Kirtanananda Swami Bhaktipada | |
|---|---|
 Kirtanananda Swami in 1982 | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | Keith Gordon Ham September 6, 1937 |
| Died | October 24, 2011(2011-10-24) (aged 74) Thane, India |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Denomination | Vaishnavism |
| Temple | New Vrindaban |
| Philosophy | Achintya Bheda Abheda |
| Lineage | Brahma-Madhva-Gauḍīya Sampradāya |
| Sect | Gaudiya Vaishnavism |
| Ordination | Gauḍīya VaiṣṇavaSannyasa as Kīrtanānanda Svāmī, byBhaktivedanta Swami, 1967, India |
| Initiation | Gauḍīya VaiṣṇavaDiksa as Kīrtanānanda dāsa, byBhaktivedanta Swami, 1966, New York |
| Religious career | |
| Post | Co-founder,New Vrindaban (1968); Guru-Acarya,ISKCON (1978–87) Founder-Acarya,New Vrindaban (1977–94); |
| Successor | Madhusudan Das ("Bapuji") |
Kirtanananda Swami[1] (IAST:Kīrtanānanda Svāmī; September 6, 1937 – October 24, 2011),[2] also known asSwami Bhaktipada, was aGaudiya Vaishnava guru, the co-founder ofNew Vrindaban, aHare Krishna community inMarshall County, West Virginia, where he served as spiritual leader from 1968 until 1994, and a convicted criminal.
The firstsannyasi in theInternational Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), he also served as aninitiating guru in ISKCON from 1977 until his expulsion in 1987.
Kīrtanānanda was bornKeith Gordon Ham inPeekskill, New York, in 1937, the youngest of five children of Conservative Baptist minister Francis Gordon Ham and his wife Marjorie. Keith's older brother,F. Gerald Ham, would go on to fame as anarchivist. Keith Ham inherited his father's missionary spirit and attempted to convert classmates to his family's faith. Despite an acute case ofpolio which he contracted around his 17th birthday, he graduated with honors from high school in 1955. He received aBachelor of Arts in History fromMaryville College inMaryville, Tennessee on May 20, 1959, and graduatedmagna cum laude, first in his class of 117.
He received aWoodrow Wilson fellowship to study American history at theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he remained for three years. There he met Howard Morton Wheeler (1940–89), an undergraduate English major fromMobile, Alabama who became his lover and lifelong friend. Later Kīrtanānanda acknowledged that, before becoming a Hare Krishna, he had a homosexual relationship with Wheeler for many years, which was documented in the filmHoly Cow, Swami, a 1996 documentary byJacob Young.[3]
The two resigned from the university on February 3, 1961, and left Chapel Hill after being threatened with an investigation over a "sex scandal", and moved toNew York City. Ham promotedLSD use and became an LSD guru. He worked as an unemployment claims reviewer. He enrolled atColumbia University in 1961, where he received aWaddell fellowship to study religious history withWhitney Cross, but he quit academic life after several years when he and Wheeler traveled toIndia in October 1965 in search of a guru. Unsuccessful, they returned to New York after six months.[4]
In June 1966, after returning from India, Ham met theBengaliGaudiya Vaishnava guruA.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (then known simply as "Swāmiji" to his disciples), thefounder-acharya of theInternational Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), more popularly known in the West as the Hare Krishnas. After attendingBhagavad-gita classes at the modest storefront temple at 26 Second Avenue in theLower East Side ofManhattan, Ham accepted Swamiji as his spiritual master, receiving initiation as "Kīrtanānanda Dāsa" ("the servant of one who takes pleasure inkirtan") on September 23, 1966. Swamiji sometimes called him "Kitchen-ānanda" because of his cooking expertise. Howard Wheeler was initiated two weeks earlier on September 9, 1966, and received the name "Hayagriva Dāsa".[5]
Kīrtanānanda was among the first of Swāmiji's western disciples to shave his head (apart from thesikha), don robes (traditional Bengali Vaishnava clothing consists ofdhoti andkurta), and move into the temple. In March 1967, on the order of Swāmiji, Kīrtanānanda and Janus Dambergs (Janardana Dāsa), a French-speaking university student, established theMontreal Hare Krishna temple. On August 28, 1967, while traveling with Swāmiji in India, Kīrtanānanda Dāsa became Prabhupāda's first disciple to be initiated into theVaishnava order of renunciation (sannyasa: a lifelong vow of celibacy in mind, word, and body), and received the name Kīrtanānanda Swāmi. Within weeks, however, he returned to New York City against Prabhupāda's wishes and attempted to add esoteric cultural elements ofChristianity to Prabhupāda's devotionalbhakti system. Other disciples of Prabhupāda saw this as a takeover attempt. In letters from India, Prabhupāda soundly chastised him and banned him from preaching in ISKCON temples.[6][7]
