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Kilo-class submarine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diesel electric submarine class
"Kilo Class" redirects here. For the novel by Patrick Robinson, seeKilo Class (novel).

RussianBlack Sea Fleet Improved Kilo–class submarineB-265 Krasnodar in 2015
Class overview
Builders
OperatorsSeeOperators
Preceded byTango class
Succeeded byLada class
SubclassesSindhughosh class
Built1980–present
In service1980–present
In commissionDecember 1980–present
Completed75
Active57
Lost1
Retired16
Preserved1
General characteristics
TypeAttack submarine
Displacement
  • Surfaced: 2,325 (Project 877) – 2,350 (Project 636.3) tons
  • Submerged: 3,075 tons full load (Project 877); 3,950 tons full load (Project 636.3)[1][2]
Length72.6 m (238 ft 2 in) (Project 877); 73.8 m (242 ft 2 in) (Project 636.3)
Beam9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
Draft6.2 m (20 ft 4 in)
Installed powerDiesel-electric
Propulsion
  • Diesel-electric propulsion
  • 2 × 1000 kW dieselgenerators
  • 1 × 5,500–6,800 shp (4,100–5,100 kW) propulsion motor
  • 1 × fixed-pitch 6-bladed (Project 877) or 7-bladed (Project 636)propeller
Speed
  • Surfaced: 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph)
  • Submerged: 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Range
  • With snorkel: 6,000–7,500 nmi (11,100–13,900 km; 6,900–8,600 mi) at 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph)
  • Submerged: 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) at 3 kn (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph)
  • Full run: 12.7 nmi (23.5 km; 14.6 mi) at 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Endurance45 days
Test depth
  • Operational: 240 m (790 ft)
  • Maximum: 300 m (980 ft)
Complement52
Armament
Russian Project 877 in the English Channel in 2018
A Russian Kilo-class submarine underway on the surface

TheKilo-class submarines are a group ofdiesel-electricattack submarines designed by theRubin Design Bureau[1][3][4] in theSoviet Union in the 1970s and built originally for theSoviet Navy. Since it was introduced, more than 70 Kilo class boats have been built, and around 60 were in active service as of 2023, not only in Russia but also in Algeria, Vietnam, India, Iran, Myanmar, and Poland.[5]

The first version had the Soviet designationProject 877Paltus (Russian:Па́лтус, meaning "halibut"),NATO reporting nameKilo.[6] They entered operational service in 1980 and continued being built until the mid-1990s, when production switched to the more advancedProject 636Varshavyanka variant, also known inthe West as theImproved Kilo class.[7][8][9] The design was updated again by the Russian Navy in the mid-2010s, to a variant calledProject 636.3, also known asImproved Kilo II.[6] Due to the delays and other problems with the successorLada-classsubmarine, the Improved Kilo II has been built in larger numbers, with several more units under construction as of 2023.[5]

Role

[edit]

The Project 877 attack submarines were mainly intended foranti-shipping andanti-submarine operations in relatively shallow waters. Original Project 877 boats are equipped with Rubikon MGK-400 sonar system (withNATO reporting name Shark Gill), which includes a mine detection and avoidance sonar MG-519 Arfa (with NATO reporting name Mouse Roar).

Newer Project 636 boats are equipped with improved MGK-400EM, with MG-519 Arfa also upgraded to MG-519EM. MGK 400E can detect submarines with 0.05 Pa/Hz noisiness in 16 km (9.9 mi) and surface vessels with 10 Pa/Hz noisiness in 100 km (62 mi).[10] The improved sonar systems have reduced the number of operators needed by sharing the same console via automation.

Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.[11] These tiles also help attenuate sounds that are emitted from the submarine, thus reducing the range at which the submarine may be detected bypassive sonar.[12]

Project 636 and 636.3 submarines can launchKalibr (and their Club export version) cruise missiles. It was reported in September 2022 that they can carry four Kalibr missiles, and can launch them through two of their six torpedo tubes.[13]

History

[edit]

A single Project 877 submarine,B-871Alrosa, is equipped withpump-jet propulsion, instead of apropeller.[14] It has been retrofitted for the Kalibr missile.[15]

It was planned for Project 636 (Improved Kilo) to be succeeded by theLada class inRussian Navy service. However, by November 2011 it was apparent that the Lada class would be delayed becauseSankt Peterburg (B-585), the lead boat of the class, had shown major deficiencies. On 27 July 2012, the Russian Navy commander-in-chief announced that construction of the Lada-class submarines would resume, having undergone design changes.[citation needed] Series production was reported to be underway in the latter 2010s.[16][needs update]

The Russian Navy also moved forward in the late 2010s, with the construction of Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II. The first-in-class was namedPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (PPK) and was launched by the head ofAdmiralty Shipyard Alexander Buzakov on 28 March 2019, or some thirty months after commission.[1] By November 2019, six units had been built for theBlack Sea Fleet and further boats were proposed, but not funded, for the Pacific and Baltic Fleets.[4]

In June 2022, an unconfirmed report from within Russia's defense industry suggested that a further tranche of six additional Project 636.3 vessels might be ordered to start construction in around 2024.[17] The class "is slightly longer in length — the sub's submerged displacement is around 4,000 tons — and features improved engines, an improved combat system, as well as new noise reduction technology; it can fire both torpedoes andcruise missiles, launched from one of six 533-millimeter torpedo tubes."[1] The class has a seven-bladed propeller, instead of the six-bladed propeller of the Project 877 class.[15]

Specifications

[edit]
This sectionis inlist format but may read better asprose. You can help byconverting this section, if appropriate.Editing help is available.(November 2024)
Schematic drawing of Kilo-class submarine

There are several variants of the Kilo class. The information below is the smallest and largest number from the available information for all three main variants of the boat.[18]

  • Displacement:
    • 2,300–2,350 tons surfaced
    • 3,000–4,000 tons submerged
  • Dimensions:
    • Length: 70–74 meters
    • Beam: 9.9 meters
    • Draft: 6.2–6.5 meters
  • Maximum speed
    • 10–12 knots surfaced (18–22 km/h)
    • 17–25 knots submerged (31–46 km/h)
  • Propulsion: Diesel-electric 5,900 shp (4,400 kW)
  • Maximum depth: 300 meters (240–250 meters operational)
  • Endurance
    • 400 nautical miles (700 km) at 3 knots (6 km/h) submerged
    • 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km) at 7 knots (13 km/h) snorkeling (7,500 miles for the Improved Kilo class)
    • 45 days sea endurance
  • Armament
  • Crew: 52
  • Price per unit is US$200–250 million (China paid about US$1.5–2 billion for 8 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines)[when?][citation needed]

Operational history

[edit]

Kilo-class attack submarines originally began entering service with theSoviet Navy from 1980.[citation needed]

At the beginning of 2014, the Chinese PLA Navy held an emergency combat readiness test.[19] The Kilo-class submarineYuanzheng 72, deployed on a combat readiness voyage encountered a "cliff" caused by a sudden change in seawater density. Because the seawater density suddenly decreased, the submarine lost its buoyancy and rapidly descended. The pressure on the submarine increased sharply, and the main engine room pipeline was damaged, and water entered. The vessel lost power due to a large amount of water entering the main engine room. The crew reacted quickly, and the submarine resurfaced in three minutes, avoiding a disastrous descent to theseabed, which was more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. The voyage was notable for creating many firsts for PLAN's submarine service.[20][21]

In 2015, five Kilo-class submarines were deployed to theRussian naval facility in Tartus, Syria. At least two of the units reportedly attacked land targets inside Syria with 3M54 Kalibr cruise missiles (NATO designation: SS-N-27A "Sizzler").[4] 8 December 2015 marked the first time a Kilo-class submarine fired cruise missiles against an enemy.Rostov-na-Donu struck two targets near theISIS capital ofRaqqa by the missile attack.[22] TheB-237 Rostov-on-Don transited theDardanelles on its way back to theBlack Sea on 12 February 2022.[23]

B-871 Alrosa, a pump-jet Kilo class, which derives from the Project 877 hull, participated in theRusso-Ukraine War.

