Kingdom of the Aurès Regnum Aurasium | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 484–703 | |||||||||
 The approximate extent of the Kingdom of the Aurès around the time of the collapse of theVandal Kingdom | |||||||||
| Capital | Arris (400s – 500s) Khenchela (600s – 700s)a | ||||||||
| Common languages | Berber,African Romance | ||||||||
| Religion | Christianity | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| King | |||||||||
| Masties | |||||||||
| Iabdas | |||||||||
• 668–703 | Dihya | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Separation from theWestern Roman Empire | 429 | ||||||||
• Revolt againstHuneric | 484 | ||||||||
• Byzantine conquest after theAures campaign | 539 | ||||||||
• Re-establishment of the kingdom after theBattle of Cillium | 544 | ||||||||
| 703 | |||||||||
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| Today part of | Algeria | ||||||||
Part ofa series on the |
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| History ofAlgeria |
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Modern times |
TheKingdom of the Aurès (Latin:Regnum Aurasium) was an independentChristianBerber kingdom primarily located in theAurès Mountains of present-day north-easternAlgeria.[1] Established in the 480s by KingMasties following a series of Berber revolts against theVandalic Kingdom, which had conquered theRoman province ofAfrica in 435 AD, with a small interruption ofByzantine occupation from 539 to 544 AD during theMoorish wars and theAurès campaign, the kingdom would last as an independent realm until theMuslim conquest of the Maghreb in 703 AD when its last monarch, QueenDihya, was slain in battle.
Much like the largerMauro-Roman Kingdom, the Kingdom of the Aurès combined aspects of Roman and Berber culture in order to efficiently rule over a population composed of both Roman provincials and Berber tribespeople. For instance, King Masties used the title ofDux and laterImperator to legitimize his rule and openly declared himself a Christian. Despite this, Aurès would not recognize thesuzerainty of the remaining Roman Empire in the East (often called theByzantine Empire by modern historians) and KingIabdas unsuccessfully invaded thePraetorian prefecture of Africa, established after the Byzantines haddefeated the Vandals. One possible reason towards why the Berbers could not be integrated as successfully into the Byzantine Empire as they had been before was the Byzantine shift in language fromLatin toGreek, the Berbers were thus no longerbilingual with the language of their nominal rulers.
Despite these hostilities, the Byzantines supported Aurès during the Muslim invasion of the Maghreb, hoping that the kingdom could act as a resistance to the Arabs. The final Queen of the kingdom, Dihya, was the final leader of the Berber resistance against the Arabs, which ended with her death and the fall of the Kingdom of the Aurès in 703 AD.
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According to the Eastern Roman historianProcopius, theMoors only began to truly expand and consolidate their power following the death of the powerful vandal kingGaiseric in 477 AD, after which they won many victories against the Vandal kingdom and established more or less full control over the former province of Mauretania. Having feared Gaiseric, the Moors under Vandal control revolted against his successorHuneric following his attempt to convert them toArian Christianity and the harsh punishments incurred on those who did not convert. In theAurès Mountains, this led to the foundation of the independent Kingdom of the Aurès, which was fully independent by the time of Huneric's death in 484 AD and would never again come under Vandal rule. Under the rule of Huneric's successorsGunthamund andThrasamund, the wars between the Berbers and the Vandals continued. During Thrasamund's reign, the Vandals suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of a Berber king ruling the cityTripolis, namedCabaon, who almost completely destroyed a Vandal army that had been sent to subjugate the city.[2]
As the new Berber kingdoms adopted the military, religious and sociocultural organization of the Roman Empire, they continued to be fully within the Western Latin world. The administrative structure and titulature used by the Berber rulers suggests a certain romanized political identity in the region.[3] This Roman political identity was maintained not only in the largeMauro-Roman Kingdom but in smaller kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of the Aurès, where KingMasties claimed the title ofImperator during his rule around 516 AD, postulating that he had not broken trust with either his Berber or Roman subjects.[4]
Masties had established a realm inNumidia and the Aurés Mountains, with theArris as his own residence, and usedImperator to legitimize his rule over the Roman provincials, also openly declaring himself a Christian during his rebellion against Huneric. According to his own 516 AD inscription, Masties had reigned for 67 years as adux, and 10 years asImperator up until that point.[5][6]
Byzantine records referring to the Vandal Kingdom, which had occupied much of the old Roman province of Africa and coastal parts of Mauretania, often refer to it with regards to a trinity of peoples; Vandals,Alans and Moors, and though some Berbers had assisted the Vandals in their conquests in Africa, Berber expansion was more often than not focused against the Vandals rather than with them, which would lead to some expansion of even the smaller local kingdoms, such as the Aurès.[7]
Following the Byzantine re-conquest of the Vandal Kingdom, the local governors began to experience problems with the local Berber tribes. The province ofByzacena was invaded and the local garrison, including the commanders Gainas and Rufinus, was defeated. The newly appointedPraetorian prefect of Africa,Solomon, waged several wars against these Berber tribes, leading an army of around 18,000 men into Byzacena. Solomon would defeat them and return to Carthage, though the Berbers would again rise and overrun Byzacena. Solomon would once again defeat them, this time decisively, scattering the Berber forces. Surviving Berber soldiers retreated intoNumidia where they joined forces withIabdas, King of the Aurès.[8][9]Masuna, King of theMauro-Roman Kingdom and allied with the Byzantines, and another Berber king,Ortaias (who ruled a kingdom in the former province ofMauretania Sitifensis),[10] urged Solomon to pursue the enemy Berbers into Numidia, which he did. Solomon did not engage Iabdas in battle however, distrusting the loyalty of his allies, and instead constructed a series of fortified posts along the roads linking Byzacena with Numidia.[9][11]
Though theRoman Empire had once exercised control over the Berbers and the Berbers continued to nominally respect Roman authority during Byzantine rule over North Africa, they could not be as easily integrated as before partly due to the Byzantine shift in language fromLatin toGreek, the Berbers were no longerbilingual with the language of their nominal rulers.[12]
Despite previous hostilities, the Byzantine Empire supported the Kingdom of the Aurès during theMuslim conquest of the Maghreb, hoping that the kingdom would act as resistance to the Arabs.[12] Even with the fall of the Mauro-Roman kingdom in the 570s, its capital ofAltava appears to have somewhat remained a seat of Berber power. The Altavan kingKusaila, the last Berber king to rule from Altava, died fighting against theUmayyad Caliphate. At theBattle of Mamma in 690 AD, a combined Byzantine-Altavan army was defeated and Kusaila was killed.[13]
With the death of Kusaila, the torch of resistance passed to a tribe known as the Jerawa tribe, who had their home in theAurès Mountains: hisChristian Berber troops after his death fought later underDihya, the queen of the Kingdom of the Aurès and the last ruler of the romanized Berbers.[13] Dihya led the Berber resistance against the Arabs but was killed in battle in 703 AD near a well that still bears her name,Bir al Kahina ("Kahina" coming fromal-Kāhina, her nickname in Arabic), inAures.[14]
| Monarch | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Masties | c. 484 –c. 516 | Founded the kingdom following a revolt against the Vandal king Huneric. Claimed the titleImperator.[5][6] |
| Iabdas | c. 516 – 539 | Led a short-lived conflict against the newly re-conqueredByzantine North Africa.[8][9] Fled to Mauretania following his defeat at the hands of the Byzantines in 539 AD.[15] |
| Dihya | c. 668 – 703 | Ruling Queen. The final ruler of Aurès and the romanized Berbers. Said to have ruled for 35 years, ruler of the entire Berber resistance from 690 AD onwards.[13] |
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