Kīrtanānanda lived with Wheeler, by then known as Hayagriva Dasa, who was teaching English at a community college inWilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. In theSan Francisco Oracle (anunderground newspaper), Kīrtanānanda saw a letter fromRichard Rose, Jr., who wanted to form anashram on his land inMarshall County, West Virginia. "The conception is one of a non-profit, non-interfering, non-denominational retreat or refuge, where philosophers might come to work communally together, or independently, where a library and other facilities might be developed."[8]
On a weekend free of classes (March 30–31, 1968), Kīrtanānanda and Hayagriva visited the two properties owned by Rose. After Hayagriva returned to Wilkes Barre, Kīrtanānanda stayed on in Rose's backwoods farmhouse. In July 1968, after a few months of Kīrtanānanda's living in isolation, he and Hayagriva visitedPrabhupada in Montreal. Prabhupāda "forgave his renegade disciples inMontreal with a garland of roses and a shower of tears".[9] When the pair returned to West Virginia, Richard Rose, Jr. and his wife Phyllis gave Hayagriva a 99-year lease on the 132.77-acre property for $4,000, with an option to purchase for $10 when the lease expired. Hayagriva put down a $1,500 deposit.[10]
Prabhupāda established the purpose and guided the development of the community in dozens of letters and four personal visits (1969, 1972, 1974 and 1976).New Vrindaban would highlight five key elements for ISKCON:
Kīrtanānanda eventually established himself as leader and sole authority of the community. In New Vrindaban publications from the late 1970s through the 1980s he was honored as "Founder-Acharya" of New Vrindaban, in imitation of Prabhupada's title of Founder-Acharya of ISKCON. Over time the community expanded, devotees from other ISKCON centers moved in, and cows and land were acquired until New Vrindaban properties consisted of nearly 2,500 acres. New Vrindaban became a favorite ISKCON place of pilgrimage and many ISKCON devotees attended the annualKrishna Janmashtami festivals. For some, Kīrtanānanda's previous offenses were forgiven. Many devotees admired him for his austere lifestyle (for a time he lived in an abandoned chicken coop), his preaching skills[11] and devotion to the presidingdeities of New Vrindaban: Sri Sri Radha Vrindaban Chandra.[12]
Late in 1972, Kīrtanānanda and sculptor-architect Bhagavatānanda Dāsa decided to build a home forPrabhupāda. In time, the plans for the house developed into an ornate memorial shrine of marble, gold and carved teak wood, dedicated posthumously during Labor Day weekend, on Sunday, September 2, 1979. The completion of thePalace of Gold catapulted New Vrindaban into mainstream respectability as tens (and eventually hundreds) of thousands of tourists began visiting the Palace each year. A "Land of Krishna" theme park and a granite "Temple of Understanding" inclassical South Indian style were designed to make New Vrindaban a "SpiritualDisneyland". The ground-breaking ceremony of the proposed temple on May 31, 1985, was attended by dozens of dignitaries, including a United States congressman from West Virginia. One publication called it "the most significant and memorable day in the history of New Vrindaban."[13]
On October 27, 1985, during a New Vrindaban bricklaying marathon, a crazed and distraught devotee bludgeoned Kīrtanānanda on the head with a heavy steel tamping tool.[14]
Some close associates began leaving the community. On March 16, 1987, during their annual meeting atMayapur, India, the ISKCON Governing Body Commission expelled Kīrtanānanda from the society for various deviations.[15] They claimed he had defied ISKCON policies and had claimed to be the sole spiritual heir to Prabhupāda's movement. Thirteen members voted for the resolution, two abstained, and one member,Bhakti Tirtha Swami, voted against the resolution.[16]
Kīrtanānanda then established his own organization, The Eternal Order of the League of Devotees Worldwide, taking several properties with him. By 1988, New Vrindaban had 13 satellite centers in the United States and Canada, including New Vrindaban. New Vrindaban was excommunicated from ISKCON the same year.[17]
In 1990, theUS federal government indicted Kīrtanānanda on five counts ofracketeering, six counts ofmail fraud, and conspiracy to murder two of his opponents in the Hare Krishna movement (Stephen Bryant and Charles St. Denis).[18] The government claimed that he had illegally amassed a profit of more than $10.5 million over four years. It also charged that he ordered the killings because the victims had threatened to reveal hissexual abuse of minors.[18]