Since the start of theRussian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Kilo class submarines of the Black Sea Fleet have participated in the conflict, firing Kalibr cruise missiles into Ukraine.[5] After the sinking of theRussian cruiser Moskva in April 2022, it was remarked that the Kilo-class subs were the only members of the Black Sea Fleet whose orders did not prohibit venturing into Ukrainian waters nearOdesa during theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[24] In September 2022, after the early2022 Crimea attacks, the UKMinistry of Defence said that the Kilo-class submarines were moved from Sevastopol to thePort of Novorossiysk inKrasnodar Krai.[25][13]

On 13 September 2023,B-237 Rostov-on-Don was severely damaged by a UkrainianStorm Shadow missile strike while it was drydocked in Sevastopol.[26][27][28]According to satellite images taken in June 2024, the submarine was moved to a lesser used dry dock within the port (at coordinates 44.609975029014116, 33.537496816089906). Camouflage nets were, at least initially, thrown up to disguise its presence and to make observation more challenging. According to reports, the submarine is under repair.[29]

On 2 August 2024, Ukrainian Forces launched a strike against a Russian submarine and anS-400 air defense system inCrimea. Ukrainian sources claimed that the submarineB-237 Rostov-on-Don was "sunk on the spot" in the attack.[30][31][32][33][34] Other sources claim that the submarine was only hit and not sunk.[35] Satellite images showed the that camouflage nets were burned out by the strike.[36]

In September 2025, the Project 636.3 boat,Novorossiysk (B-261), reportedly suffered serious damage as the result of a fuel system malfunction while operating in the Mediterranean.[37]

Operators

[edit]

The first submarine entered service in theSoviet Navy in 1980, and the class remains in use with the Russian Navy today; around 5 original Kilo-class vessels believed to still be in active service with the Russian Navy (as of 2025), while new Improved Kilo–class subs are being delivered through the 2020s to replace them. About forty vessels have been exported to several countries:

Possible purchasers

[edit]

The government of Venezuela expressed interest since 2005 in acquiring nine AIP-powered conventional submarines, either the German U214 or later the Amur 1650. There was a Russian counteroffer due to technical issues at the shipyards back then, for five Project 636 Kilo-class and four Amur 1650, but it hasn't gone through yet.[60]

In 2017, thePhilippine Navy showed interest in the Kilo-class submarine as part of its modernization program. Defense SecretaryDelfin Lorenzana said the country was evaluating a Russian offer.[61]

Failed bids

[edit]

TheIndonesian Navy was interested in purchasing two used Kilo-class submarines, but theChief of Staff of the Indonesian NavyLaksamanaMarsetio cancelled the plans in 2014 after inspecting the two submarines in Russia with an Indonesian Navy team. He said, "The submarines look good on the outside, but the inside is filled with broken equipment, and the two submarines have been in storage for two years." Indonesia instead bought sixImprovedJang Bogo-class submarines, later known asNagapasa-class submarine, including a transfer of technology, where Indonesia will eventually build four of six of the submarines with South Korea.[62]

Gallery

[edit]
  • The Polish Kilo-class submarine ORP Orzeł, 26 June 2011
    ThePolish Kilo-class submarineORP Orzeł, 26 June 2011
  • Russian Kilo-class submarines in Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast
    Russian Kilo-class submarines inPolyarny, Murmansk Oblast
  • An Algerian Kilo-class submarine
    AnAlgerian Kilo-class submarine
  • A Chinese Kilo-class submarine being delivered from Russia as deck cargo in 1995.
    A Chinese Kilo-class submarine being delivered from Russia as deck cargo in 1995.
  • ORP Orzeł, the control room of an 877E-class submarine
    ORPOrzeł, the control room of an 877E-class submarine
  • The Iranian Kilo-class submarine Yunes, during delivery in 1995.
    The Iranian Kilo-class submarineYunes, during delivery in 1995.
  • Indian Kilo-class submarine, INS Sindhughosh
    Indian Kilo-class submarine, INSSindhughosh
  • Diesel submarine Kilo-class Kaluga returns from a long voyage
    Diesel submarine Kilo-classKaluga returns from a long voyage
  • Russian Improved Kilo-class submarine Ufa during the Russian Navy Day parade in 2023.
    Russian Improved Kilo-class submarineUfa during the Russian Navy Day parade in 2023.

