  King Island Location of King Island inTasmania | |
| Etymology | Philip Gidley King |
|---|---|
| Geography | |
| Location | Roaring Forties,Great Australian Bight andBass Strait |
| Coordinates | 39°52′21″S143°59′8″E / 39.87250°S 143.98556°E /-39.87250; 143.98556 |
| Archipelago | New Year Group |
| Area | 1,098 km2 (424 sq mi) |
| Area rank | 3rd in Tasmania |
| Highest elevation | 162 m (531 ft)[1] |
| Highest point | Gentle Annie |
| Administration | |
Australia | |
| State | Tasmania |
| LGA | King Island Council |
| Largest settlement | Currie |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 1617[2] |
| Pop. density | 1.50/km2 (3.88/sq mi) |
| Additional information | |
| Official website | https://kingisland.org.au/ |
King Island is an island inBass Strait, belonging to the Australian state ofTasmania. It is the largest of four islands known as theNew Year Group and the second-largest island in Bass Strait (afterFlinders Island). The island's population at the2021 census was 1,617 people, up from 1,585 in 2016.[3] Thelocal government area of the island is theKing Island Council.
The island forms part of the official land divide between theGreat Australian Bight andBass Strait, off the north-western tip of Tasmania and about halfway to the mainland state ofVictoria. The southernmost point is Stokes Point and the northernmost point is Cape Wickham. There are three small islands immediately offshore:New Year Island andChristmas Island situated to the northwest and the smallerCouncillor Island to the east, opposite Sea Elephant Beach.[4]
King Island was first visited by Europeans in the late 18th century. It was named afterPhilip Gidley King,Colonial Governor ofNew South Wales, whose territory at the time included what is now Tasmania. Sealers established temporary settlements on the island in the early 19th century, but it was not until the 1880s that permanent settlements were established. The largest of these isCurrie, situated on the island's west coast. Today, the island's economy is largely based on agriculture and tourism. It is also home to theHuxley Hill Wind Farm.
King Island was originally part of aland bridge linking Tasmania with the Australian mainland, which was submerged around 12,000 years ago due to rising sea levels. A human skeleton was discovered in a cave on the island in 1989, which was dated to approximately 14,000 years ago.[5] However, previous examinations had revealed no "shell heaps, bones, charcoal or other remains which might indicate Aboriginal occupation", suggesting that the area was traversed by the ancestors ofAboriginal Tasmanians but not permanently inhabited. It was uninhabited at the time of European discovery.[6]
Captain Reed is the first known European to discover King Island in 1799 while hunting seals in the schoonerMartha.Matthew Flinders' first map of "Van Diemen's Land" and "Basses Strait",[7] which was sent to England (before Flinders had left) and was published in June 1800, did not show King Island. However, before Flinders left Sydney for England in 1800, Captain Black had informed Flinders of the existence of the island. Flinders' second map of Van Diemen's Land and Bass's Strait (properly finished en route to England) and published with his Observations[8] in 1801 shows:[9]
"Land of considerable extent has been seen about this situation".
Although the impressive 48-metre (157 ft) granite tower, Australia's tallest lighthouse,[10] was finished and the light first lit on 1 November 1861, theCape Wickham Lighthouse was only officially opened in November 2011 at a community celebration of the light's 150th anniversary.[11][12]
Captain John Black also visited the island just after Reed and named it King's Island afterGovernor Philip Gidley King. Captain John Black was sailing in the brigHarbinger, after which the dangerous Harbinger Rocks off the island's north-west coast are named. It was found to abound in bothfur seals andSouthern elephant seals, which were soon exploited to local extinction.
Governor King, knowing that the French navigatorNicolas Baudin was going to head for the island, when he leftPort Jackson in 1800, sent theCumberland from Sydney to claim the islands formally for Britain. TheCumberland arrived just before the French, and the British had hastily erected the British flag in a tree.[13][original research?] Baudin still circumnavigated and extensively mapped the island in 1802, giving French names to some localities that are still in use today like "Phoques Bay" on the north-west coast.
As a result of this incident, British settlements were established at theRiver Derwent andPort Dalrymple in Tasmania and laterPort Phillip.
Sealers continued to harvest the island intermittently until the mid-1820s, after which the only inhabitants were some old sealers and theirAustralian Aboriginal wives who mostly huntedwallaby for skins. The last of these left the island in 1854, and for many years it was only occasionally visited by hunters and more often castaways from shipwrecks.
The firstsubmarine communications cable across Bass Strait in 1859 went via King Island, starting atCape Otway,Victoria. It made contact with the Tasmanian mainland atStanley Head, and then continued on toGeorge Town. However, it started failing within a few weeks of completion, and by 1861 it failed completely. A later telephone and telegraph cable across Bass Strait operated via King Island from 1936 until 1963.
In the 1880s the land was opened for grazing. A township developed atCurrie, and the post office opened on 1 June 1892 (known as King's Island until 1903, King Island until 1917, thereafter Currie).[14] Currie, on the west coast, now has the only post office on the island, but in the pastGrassy, in the southeast (1918–35, 1943–91), Naracoopa on the east coast (1920–62), Pearshape to the south (1946–59) and Egg Lagoon in the north (1925–67) replacing Yambacoona (1922–25) all had official post offices. The other localities of King Island are Bungaree, Loorana, Lymwood, Nugara, Pegarah, Reekara, Sea Elephant, Surprise Bay, Wickham and Yarra Creek.[14] All share the postcode 7256.
Situated in the centre of the western entrance to Bass Strait, King Island has been the location of more than 60 known shipwrecks, involving the loss of more than 2,000 lives. Many King Islanders are descendants of shipwreck survivors.[15]
Notable shipwrecks include:
Currie, the largest town and administrative centre, is situated on the west coast of the island.
