TheKingdom of Portugal[3] was amonarchy in the westernIberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modernPortuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between the mid-12th century and the early 20th century, it was also known as theKingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1471, and was the main constituent of theUnited Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, which existed between 1815 and 1822. It coexisted with thePortuguese Empire, the realm's overseas colonies.
Portugal was anabsolute monarchy before 1822. It alternated between absolute andsemi-constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a semi-constitutional monarchy until its fall.
The Kingdom of Portugal finds its origins in theCounty of Portugal. The Portuguese County was a semi-autonomous county of theKingdom of León. Independence from León took place in three stages:
The second was on 5 October 1143, whenAlfonso VII of León and Castile recognized Afonso Henriques as king through theTreaty of Zamora. This is generally considered the traditional founding of the kingdom in Portuguese historiography and popular imagination.
Once Portugal was independent, D. Afonso I's descendants, members of thePortuguese House of Burgundy, would rule Portugal until 1383. Even after the change in royal houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another, through both legitimate and illegitimate links.
With the start of the 20th century, Republicanism grew in numbers and support in Lisbon among progressive politicians and the influential press. However a minority with regard to the rest of the country, this height of republicanism would benefit politically from theLisbon Regicide on 1 February 1908. While returning from theDucal Palace atVila Viçosa,King Charles and thePrince RoyalLuís Filipe were assassinated in theTerreiro do Paço, inLisbon. With the death of the King and his heir, Charles I's second son would become monarch asKing Manuel II. Manuel's reign, however, would be short-lived, ending by force with the5 October 1910 revolution, sending Manuel into exile in theUnited Kingdom and giving way to thePortuguese First Republic.
On 19 January 1919, theMonarchy of the North was proclaimed inPorto. The monarchy would be deposed a month later and no other monarchist counterrevolution in Portugal has happened since.
After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of the empire became overseas provinces of thePortuguese Republic until the late 20th century, when the last overseas territories of Portugal were handed over. Most notably inPortuguese Africa which included the overseas provinces ofAngola andMozambique of which the handover took place in 1975, and finally in Asia the handover ofMacau in 1999.
^J. Havighurs, Robert (1969).Society and Education in Brazil. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 142.ISBN978-0822974079.Catholicism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Portugal
^abReilly, Bernard F. (1993).The Medieval Spains. Cambridge University Press. p. 139.ISBN978-0521397414. Retrieved11 October 2019.The new kingdom of Castile had roughly tripled in size to some 335,000 square kilometers by 1300 [...] Portugal swollen to 90,000 square kilometers and perhaps 800,000 inhabitants [...]
Serrão, Joaquim Veríssimo (1977).História de Portugal: Do Mindelo à Regeneração (1832-1851) (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Verbo.
Smith, Angel (1996), Mar-Molinero, Clare; Smith, Angel (eds.),Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and Conflicting Identities, Dulles, Virginia: Berg,ISBN978-1-85973-175-8
Hespanha, António Manuel; Cardim, Pedro; Mattoso, José, eds. (1998).O Antigo Regime (1620-1807). História de Portugal (in Portuguese). Vol. 4. Lisboa: Ed. Estampa.ISBN978-972-33-1311-6.
Ferreira, João (2010),Histórias Rocambolescas da História de Portugal [Fantastic Stories of the History of Portugal] (in Portuguese) (6th ed.), Lisbon, Portugal: A Esfera dos Livros,ISBN978-989-626-216-7
1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequentinvasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
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