List of submarines

[edit]

Project 877

[edit]
Operator#NameShipyardProjectLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFleetStatus
 RussiaB-248—Komsomolsk-on-Amur87716 March 198012 September 198031 December 1980Decommissioned 2001
 RussiaB-260ChitaKomsomolsk-on-Amur87722 February 198123 August 198130 December 1981PFDecommissioned 2013, sank partially on way to scrap in 2019
 RussiaB-227VyborgKomsomolsk-on-Amur87723 February 198216 September 198223 February 1983BFDecommissioned 2018 (exhibit of the Patriot park in Kronstadt)
 RussiaB-229—Komsomolsk-on-Amur87723 February 198315 July 198330 October 1983Decommissioned 2002
 RussiaB-404—Komsomolsk-on-Amur8777 May 198324 September 198330 December 1983Decommissioned 2002
 RussiaB-401NovosibirskNizhniy Novgorod8776 October 198215 March 198430 September 1984NFDecommissioned 2012
 RussiaB-402VologdaNizhniy Novgorod87724 August 198329 September 198430 December 1984NFDecommissioned 2016
 RussiaB-405(ex Tyumenskiy Komsomolets)Komsomolsk-on-Amur87720 April 198421 September 198430 December 1984Decommissioned 2002
 Poland291 (ex-B-351)OrzełNizhniy Novgorod877E29 September 19847 June 198529 April 1986Active as of 2010[update]
 Romania581 (ex-B-801)DelfinulNizhniy Novgorod877E19841985August 1985Unknown (in reserve since 1995)
 IndiaS55SindhughoshSaint Petersburg877EKM29 May 198329 July 198525 November 1985Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 2002–2005
 RussiaB-470—Komsomolsk-on-Amur8776 May 198527 August 198530 December 1985Decommissioned 2005
 RussiaB-806DmitrovNizhniy Novgorod877EKM
[citation needed]		15 October 198430 April 198625 September 1986BFActive as of 2018[update][63]
 IndiaS56SindhudhvajSaint Petersburg877EKM1 April 198627 July 198625 November 1986Decommissioned on 16 July 2022.[64]
 Algeria012Rais Hadj MubarekNizhniy Novgorod877EKM1985198629 November 1986Upgraded in 2010, able to launchKalibr/Club missiles
 RussiaB-439—Komsomolsk-on-Amur8774 April 198631 July 198630 December 1986Decommissioned 2005
 IndiaS57SindhurajNizhniy Novgorod877EKM198619872 September 1987Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
 Algeria013El Hadj SlimaneNizhniy Novgorod877EKM1986198725 November 1987Upgraded in 2011, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
 Myanmar71UMS Minye Theinkhathu (ex-Sindhuvir)Saint Petersburg877EKM15 May 198713 September 198725 December 1987Modernized to project 08773 in 1997–1999, transferred toMyanmar Navy in 2020
 RussiaB-445Svyatoi Nikolai ChudotvoretsKomsomolsk-on-Amur87721 March 198726 September 198730 January 1988PFMay have decommissioned 2020;[65] listed as still in service by one source[66]
 IndiaS59SindhuratnaNizhniy Novgorod877EKM1987198814 August 1988Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 2001–2003
 IndiaS60SindhukesariSaint Petersburg877EKM20 April 198816 August 198829 October 1988Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
 RussiaB-808YaroslavlNizhniy Novgorod87729 September 198630 July 198827 December 1988NFDecommissioned 2022[67]
 RussiaB-394NurlatKomsomolsk-on-Amur87715 April 19883 September 198830 December 1988PFStatus unclear; active as of 2018; likely to decommission in mid/latter 2020s[68]
 RussiaB-800Kaluga (ex-Vologodskij komsomolets)Nizhniy Novgorod877LPMB
[citation needed]		5 March 19877 May 198930 September 1989NFRefitted in 2009–2012, active 2022[67]
 IndiaS61SindhukirtiSaint Petersburg877EKM5 April 198926 August 198930 October 1989Active, modernized to project 08773
 RussiaB-464Ust'-KamchatskKomsomolsk-on-Amur87726 May 198923 September 198930 January 1990PFStatus unclear; active as of 2018; likely to decommission in mid/latter 2020s[69]
 RussiaB-459VladikavkazNizhniy Novgorod87725 February 198829 April 199030 September 1990NFRefitted in 2011–15, active, entered Baltic Sea 3 July 2018 to take part in Main Naval Parade in St Petersburg on 29 July.
 IndiaS62SindhuvijaySaint Petersburg877EKM6 April 199027 July 199027 October 1990Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 2005–2007
 RussiaB-871AlrosaNizhniy Novgorod87717 May 1988September 198930 December 1990BSFRefitted in 2014–2022[70]
 RussiaB-471MagnitogorskNizhniy Novgorod87726 October 198822 September 199030 December 1990NFStatus unclear as of 2025; active as of 2018
 RussiaB-494Ust'-BolsheretskKomsomolsk-on-Amur8775 May 19904 October 199030 December 1990PFDecommissioned 2023[71]
 Iran901TareghSaint Petersburg877EKM5 April 199125 September 199125 December 1991Active as of 2012[update].[72] Upgraded in Iranian shipyard.[73]
 RussiaB-187Komsomolsk-on-AmurKomsomolsk-on-Amur8777 May 19915 October 199130 December 1991PFActive 2018[74]
 RussiaB-177LipetskNizhniy Novgorod8773 November 198927 July 199130 December 1991NFStatus unclear as of 2025; active as of 2018
 RussiaB-190KrasnokamenskKomsomolsk-on-Amur8778 May 199225 September 199230 December 1992PFDecommissioned 2023[75]
 Iran902NoahSaint Petersburg877EKM30 April 199216 October 199231 December 1992Unknown (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
 RussiaB-345MogochaKomsomolsk-on-Amur87722 April 19936 October 199322 January 1994Decommissioned 29 May 2021[65]
 People's Republic of China364Yuan Zheng 64 HaoNizhniy Novgorod877EKM???199410 November 1994Decommissioned 2021
 People's Republic of China365Yuan Zheng 65 HaoNizhniy Novgorod877EKM???199514 August 1995Decommissioned 2021
 Iran903YunesSaint Petersburg877EKM5 February 199212 July 19942 September 1996Active as 2011[76] (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
 IndiaS63SindhurakshakSaint Petersburg877EKM16 February 199526 June 19972 October 1997A munitions accident caused an explosion and fire while at berth in 2013.[77] It was later scuttled.
 IndiaS65SindhurashtraSaint Petersburg877EKM12 December 199814 October 199916 May 2000Active as of 2010[update]

