TheKings of Byblos were the rulers ofByblos , the ancientPhoenician city in what is nowLebanon .
Scholars have pieced together the fragmented list from various archaeological finds since the 19th century.[ 1]
Some kings of Byblos from an early period are known from Egyptian and local finds:[ 2] [ 3]
Ib-dadi, contemporary ofAmar-Sin . Abishemu I , probably contemporary ofAmenemhat III .Yapi-shemu-abi, contemporary ofAmenemhat IV . Yakin-ilu, contemporary ofSehetepibre I/II . Yantin-ʿammu , contemporary ofZimri-Lim , probably identical to Yantin, contemporary ofNeferhotep I .Ilima-yapi? - a prince, not explicitly of Byblos. Ḥasrurum son of Rum, a ruler of the land of Byblos, probably contemporary ofSihathor . Abishemu II. Yapaʿ-shemu-abi, son of Abishemu (probably the second). ʿegel, son of Abishemu (probably the second), probably identical to ʿegliya (whose father name is unknown). Phoenician golden age [ edit ] Ashurnasirpal II received tributes from the kings of the sea coast, among them the king of Byblos.[ 7]
Safatba‘al II (Sibitti-biʿil inAkkadian ), mentioned among the kings of who brought payment toTiglath-Pileser III in his 8th year (738 BC).[ 8] Urumilki (Ūru-milki in Akkadian), mentioned in a list of the kings of the land Amurru (the Levant) who brought tribute toSennacherib in hiscampaign in the Levant .[ 9] [ 10] Milkiashapa (Milki-ašapa in Akkadian), mentioned among the kings of the Levant and Cyprus who were summoned and ordered to send tribute toEsarhaddon , c.670 BC.[ 11] Ashurbanipal .[ 12] c.650 BC Yehawmelek Based on coins:[ 13]
c. 425 BC Elpaal (’LP‘L ) c. 400 BC ‘Ozbaal (‘ZB‘L ; son of Batnoam and the priest Paltibaal) c. 375 BC Urimilk III (’WRMLK ) 332 BC ‘Aynel (‘YN’L ; Enylus), who cooperated withAlexander the Great in thesiege of Tyre .[ 14] ‘ZB‘L coin
’WRMLK coin
‘YN’L coin
^ Kitchen, K. A. (1967). "Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C.".Orientalia .36 (1):39– 54.JSTOR 43074138 . ^ Kitchen, K. A. (1967). "Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C.".Orientalia .36 (1):40– 42.JSTOR 43074138 . ^ See alsoAlbright, W. F. (1964)."The Eighteenth-Century Princes of Byblos and the Chronology of Middle Bronze" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (176):38– 46.doi :10.2307/1355576 .ISSN 0003-097X .JSTOR 1355576 .S2CID 163708413 . ^ Knudtzon, Jørgen Alexander (1915).Die El-Amarna-Tafeln ^ Knudtzon, Jørgen Alexander (1915).Die El-Amarna-Tafeln ^ "Wenamen's Journey" .Reshafim . Archived fromthe original on 2013-01-21.^ Albert Kirk Grayson (1991).Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114–859 BC) 218– 219. ^ Tadmor, Hayim ; Yamada, Shigeo (2011).The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King Of Assyria (744-727 BC) And Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria ^ Kirk Grayson, A.; Novotny, Jamie (2012).The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 1 ^ Kirk Grayson, A.; Novotny, Jamie (2014).The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 2 ^ Leichty, Erle (2011).The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC) ^ Novotny, Jamie; Jeffers, Joshua (2018).The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630–627 BC), and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626–612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1 ^ Sader, Hélène (2019).The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia . Atlanta: SBL. pp. 85– 86.ISBN 978-1-62837-255-7 ^ Slouschz, Nahoum (1942).Thesaurus of Phoenician Inscriptions (in Hebrew). Dvir. p. 14.
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