94]
Kosice International School (KEIS) is the first international primary school in eastern Slovakia. It will be an International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP) international school. Opening in September 2020.[95][needs update]
Public transport in Košice is managed by the Public Transport Company of the City of Košice (Dopravný podnik mesta Košice).[96] The municipalmass transit system is the oldest one in present-day Slovakia, with the firsthorse-car line beginning operation in 1891 (electrified in 1914).[97] Today, the city's public transportation system is composed ofbuses (in use since the 1950s),trams, andtrolleybuses (1993–2014).
TheKošice Peace Marathon (Košický maratón mieru), founded in 1924, is the oldest annualmarathon in Europe and the third oldest in the entire world, after theBoston Marathon and theYonkers Marathon. It is run in the historic part of the city and is organized every year on the first Sunday of October.
Ice hockey clubHC Košice is one of the most successful Slovak hockey clubs. It plays in Slovakia's highest league, theExtraliga, and has won eight titles in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, and 2015; and two titles (1986 and 1988) in the formerCzechoslovak Extraliga. Since 2006, their home has been theSteel Arena, which has a capacity of 8,343 spectators. Košice was once home tofootball clubMFK Košice until it folded due to bankruptcy. It was the first club from Slovakia to reach the group stages of theUEFA Champions League and won the domestic league twice (1998 and 1999). Another football club,FC VSS Košice, last played in the2. Liga (2nd League) in the 2016–17 season, with a new home stadium known as the Košice Football Arena (Košická futbalová Arena (KFA)). It merged withFK Košice-Barca in 2018 to becomeFC Košice.FC Košice currently plays in theFirst Football League. Other clubs from the city includeSlávia TU Košice, which plays in the second tier, andFC Lokomotíva Košice, which plays in the third tier.
^Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság (Society of Hungarian Linguistics),Magyar nyelv, Volume 18, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1922, p. 142, Cited: "Kokos (Kakas), Kolumbán (Kálmán), Kopov (Kopó), Kokot (Kakat hn.) stb. Bármely ilyen Ko- szótagon kezdődő tulajdonnévnek lehet a Kosa a származéka. E Kosa szn. van nézetünk szerint Kassa (régen Kossa -=: Kosa) város nevében is/Kokos (Kakas), Kolumbán (Kálmán), Kopov (Kopó), Kokot (Kakat hn.) etc., any proper nouns that begin with 'Ko' syllable may have Kosa derivative, in the name of Kassa as well (its old form Kossa, Kosa)"
^Vlastivedný Slovník Obcí na Slovensku, VEDA, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava 1978.
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^"Memorial plaque in the synagogue of Košice".Holocaust Memorials: Monuments, Museums and Institutions in Commemoration of Nazi Victims. Berlin, Germany: Stiftung Topographie des Terrors. Retrieved20 October 2019.
^"Kosice Airport Climate Normals 1991–2020".World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived fromthe original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved7 August 2023.
^abcKároly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 46-47[1][permanent dead link]
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