Project 636

[edit]
Operator#NameShipyardProjectLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFleetStatus
 People's Republic of China366Yuan Zheng 66 HaoSaint Petersburg63616 July 199626 April 199726 August 1997Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China367Yuan Zheng 67 HaoSaint Petersburg63628 August 199718 June 199825 October 1998Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China368Yuan Zheng 68 HaoSaint Petersburg636M18 October 200227 May 200420 October 2004Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China369Yuan Zheng 69 HaoSaint Petersburg636M18 October 200219 August 20042005Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China370Yuan Zheng 70 HaoSaint Petersburg636M2004May 20052005Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China371Yuan Zheng 71 HaoSaint Petersburg636M200420052005Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China372Yuan Zheng 72 HaoSaint Petersburg636M200520052006Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China373Yuan Zheng 73 HaoNizhniy Novgorod636MJuly 19928 May 20045 August 2005Active as of 2007[update]
 People's Republic of China374Yuan Zheng 74 HaoSeverodvinsk636M29 May 200321 May 200530 December 2005Active as of 2006[update]
 People's Republic of China375Yuan Zheng 75 HaoSeverodvinsk636M29 May 200314 July 200530 December 2005Active as of 2006[update]
 Algeria021Messali el HadjSaint Petersburg636M200620 November 200828 August 2009Active[citation needed]
 Algeria022Akram PachaSaint Petersburg636M20079 April 200929 October 2009Active[citation needed]
 Vietnam182Hà NộiSaint Petersburg636.125 August 201028 August 2012[78]3 April 2014Active as of 2014[79][80]
 Vietnam183Hồ Chí Minh CitySaint Petersburg636.128 September 201128 December 20123 April 2014Active as of 2014[81][non-primary source needed][82]
 Vietnam184Hải PhòngSaint Petersburg636.1August 2013[83]1 August 2015Active as of 2014[84]
 Vietnam185Khánh HoàSaint Petersburg636.1201328 March 2014[85][non-primary source needed]1 August 2015Active as of 2015[86]
 Vietnam186Đà NẵngSaint Petersburg636.128 December 201428 February 2017Active as of 2016[87]
 Vietnam187Bà Rịa-Vũng TàuSaint Petersburg636.128 May 2014[88]28 September 201528 February 2017Active as of 2017[89]
 Algeria031El OuarsenisSaint Petersburg636.1201514 March 20179 January 2019Active as of 2019[90]
 Algeria032El HoggarSaint Petersburg636.118 June 20189 January 2019Active as of 2019[90]

