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Kingdom of Illyria | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1816–1849 | |||||||||||||
 Flag  Coat of arms | |||||||||||||
 The Kingdom of Illyria within the Austrian Empire (1822–1849) | |||||||||||||
| Status | Crown land ofAustria | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Ljubljana | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||||
• 1816–1835 | Francis I | ||||||||||||
• 1835–1848 | Ferdinand I | ||||||||||||
• 1848–1849 | Francis Joseph I | ||||||||||||
| Statthalter | |||||||||||||
| Historical era | Modern history | ||||||||||||
| June 9, 1815 | |||||||||||||
• Established | August 3, 1816 | ||||||||||||
• Croatian territory detached | 1822 | ||||||||||||
| 1849 | |||||||||||||
• Disestablished | December 8, 1849 | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Thaler | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||||||
TheKingdom of Illyria was a titular[1]crown land of theAustrian Empire from 1816 to 1849,[2] the successor state of the NapoleonicIllyrian Provinces, which were reconquered by Austria in theWar of the Sixth Coalition. It was established according to the Final Act of theVienna Congress. Its administrative centre was inLjubljana (officiallyGerman:Laibach)
Upon theRevolutions of 1848, the kingdom was dissolved and split into the Austrian crown lands ofCarniola,Carinthia, and theAustrian Littoral.
TheFrench Illyrian Provinces had comprised Carniola and western ("Upper")Carinthia as well as the Adriatic territories ofGorizia and Gradisca,Trieste and theIstrian peninsula. They had also included theDalmatian coast and the lands of theKingdom of Croatia south of theSava River. Parts of the territories on theAdriatic Sea had been annexed by theHabsburg monarchy fromVenice in the 1797Treaty of Campo Formio. Upon the dissolution of the Provinces, the Austrian government split off Dalmatia and merged the eastern ("Lower") part of Carinthia into what was to become the Kingdom of Illyria.
The territory of the kingdom included the modernAustrian state ofCarinthia and the western and central part of present-daySlovenia, i.e.Carniola with the capital Ljubljana, theSlovenian Littoral (Goriška andSlovenian Istria), andSlovenian Carinthia. It also included some territories in northwesternCroatia (present-dayIstria County and theKvarner Gulf islands ofKrk,Cres andLošinj) and northeasternItaly (eastern parts of theFriuli-Venezia Giulia region, i.e. the former Provinces ofTrieste andGorizia and some small parts ofUdine aroundTarvisio in the north east andCervignano del Friuli in the south east). In 1822,Civil Croatia between the right bank of the Sava andRijeka was again merged into the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia.
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Until 1813, the territory was part of the FrenchIllyrian Provinces. In August of that year, Austria joined theWar of the Sixth Coalition against France. Austrian forces, commanded by FeldzeugmeisterChristoph von Lattermann invaded Illyrian Provinces. In September (1813), Lattermann was appointed provisional civil and military governor ofIllyria (German:Illyrien), a newly reconquered Austrian territory that was yet to be organized as a regularcrown land.[3]
TheKingdom of Illyria was finally formed in 1816 to counter the territorial pretenses of theKingdom of Hungary and the influences of theRussian Empire, but it lost on its significance with the Hungarian annexation of Civil Croatia and Rijeka.[2] The legal and administrative reforms made by the former French authorities deeply transformed the administrative structures of these territories, so the Austrian Imperial authorities thought it better to group most of them as a separate administrative entity, enabling a slow incorporation into the Austrian legal, judicial and administrative system.[4]
After the collapse of Napoleon's France, the Austrian monarchs gained full power over the territory of the former French Illyrian provinces. The idea of the creation of the Illyrian Kingdom developed for foreign and domestic reasons. Foreign policy causes include an attempt to halt the spread of Italian and Russian influence, while domestic policy seeks to maintain some French reforms, retain Hungarian influence and the need for the Habsburg court to replace the postwar interim military administration as soon as possible.[4]
EmperorFrancis I and ChancellorKlemens von Metternich relied on the current administrative situation in the then abolished Illyrian provinces.[5] But due to theCongress of Vienna, work in the former Illyrian provinces stalled. Nevertheless, a specialIllyrian court organizational commission was formed (1814–1815); its work was completed by the court organizational commission (1815–1817).[5] Despite the mistrust, the court took advantage of some local lawyers, such as the knight Leopold Plenčič and Ivan Vilhar, the former French chief in Villach. A well-developed plan for the reorganization of the administration was created. While the new administrative system was being secretly prepared with the help of Slovene lawyers, court policy had to face the action of the Croatianbishop of ZagrebMaksimilijan Vrhovac, who restored the old system in the northern part of civil Croatia, which was formerly part of the provinces.[4]
On June 13, 1816, Emperor Francis I finally issued a decision to form a new political unit of the Illyrian Kingdom, and on August 3, 1816, he issued an imperial patent, with which this kingdom was finally established.[5] Due to Croatian and Hungarian resistance, mainland Croatia was removed from the kingdom as early as 1822. On the other hand, due to the resistance of the local nobility, the whole of Carinthia did not really come into being a kingdom until 1825.[6]
Although the kingdom was given a unified ecclesiastical order in 1830, it never gained real political power. The emperor's opposition to Metternich's idea of national chancellery initially prevented major changes, later the loss of Croatian lands led to a predominance of Slovene-speaking people, and from 1830 a Slovene-speaking metropolitan operated in Illyria.[4] The Austrian court was afraid of uniting Slovene-speaking people, so as early as 1815 theIllyrian court's organizational commission made a proposal that the Ljubljana province (i.e., the higher administrative unit) should not be housed or that domestic (Slovene-speaking) domestic ones should be housed as little as possible.[5]
Due to its marginal importance in the title of Austrian rulers, the Illyrian Kingdom has always appeared in the last place among the kingdoms, afterGalicia and Lodomeria, from the very beginning. It existed as an administrative unit until 1849,[5] but with the new constitution it was abolished in political terms and the old lands regained all crown provincial honors. The name of the Kingdom of Illyria has been appearing for some time now, mainly as a geographical term.[4] Legally and formally, however, the Illyrian Kingdom continued to exist; until 1915, the emperor's patents contained the title of King of Illyria, and with the reform of October 10, 1915, the Illyrian coat of arms quietly disappeared from Austrian national heraldry.[5][6]
The Kingdom of Illyria was officially established on August 3, 1816.[7] It initially also included Croatian territory that was part of the NapoleonicCroatie civile. However, in the early 1820s the pre-NapoleonicCroatian kingdom was reestablished, which also included the territories which had formed part of the Kingdom of Illyria (the city ofRijeka/Fiume and the province ofKarlovac).
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In theSpring of Nations in 1848,Slovenes advanced a proposal to includeLower Styria in the Kingdom of Illyria, so most of the ethnically Slovene lands would be united in a single administrative entity and the idea of aUnited Slovenia would thus be achieved.Peter Kozler designed a map of such an enlarged Kingdom of Illyria, which would later become an important national symbol in Sloveniannational consciousness. The proposal was, however, rejected by the Habsburg emperor. The Kingdom of Illyria was gradually mentioned less and less, and officially appeared for the last time in 1849 as acrown land in theMarch Constitution of Austria.[2]
Illyria was administratively divided into twoImperial-Royal 'Governments' (Latin:Gubernia [de],German:Gouvernements): Laibach (Ljubljana; spelledLaybach in earlier documents) and Triest (Trieste); each of these was subdivided intoKreise (lit. 'circles').
The post-1822 subdivisions of the Littoral persisted until 1918.
Prior to the separation of the Croatian lands in 1822Gouvernement Triest had consisted of:
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