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Kingdom of Dublin Dyflin Duibhlinn | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 853–1170 | |||||||||||
 Maximum extent of Dublin (pink) and otherNorse settlements (green) in Ireland | |||||||||||
| Capital | Dublin | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Old Norse, Old andMiddle Irish | ||||||||||
| Religion | Norse paganism Roman Catholicism | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||
• c. 853–871 (first) | Amlaíb Conung | ||||||||||
• c. 1160–1170 (last) | Ascall mac Ragnaill | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 853 | ||||||||||
• Norman conquest | 1170 | ||||||||||
| Currency | Silver penny | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Ireland | ||||||||||
TheKingdom of Dublin (Old Norse:Dyflin[1]) was aNorse kingdom in Ireland that lasted from roughly 853 AD to 1170 AD. It was the first and longest-lasting Norse kingdom in Ireland, founded byVikings who invaded the territory aroundDublin in the 9th century. Its territory corresponded to most of present-dayCounty Dublin.
The first reference to the Vikings comes from theAnnals of Ulster and the first entry for 841 AD reads: "Pagans still onLough Neagh". It is from this date onward that historians get references to ship fortresses orlongphorts being established in Ireland. The Vikings may have first over-wintered in 840–841 AD. The actual location of the longphort of Dublin is still a hotly debated issue. Norse rulers of Dublin were often co-kings, and occasionally alsoKings of Jórvík in what is nowYorkshire. Under their rule, Dublin became a significant port in trading slaves.[2] Thehinterland of Dublin in the Norse period was named inOld Norse:Dyflinnar skíði,lit. 'Dublinshire'.[3]: 24
Over time, the settlers in Dublin became increasinglyGaelicized. They began to exhibit a great deal of Gaelic and Norse cultural syncretism, and are often referred to asNorse-Gaels.[citation needed]
In 988,Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill led the initial Gaelic conquest of Dublin. As a result, the founding of Dublin is counted by some from the year 988, although a village had existed on the site of Dublin nearly a thousand years earlier.[citation needed]
Coins were minted in Dublin by about 995, and on Mann by about 1025.[4]
In the mid-11th century, theKingdom of Leinster began exerting influence over Dublin. The last king of Dublin was killed by theNorman conquerors of Dublin in 1171.[citation needed]
The extent of the kingdom varied, but in peaceful times it extended roughly as far asWicklow (Wykinglo) in the south, Glen Ding nearBlessington,Leixlip (Lax Hlaup) west of Dublin, andSkerries, County Dublin (Skere) to the north. TheFingal area north of Dublin was named after the Norse who lived there.[citation needed]
| Ruler | Irish name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Óláfr hvíti | Amlaíb Conung | c. 853–871 | Co-king; titled "King of the Foreigners" in 863 |
| Ívarr | Ímar | c. 857–873 | Co-king; titled "King of the Foreigners" in 863; titled "King of the Northmen of all Ireland and Britain" in 873 |
| Auðgísl | Auisle | c. 863–867 | Co-king; titled "King of the Foreigners" in 863 |
| Eysteinn Óláfsson* | Oistin mac Amlaíb | 873–875 | Probable co-king; not explicitly named as king in the annals |
| Bárðr Ivarsson | Bárid mac Ímair | 873–881 | Probable co-king; titled "head of the Northmen" in 881 |
| Halfdan Ragnarsson^ | Albann | 875–877 | Claimed Dublin but never ruled |
| Sigfrøðr Ívarrsson | Sichfrith mac Ímair | 881–888 | |
| Sigtryggr Ívarrsson | Sitriuc mac Ímair | 888–893/896 | Rulership disputed by Sigtryggr Jarl in 893 |
| Sigfrøðr Jarl^ | 893-? | Claimed Dublin in 893 but unclear if ever ruled | |
| Iárnkné* | Glúniarann | ? | Not explicitly named as king in the annals; speculated to have succeeded Sitriuc |
| Ívarr II | Ímar ua Ímair | ?-902 | Driven from Dublin in 902 by native Irish |
| Dublin abandoned by the Norse from 902 to 917. | |||
| Sigtryggr | Sihtric ua Ímair aliasSihtric Cáech | 917–921 | defeatedNiall Glundub; also king ofYork |
| Guðrøðr Sigtryggsson | 921–934 | grandson ofÍmar | |
| Olaf Guthfrithson | Amlaíb mac Gofraid | 934–941 | son ofGofraid ua Ímair |
| Blákári Guðrøðsson | Blácaire mac Gofrith | 941–945 | |
| Sigtrygg (Sitric)[citation needed] | 941–943 | ||
| Óláfr kváran | Amlaíb Cuarán | 945–947 | |
| Blákári Guðrøðsson | Blácaire mac Gofrith | 947–948 | restored |
| Guðrøðr Sigtryggsson | Gofraid mac Sitriuc | 948–951 | |
| Óláfr kváran | Amlaíb Cuarán | 952–980 | restored |