Project 636.3

[edit]

Italics indicate estimates.Russian designation Project 636.6 is known as the "Improved Kilo II" class in the West.

Operator#NameShipyardProjectLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFleetStatus
 RussiaB-261NovorossiyskSaint Petersburg636.320 August 2010[91]28 November 2013[92]22 August 2014[93][94]BSFActive; as of September 2025[update] has a serious technical problem with diesel leaking from the fuel system into the submarine.[95][96]
 RussiaB-237Rostov-na-DonuSaint Petersburg636.321 November 2011[97]26 June 2014[98]30 December 2014[99]BSFDamaged by the cruise missile strike on Sevastopol drydock on 12 September 2023;[100] taken in for repair in dry dock;[29][101] claimed sunk by Ukraine in a second strike in August 2024[102]
 RussiaB-262Stary Oskol[103]Saint Petersburg636.317 August 2012[104]28 August 2014[105]25 June 2015BSFActive
 RussiaB-265KrasnodarSaint Petersburg636.320 February 2014[106]25 April 2015[107]5 November 2015BSFActive
 RussiaB-268Veliky NovgorodSaint Petersburg636.330 October 2014[108]18 March 2016[109]25 October 2016[110]BSFActive
 RussiaB-271KolpinoSaint Petersburg636.330 October 2014[108]31 May 2016[111]24 November 2016BSFActive[citation needed]
 RussiaB-274Petropavlovsk-KamchatskySaint Petersburg636.328 July 2017[112]28 March 2019[113]25 November 2019[114]PFActive[citation needed]
 RussiaB-603VolkhovSaint Petersburg636.328 July 2017[112]26 December 2019[115]24 October 2020[116]PFActive; carried out land-attack cruise missile tests in January 2022[117]
 RussiaB-602MagadanSaint Petersburg636.31 November 2019[118]26 March 2021[119]12 October 2021[120][121][122][123][124][125]PFActive; deployed in the Pacific fleet late 2022[126]
 RussiaB-588UfaSaint Petersburg636.31 November 2019[118]31 March 2022[127]16 November 2022[128][129][130][124][131]PFActive[132]
 RussiaB-608MozhayskSaint Petersburg636.323 August 2021[133][134]27 April 2023[135]28 November 2023PFActive[136]
 RussiaB-???YakutskSaint Petersburg636.323 August 2021[133][134]11 October 2024[137]11 June

2025[138]

PFActive[138]
 RussiaB-???Petrozavodsk[139]Saint Petersburg636.32022[131]2025[131]BF[131]Ordered in 2020,[140][141] improved design[142]
 RussiaB-???Mariupol[143]Saint Petersburg636.3Autumn 2024[144]2027NF[145]Ordered in 2022
 RussiaB-???[146]Saint Petersburg636.32023[147][148]2026BFOrdered in 2022
 RussiaB-???[149]Saint Petersburg636.320252028BFOrdered in 2022

