Kingdom of Cappadocia
331 BC–17 AD
Kingdom of Cappadocia at its peak during the reign of Ariarathes V (163-130 BC)
Status	Subject of theKingdom of Pontus andSeleucid Empire Client kingdom of theRoman Republic andRoman Empire (95 BCE–17 AD)
Capital	Mazaca (modern-dayKayseri,Turkey)
Common languages	Greek (official) Old Persian (native and regional) Aramaic (initially used on coinage)
Religion	Syncretic, incorporatingGreek polytheism with Anatolian and Persian gods, as well asZoroastrianism
Government	Monarchy
Basileus
• 331 – 322 BC(FirstAriarathid king)	Ariarathes I
• 96 –c. 63 BC(First Ariobarzanid king)	Ariobarzanes
• 36 BC – 17 AD (last king)	Archelaus
History
• Founded byAriarathes I	331 BC
• Ariarathes IX deposed, Ariobarzanes I installed with military support fromSulla	95 BC
• Ariarathes X deposed, Archelaus installed byMarc Antony	36 BC
• Annexed by theRoman Empire under EmperorTiberius.	17 AD
Preceded by Succeeded by Macedonian Empire Cappadocia (Roman province)

Cappadocia (Greek:Καππαδοκία) was aHellenistic-eraIranian kingdom^[1][2] centered in the historical region ofCappadocia inAsia Minor (present-dayTurkey). It developed from the formerAchaemenidsatrapy of Cappadocia, and it was founded by its lastsatrap,Ariarathes (later Ariarathes I). Throughout its history, it was ruled by three families in succession: theHouse of Ariarathes (331–96 BC), the House of Ariobarzanes (96–36 BC), and lastly that ofArchelaus (36 BC–17 AD). In 17 AD, following the death of Archelaus, during the reign ofRoman emperorTiberius (14–37 AD), the kingdom was incorporated asa Roman province.

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History ofIran
Prehistoric period BCE / BC Baradostian culture c. 36,000–18,000 Zarzian culture c. 20,000–10,000 Shulaveri–Shomu culture c. 6000–5000 Zayandeh River Culture c. 6th millennium Dalma culture c. 5th millennium
Ancient period Kura–Araxes culture 3400–2000 Helmand culture/Jiroft culture c. 3300–2200 Proto-Elamite 3200–2700 Lullubi Kingdom/Zamua c. 3100–675 Elam 2700–539 Marhaši c. 2550–2020 Oxus Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616 Zikirti 750–521 Saparda 720–670
Imperial period Median Empire 678–550 BC Scythian Kingdom 652–625 BC Anshanite Kingdom 635 BC–550 BC Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC–539 BC Sogdia c. 6th century BC–11th century AD Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–330 BC Kingdom of Armenia 331 BC–428 AD Atropatene c. 323 BC–226 AD Kingdom of Cappadocia 320s BC–17 AD Seleucid Empire 312 BC–63 BC Kingdom of Pontus 281 BC–62 BC Fratarakas 3rd-century BC–132 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD Elymais 147 BC–224 AD Characene 141 BC–222 AD Kings of Persis 132 BC–224 AD Indo-Parthian Kingdom 19 AD–224/5 Paratarajas 125–300 Sasanian Empire 224–651 Zarmihrids 6th century–785 Qarinvandids 550s–11th century
Medieval period CE / AD Rashidun Caliphate 632–661 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Dabuyids 642–760 Bavandids 651–1349 Masmughans of Damavand 651–760 Baduspanids 665–1598 Justanids 791 – 11th century Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Samanid Empire 819–999 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215 Sajid dynasty 889–929 Sallarid dynasty 919–1062 Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090 Ilyasids 932–968 Buyid dynasty 934–1062 Rawadid dynasty 955–1070 Hasanwayhids 959–1095 Ghaznavid dynasty 977–1186 Annazids 990/1–1117 Kakuyids 1008–1141 Nasrid dynasty 1029–1236 Shabankara 1030–1355 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231 Nizari Ismaili state 1090–1257 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319 Salghurids 1148–1282 Hazaraspids 1155–1424 Pishkinid dynasty 1155–1231 Khorshidi dynasty 1184–1597 Qutlugh-Khanids 1223–1306 Eshaqvand Dynasty c. mid-13th century–1592 Mihrabanids 1236–1537 Kurt dynasty 1244–1396 Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335 Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357 Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393 Jalayirid Sultanate 1337–1376 Sarbadars 1337–1376 Injuids 1335–1357 Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504 Mar'ashis 1359–1596 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kar-Kiya dynasty 1370s–1592 Qara Qoyunlu 1406–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
Early modern period Safavid Iran 1501–1736 (Hotak dynasty) 1722–1729 Afsharid Iran 1736–1796 Zand dynasty 1751–1794
Modern period Qajar Iran 1789–1925 Pahlavi Iran 1925–1979
Contemporary period Iranian Revolution 1979 Interim Government 1979 Islamic Republic 1979–present
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Under theAchaemenids, the "Iranization" ofAsia Minor had been significant, and a large Iranian presence had been established in western Asia Minor,Pontus andCappadocia.^[3]Ariarathes had beensatrap of Cappadocia for 19 years and a loyal supporter of the Achaemenid kings. By blood, he was related to the ruling Achaemenid house ("Cyrus and Darius’ Seven") as well as other satraps.^[4][5] WhenAlexander of Macedon invaded Cappadocia as part of his conquest of the Persian Empire, he appointed two temporary governors. For the Iranians in Asia Minor, "as perhaps everywhere", the fall of the Achaemenids "meant crisis".^[6] With the victory of Alexander and the emergence ofHellenistic successor kings, the Iranians inCaria and "probably throughout western Asia Minor" eventually started to adapt themselves to the changing situation.^[3] The Iranian presence to the west of theHalys River thus slowly started to fade.^[7] However, to east of the Halys River, things went differently. The Cappadocians had shown opposition to the invading Macedonians "from the beginning".^[7] After thedefense of Halicarnassus, the Cappadocians participated in theBattle of Gaugamela (331 BCE) against Alexander, and even after the battle, they "rose up in his rear".^[7]