| Iárnkné | Glúniairn | 980–989 | |
| Ivar of Waterford orSigtrygg Silkbeard | Ímar / Sitric | 989–993 | |
| Ivar of Waterford | Ímar | 994–995 | |
| Sigtrygg Silkbeard Olafsson | Sitric | 995–1036 | |
| Margaðr Rögnvaldsson | Echmarcach mac Ragnaill | 1036–1038 | |
| Ívar Haraldsson | Ímar mac Arailt | 1038–1046 | |
| Margaðr Rögnvaldsson | Echmarcach mac Ragnaill | 1046–1052 | |
| Murchad mac Diarmata | 1052–1070 | ||
| Diarmait mac Mail na mBo | 1070–1072 | ||
| Toirdelbach Ua Briain | 1072 | Member of theUí Briain; seized overlordship of Dublin following Diarmait's death; given kingship by the Dubliners in 1072; allowed Dublin to be locally ruled byGuðrøð Olafsson under his overlordship. | |
| Guðrøð Olafsson | Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill | 1072–1075 | Member of the Meic Ragnaill (Uí Ímair); ruled under the overlordship of Toirdelbach; expelled from kingship by Toirdelbach in 1075; possibly identical toGofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles (died 1070). |
| Domnall mac Murchada | 1075 | Member of theMeic Murchada (Uí Chennselaig); gained kingship following the expulsion ofGofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill; may have seized Dublin without the consent of theUí Briain, or else ruled under their overlordship; died within the year. | |
| Muirchertach Ua Briain | 1075–1086 | Member of theUí Briain; installed king by his father, Toirdelbach. | |
| Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair | 1086–1089 | Member of theUí Cheinnselaig; seized kingship following death of Toirdelbach; killed in 1089; control of Dublin appears to have been gained byMuirchertach not long afterwards. | |
| Guðröður Crovan | Gofraid Crobán | c. 1091–1094 | Possibly a close relative of Ímar mac Arailt and thus a member of theUí Ímair; founder of theCrovan dynasty; ruler of the Isles; seized kingship in about 1091 and expulsed by Muirchertach in 1094. |
| Domnall mac Taidc | Member of theMeic Taidc (Uí Briain); possibly installed king by his uncle, Muirchertach, after Gofraid Crobán's expulsion; certainly installed as ruler of the Isles at about this time. | ||
| Domnall Gerrlámhach | Member of theUí Briain; possibly installed king by his father, Muirchertach, after Godred Crovan's expulsion; certainly held kingship at a later date. | ||
| Magnús berfœttr | 1102–1103 | Ruler of Norway; appears to have seized Dublin in the early twelfth century, having taken Orkney and the Isles before the turn of the century; seems to have intended for his son,Sigurðr, to rule as king of these newly won overseas Norse territories. | |
| Domnall Gerrlámhach | Defended Dublin from Leinster attack in 1115; possibly installed king by his father long before battle, immediately before, or immediately afterwards. | ||
| Diarmait mac Énna meic Murchada | ×1117. | Member of theMeic Murchada (Uí Chennselaig); died 1117. | |
| Domnall Gerrlámhach | 1117–1118 | Seized kingship after Diarmait 's death. | |
| Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair | ×1118 | Member of theUí Conchobair; drove Domnall Gerrlámhach from kingship. | |
| Énna Mac Murchada | ×1122–1126 | Member of theMeic Murchada (Uí Chennselaig); either seized kingship or was installed king by Toirdelbach; reigned underUí Conchobair overlordship. | |
| Conchobar Ua Conchobair | 1126–1127 | Member of theUí Conchobair; installed king by his father, Toirdelbach; deposed in 1126. | |
| Conchobar Ua Briain | 1141–1142 | Member of theUí Briain; gained kingship in 1141; died in 1142. | |
| Óttar of Dublin | Ottar mac meic Ottair | 1142–1148 | Member of theMeic Ottair; gained kingship in 1142; slain by theMeic Torcaill in 1148; may not have reigned continuously from 1142 to 1148. |
| Ragnvald Þorkellsson | Ragnall mac Torcaill | 1144×1146 | Member of theMeic Torcaill; styled king on his death in 1146, which could be evidence that his reign interrupted that of Ottar; another possibility is that he was merely a subordinate of Ottar. |
| Brodar Þorkellsson | Brodar mac Torcaill | ×1160 | Member of theMeic Torcaill; killed in 1160. |
| Guðrøð Olafsson | Gofraid mac Amlaíb | 1150s or 1160s | Member of the Crovan dynasty;ruler of the Isles; held kingship of Dublin briefly at the behest of the Dubliners, although the chronology of his short reign is uncertain. |
| Hasculf Þorkellsson | Ascall mac Ragnaill | ×1170 | Member of theMeic Torcaill; deposed in 1170; killed attempting to regain kingship in 1171. |
^ Disputed * Speculative
| 9th century |  | |
|---|---|---|
| 10th century | ||
| 11th century | ||
| 12th century | ||
^ Disputed * Speculative | ||