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abcdGady, Franz-Stefan (7 October 2019)."New Russian Attack Sub Enters Sea Trials".The Diplomat.
  2. ^"ДПЛ ПРОЕКТА 636.3 - Многоцелевая дизельная подводная лодка" [DPL PROJECT 636.3 - Multipurpose diesel submarine] (in Russian). Archived fromthe original on 30 August 2017.
  3. ^ab"АПЛ Проекта 636.3" [Project 636.3 Nuclear Submarine].pp.userapi.com (in Russian).Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved30 August 2017.
  4. ^abcGady, Franz-Stefan (22 November 2019)."First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub to Enter Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet This Month".The Diplomat.
  5. ^abcWertheim, Eric (August 2023)."Russia's Kilo-class Submarine: Improved And More Deadly Than Ever".Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. 149/8/1, 446. Archived fromthe original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved18 August 2025.
  6. ^abTomasz Grotnik (14 October 2024)."Russia launches Final Project 636.3 Submarine for Pacific Fleet".Naval News.
  7. ^Gardiner, Chumbley and Budzbon (1995), pp. 408-409.
  8. ^"Algeria Navy may receive 2 new Russian Improved Kilo-class submarines".Army Recognition. 8 August 2023.
  9. ^Darman (2004), p. 46.
  10. ^"MGK-400EM Sonar".Rosoboronexport. Retrieved18 July 2020.
  11. ^Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sonar sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.
  12. ^"Kilo-class Submarines".Russiafile.com. Archived fromthe original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved29 October 2008.
  13. ^abSutton, H I (14 September 2022)."Russian Navy Kilo Class Submarines Retreating From Crimea".Naval News.
  14. ^"Kilo Class Submarine "Alrosa": Black Sea Fleet, Russian Federation".Alrosa.net. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved8 March 2014.
  15. ^abNewdick, Thomas (28 June 2022)."Russia's Only Pump-Jet Kilo Class Submarine Is Back To Attack Ukraine". Recurrent Ventures. The Drive.
  16. ^"Project 677 Lada Class / Project 1650 Amur Class Submarines".Naval Technology.
  17. ^"Shipbuilders to build a series of Project 636.3 submarines for Russia's Northern Fleet".
  18. ^ab"Project 877 / 636 Kilo class diesel-electric torpedo submarine".FAS.org. Archived fromthe original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved28 September 2011.
  19. ^Wang Tao (22 October 2014)."Courage and bloodiness have always been the backbone of soldiers and the edge of victory".PRC Ministry of National Defense.Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved13 July 2018.
  20. ^"South China Sea Fleet submarine suddenly lost buoyancy during a voyage and encountered the most dangerous 3 minutes".凤凰网. 9 April 2014.Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved13 July 2018.
  21. ^"Media reveals military awards: Most awards are related to "aircraft carriers"".人民网. 1 September 2014.Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved13 July 2018.
  22. ^Rogoway, Tyler (8 December 2015)."Russia Launches Cruise Missiles At Syria From Submarine In The Mediterranean".
  23. ^Ozberk, Tayfun (12 February 2022)."Russia's Improved Kilo-Class Submarine Entering Black Sea".Naval News.
  24. ^Axe, David (28 August 2022)."Russian Navy Crews Are Under Orders To Avoid The Ukrainian Coast".Forbes.
  25. ^Mongilio, Heather (20 September 2022)."Russian Navy Moving Kilo Attack Boats to Safety from Ukraine Strike Risk, Says U.K. MoD".USNI News.
  26. ^Barnes, Joe; Kilner, James (13 September 2023)."Russian submarine hit by British Storm Shadow missile strike".The Telegraph.ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved13 September 2023.
  27. ^"Ukraine's Attack On Sevastopol Also Targeted Important Ships Crossing Black Sea".Naval News. 14 September 2023.
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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Darman, Peter, ed. (2004).Twenty-first Century Submarines and Warships. Military Handbooks. Rochester: Grange Books.ISBN 1-84013-678-2.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995).Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 1-55750-132-7.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Breemer, Jan S. (1989).Soviet Submarines: Design, Development and Tactics. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group.ISBN 0710605269.
  • Miller, David; Jordan, John (1987).Modern Submarine Warfare. New York: Military Press.ISBN 0-517-64647-1.
  • Miller, David (1989).Modern Submarines. Combat Arms. New York: Prentice Hall Press.ISBN 0-13-589102-7.
  • Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2004).Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books.ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
  • Polmar, Norman; Noot, Jurrien S. (1991).Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718-1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 0-87021-570-1.


External links

[edit]
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