On March 29, 1991, Kīrtanānanda was convicted on nine of the 11 charges (the jury failed to reach a verdict on the murder charges), but theCourt of Appeals, convinced by the arguments of defense attorneyAlan Morton Dershowitz, threw out the convictions, saying thatchild molestation evidence had unfairly prejudiced thejury against Kīrtanānanda, who was not charged with those crimes.[18] On August 16, 1993, he was released fromhouse arrest in a rented apartment in theWheeling neighborhood of Warwood, where he had lived for nearly two years, and returned triumphantly to New Vrindaban.[18]
Kīrtanānanda lost his iron grip on the community after the September 1993 "Winnebago Incident" during which he was accidentally discovered in a compromising position with a teenage boy in the back of a Winnebago van,[18] and the community split into two camps: those who still supported Kīrtanānanda and those who challenged his leadership. During this time he retired to his rural retreat at "Silent Mountain" nearLittleton, West Virginia.[18]
The challengers eventually ousted Kīrtanānanda and his supporters completely, and ended the "interfaith era" in July 1994 by returning the temple worship services to the standard Indian style advocated by Swami Prabhupada and practiced throughout ISKCON. Most of Kīrtanānanda's followers left New Vrindaban and moved to the Radha Muralidhar Temple in New York City, which remained under Kīrtanānanda's control. New Vrindaban returned to ISKCON in 1998.[17]
In 1996, before Kīrtanānanda's retrial was completed, he pleaded guilty to one count of racketeering (mail fraud).[18] He was sentenced to 20 years in prison but was released on June 16, 2004, because of poor health.[19]
On September 10, 2000, the ISKCON Child Protection Office concluded a 17-month investigation and determined that Kīrtanānanda had molested two boys. He was prohibited from visiting any ISKCON properties for five years and offered conditions for reinstatement within ISKCON:[20]
Kīrtanānanda never satisfied any of these conditions.[21]
For four years after his release from prison, Kīrtanānanda (now using a wheelchair) resided at the Radha Murlidhara Temple at 25 First Avenue in New York City, which was purchased in 1990[22] for $500,000 and maintained by a small number of disciples and followers, although the temple board later attempted to evict him.[23]
On March 7, 2008, Kīrtanānanda left the United States for India, where he expected to remain for the rest of his life. "There is no sense in staying where I'm not wanted," he explained, referring to the desertions through the years by most of his American disciples and to the attempts to evict him from the building. At the time of his death Kīrtanānanda still had a significant number of loyal disciples in India and Pakistan, who worshiped him as "guru" and published his last books. He continued preaching a message of interfaith: that the God of the Christians, Jews, Muslims, and Vaishnavas is the same; and that men of faith from each religion should recognize and appreciate the faith of men of other paths. "Fundamentalism is one of the most dangerous belief-systems in the world today. Fundamentalism doesn't promote unity; it causes separatism. It creates enmity between people of faith. Look at the Muslims; Mohammed never intended that his followers should spread their religion by the sword. It is more important today than at any other time to preach about the unity of all religions."[24]
Kīrtanānanda died on October 24, 2011, at a hospital inThane, nearMumbai, India, aged 74. His brother, Gerald Ham, reported the cause of death to bekidney failure.[2]
He named Madhusudan Das (popularly known as ‘Bapuji’), ofAnand Vrindavan Dham inUlhasnagar,Mumbai, as his material and spiritual successor.
Kīrtanānanda Swami authored two dozen published books, some of which were translated and published in Gujarati, German, French and Spanish editions. Some books attributed to him and published in his name were actually written by volunteer ghostwriters.[25] Kīrtanānanda Swami's former disciple,Henry Doktorski, is currently working on a ten-volume biography of his former spiritual master and a history of the New Vrindaban Community. To date, seven volumes have been published.[26]
Books by Kīrtanānanda Swāmi:
Articles and poems by, and interviews with Kīrtanānanda Swami published inBack to Godhead magazine:
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| National | |