Unlike the Iranians in Caria and "probably throughout western Asia Minor", the Iranian aristocracy to the east of the Halys River, in Cappadocia and Pontus, declared independence, "in defiance of the Macedonians".^[3] Ariarathes I managed to assume power in Cappadocia, becoming the first king of the newly established Kingdom of Cappadocia. Ariarathes's line would provide the first ten kings of the kingdom. After a period ofSeleucid overlordship, the Cappadocian Kingdom gained its independence during the reign ofAriarathes III (c. 255-220 BC).[8] TheAriarathid dynasty was abolished by the early course of the 1st century BC by the ruler of theKingdom of Pontus, the infamousMithridates VI (Eupator), this in an attempt to fully subdue the Cappadocian Kingdom.^[9] However, in "conflict" with the interests of the Roman Republic, the Romans supported the Cappadocians to choose a new king; this came to be another Iranian nobleman, namelyAriobarzanes I.^[9] After the civil war in Rome, the Romans started to interfere more directly in Cappadocian affairs; in 36 BC,Marcus Antonius appointedArchelaus, a local noble, to the Cappadocian throne.^[9] When, at an old age, Tiberius summoned him to Rome, he died there of natural causes; Cappadocia was subsequently incorporated as a fully functioning Roman province.^[4] Due to the kingdom's perilous location amongst powerful neighbors, the kings were often involved in beneficial marriage alliances, such as with theMithridatic dynasty as well as theSeleucid dynasty.^[9]

Strabo, who wrote during the time ofAugustus (r. 63 BCE-14 AD), almost three hundred years after the fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, records only traces of Persians in westernAsia Minor; however, he considered Cappadocia "almost a living part of Persia".^[7]

Following the Macedonian conquests, the Persian colonists in Cappadocia as well as elsewhere were cut off from their co-religionists in Iran proper.^[10] Strabo, who observed them in the Cappadocian Kingdom in the first century BCE, records (XV.3.15) that these "fire kindlers" possessed many "holy places of the Persian Gods", as well asfire temples.^[10] The kingdom's domains possessed numerous sanctuaries and temples of various Iranian gods and deities, as well as Iranized deities.^[4] On their significant importance, numerous sanctuaries and deities of this category were noted by Strabo.^[4] Some of these areAnahita atCastabala, themagus Sagarios atAriaramneia, andAhura Mazda at Arebsum.^[4] In enclosures, known asPyraitheia, there was worship in the name of theZoroastrian religion.^[11] Regarding thesePyraitheia, he furthermore relates that "... in their midst there is an altar, on which there is a large quantity of ashes and where the magi keep the fire ever burning."^[10]