The township ofGrassy, on the island's east coast, is approximately 32 km south east of Currie. It was a thriving mining town wherescheelite was extracted from an open-cut mine until 1974 when two underground mines were brought into production. After the mine closed in 1990, the mine site was rehabilitated, the town sold and the pit allowed to flood.
In recent years the Grassy population has increased again and consists of local families,sea-changers, a campus ofBallarat Clarendon College and holiday makers. There is a service station, a supermarket and several shops and restaurants. Grassy is also known for thelittle penguin rookery near the port (safe harbour) andplatypus at the Upper Grassy Dam. There are ferries servicing the island with freight services between Victoria, northern Tasmania and Grassy Harbour.[16]
A new $12.3 millionwave power demonstration project is planned. Sitting partially submerged on the seabed, the Uniwave 200 will use oscillating water column technology to push air into a chamber fitted with an electricity-generating turbine.[17]
The village ofNaracoopa is situated on the east coast about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Currie and is known for its beach, jetty (fishing), holiday accommodation and eateries. There is a sheltered BBQ area and public toilets on the foreshore.
Naracoopa was the chief bulk fuels port and depot and is the site of a mineral sands deposit from which rutile, zircon and ilmenite were extracted between 1968 and 1977. The attractions of Naracoopa are the 100-year-old Naracoopa Jetty, blow hole and calmer weather.[18]
The island is noted for its production ofcheese,lobsters, bottled rain water,kelp andbeef. The island's beef industry was seriously affected by the closure of the island's only abattoir, owned by Argentinian company JS Swift, in September 2012.King Island Dairy is currently the largest company on the island but is at risk of closing in late 2025. It is a safe harbour for passing yachts and the site of theHuxley Hill Wind Farm operated byHydro Tasmania.
The island has afootball competition. TheKing Island Football Association, with just three teams, Currie, Grassy and North, competes annually in the Stonehaven Cup boat races, the Imperial 20-foot race, Queen's Birthday Weekend Pheasant Season and many other activities.
The island was the proposed location for the development of Australia's largestwindfarm. This wind farm split the community into those for and against but eventually proved uneconomic to construct. The proposal was shelved in late 2014.
TheDolphin mine, located on the southeast side of the island, is one of the largest tungsten reserves in Australia.[19]
TheKing Island emu was endemic to the island. Although numerous bones have been found, the only existing skin was collected byNicolas Baudin in 1802, shortly before the species became extinct, probably as a result of hunting bysealers for food.[20]
Some 193 km2 of the island, consisting of the coastline in a strip extending from the low water mark to one kilometre inland of the high-water mark around the entire island, with a broader area encompassing Lavinia State Reserve in the north-east, has been identified byBirdLife International as anImportant Bird Area (IBA). The main feature making it an IBA is that it supports the small population ofcritically endangeredorange-bellied parrots (Neophema chrysogaster) on the migration route between their breeding grounds insouth-western Tasmania and their wintering grounds in mainland south-eastern Australia.[21] More recently theKing Island Biodiversity Management Plan 2012–2022 identifiedLake Flannigan as important in this regard.[22]
The IBA includes the nearbyChristmas,New Year andCouncillor Islands, which support breedingseabirds andwaders.[21] The IBA supports significant numbers ofhooded plovers,flame robins andfairy terns, more than 1 per cent of the world populations ofshort-tailed shearwaters,pied andsooty oystercatchers,black-faced cormorants andpacific gulls, as well as populations of ten bird species endemic to Tasmania, including sevensubspecies endemic to King Island.[21]
King Island has a borderlineMediterranean (Csb)/oceanic climate (Cfb) with mild summers and wet winters.
| Climate data for King Island | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.8 (100.0) | 37.6 (99.7) | 35.0 (95.0) | 30.0 (86.0) | 23.1 (73.6) | 18.6 (65.5) | 18.0 (64.4) | 19.6 (67.3) | 26.5 (79.7) | 29.5 (85.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 36.0 (96.8) | 37.8 (100.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) | 20.6 (69.1) | 19.6 (67.3) | 17.2 (63.0) | 15.1 (59.2) | 13.5 (56.3) | 12.9 (55.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 14.3 (57.7) | 15.6 (60.1) | 17.0 (62.6) | 18.7 (65.7) | 16.5 (61.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.5 (54.5) | 13.1 (55.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 11.2 (52.2) | 9.8 (49.6) | 8.5 (47.3) | 7.8 (46.0) | 7.8 (46.0) | 8.3 (46.9) | 9.0 (48.2) | 9.9 (49.8) | 11.3 (52.3) | 10.2 (50.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) | 7.0 (44.6) | 6.1 (43.0) | 2.0 (35.6) | 1.1 (34.0) | 1.0 (33.8) | −0.5 (31.1) | −0.5 (31.1) | 1.7 (35.1) | 0.0 (32.0) | 0.6 (33.1) | 4.6 (40.3) | −0.5 (31.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 35.6 (1.40) | 38.8 (1.53) | 48.0 (1.89) | 67.8 (2.67) | 98.0 (3.86) | 102.4 (4.03) | 124.1 (4.89) | 114.7 (4.52) | 84.2 (3.31) | 74.8 (2.94) | 59.8 (2.35) | 52.3 (2.06) | 900.2 (35.44) |
| Average precipitation days | 6.4 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 11.6 | 15.3 | 16.5 | 19.3 | 18.8 | 15.4 | 13.1 | 10.3 | 8.7 | 149.9 |
| Source:Bureau of Meteorology[23] | |||||||||||||
attribution contains material published under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia licence fromhttps://arena.gov.au/blog/king-island-wave-power/ attribution: Australian Renewable Energy Agency.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