Initially, the kingdom was organized in tensatrapies.^[4] Later, this became eleven.^[4] The satrapies were called by theGreek termstrategiai, and each of them were headed by thestrategos, basically an important noble.^[4] The eleven satrapies were;Melitene,Cataonia,Cilicia, Tyanitis, Garsauritis, Laouiansene, Sargarausene, Saraouene,Chamanene,Morimene, and Cilicia Tracheia. Cilicia Tracheia, the eleventh and last satrapy, was added later to the kingdom.^[4]

Control over the lands of the kingdom was maintained through royal estates and fortifications protected and maintained by nobility.^[4] There were two types of estates: those located and centered on the residence of the noble in question (whose power, as theEncyclopedia Iranica adds, "was foremost temporal") and the so-called temple estates.^[4] Within these so-called temple estates, the priests had both temporal power as well as a religious function. As a result of the double role the clergy played, they were the highest in power after the king himself.^[4]

In imitation of their larger, western neighbors, the Seleucids andAttalids, the Cappadocian kings Hellenized various aspects of the kingdom on purpose.^[4] Both the members of the Ariarathid as well as that of the Ariobarzanid houses would receive a Greek education, and adopted Hellenic titles, such asbasileus, instead of the nativeshah.^[4] Although the first few Cappadocian kings, that is, of the Ariarathid family, minted Iranian-style coins withAramaic descriptions, from king Ariarathes III and on, they shifted to using Greek-style coins and inscriptions.^[4] During the reign of Ariamnes, the first coins appeared with Greek inscriptions, with the monarch depicted on it in Persian dress.^[12] Like the Seleucids, the Cappadocian kings named newly founded cities after themselves (e.g., Ariaramneia, Ariarathei, Archelais). Furthermore, all three royal houses were "honored" by the Greekpoleis.^[4] Roughly speaking, Hellenization in the kingdom started slowly from the course of the 3rd century BCE, and quickened in the 2nd.^[12] Nevertheless, until the end of the kingdom, all its rulers bore Iranian names.^[5]

According toStrabo, the capitalMazaca was well-developed and had a large population.^[4] It was surrounded by numerous villages and plantations; all of these, in turn, were well protected by fortifications controlled by members of the royal family and the nobility.^[4]

• Ariarathes I 331–322 BC
• Ariarathes II 301–280 BC
• Ariaramnes 280–230 BC
• Ariarathes III 255–220 BC
• Ariarathes IV 220–163 BC
• Ariarathes V 163–130 BC
• Ariarathes VI 130–116 BC
• Ariarathes VII 116–101 BC
• Ariarathes VIII 101–96 BC
• Ariarathes IX 100–85 BC
• Ariobarzanes I 96–c.63 BC
• Ariobarzanes IIc.63–51 BC
• Ariobarzanes III 51–42 BC
• Ariarathes X 42–36 BC
• Archelaus 36 BCE–17 AD

• Cappadocian calendar

• Ball, Warwick (2002).Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. pp. 436–437.ISBN 978-1134823864.
• Boyce, Mary (2001).Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press.ISBN 978-0415239028.
• Cooper, J. Eric; Decker, Michael (2012).Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia. Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN 978-0230361065.
• Raditsa, Leo (1983). "Iranians in Asia Minor". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1139054942.
• Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna, eds. (2015).The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 445, 454, 468.ISBN 978-1118785508.
• Weiskopf, Michael (1987)."ASIA MINOR". InYarshater, Ehsan (ed.).Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II/7:ʿArūż–Aśoka IV. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 757–764.ISBN 978-0-71009-107-9.
• Weiskopf, Michael (1990)."CAPPADOCIA". InYarshater, Ehsan (ed.).Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IV: Bāyju–Carpets XIV. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 780–786.ISBN 978-0-71009-132-1.
• Van Dam, Raymond (2002).Kingdom of Snow: Roman rule and Greek culture in Cappadocia. University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN 978-0812236811.

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