| Khorasani Turkic | |
|---|---|
| خراسان توٚركیسیXorasan Türkîsi | |
 Khorasani Turkic written in thePersian script. | |
| Native to | Iran |
| Region | North Khorasan[1] |
| Ethnicity | Khorasani Turks |
Native speakers | 400,000–900,000 (2015–2019)[2][1] |
| Persian alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kmz |
| Glottolog | khor1269 |
 Map of Khorasani Turkic distribution per Ethnologue | |
 Khorasani Turkic is classified as Vulnerable by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Khorasani Turkic orKhorasani is anOghuzTurkic language spoken in theNorth Khorasan Province and theRazavi Khorasan Province inIran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are alsobilingual inPersian.[1]
Khorasani Turkic is spoken in the Iranian provinces ofNorth Khorasan nearBojnord andRazavi Khorasan nearSabzevar,Quchan. TheOghuz dialect spoken in WesternUzbekistan is sometimes considered a dialect of Khorasani Turkic.[citation needed]
Khorasani Turkic is split into North, South and West dialects. The northern dialect is spoken in North Khorasan near Quchan; the southern in Soltanabad, near Sabzevar; the western, around Bojnord.
Khorasani Turkic belongs to theOghuz group ofTurkic languages, which also includesTurkish,Azerbaijani,Gagauz,Balkan Gagauz,Qashqai,Turkmen andSalar.
Khorasani Turkic was first classified as a separate dialect by Iranian Azerbaijani linguistJavad Heyat in the bookTārikh-e zabān o lahcayā-ye Türki (History of the Turkic dialects).[3] According to some linguists, it should be considered intermediate linguistically betweenAzerbaijani andTurkmen, although it is sufficiently distinct not to be considered a dialect of either.[3] It is considered by Turkic scholars to be most closely related to the other Oghuz varieties spoken in Iran, and a close relationship with Turkmen has been disputed on the basis of the comparisons of the core set of agglutinating morphemes.[4]
Doerfer and Hesche classify Khorasani Turkic into different branches within the Oghuz languages.[5]
| Oghuz |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
According to Robert Lindsay, Khorasani Turkic has four branches:[6]
| Khorasani Turkic | |
Glottolog lists seven distinct dialects:[7]
| Khorasan Turkic |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | q | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | h | |
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ | |||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | |||||
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i | y | ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | ø | o | |
| Open | æ | ɑ | ||
All vowels have phonemic length distinction. The vowel/ɑ/ is rounded to[ɒ] when following the vowels/u/ and/i/ (short and long) as well as long/oː/ (Muxabbat[muxɒbbɑt] "love" ,Insan[insɒn] "human"). On the other hand, short /o/ and all other vowels do not cause this rounding of/ɑ/. (Yoldaşlık[joldɑʃlɯk] "friendship"). /ɑ/ is always pronounced [ɑ] in plurals (& for some speakers, it is pronounced as such unconditionally)
Khorasani Turkic is not often written, but it may be with thePersian alphabet in thePerso-Arabic script. Khorasani Turkic orthography is identical to theAzerbaijani Arabic alphabet.[8]
As Khorasani Turkic has more vowel sounds than either Arabic or Persian, and as the base Arabic letters are inadequate to distinguish between the divergent vowel sounds (wherein mispronunciation can at times change the meaning of words), same as inAzerbaijani Arabic alphabet, diacritics on top of existing letters are used. However, in everyday usage, these diacritics are often dropped and pronunciation is derived from context and from vowel/consonant harmony rules. In the table below, these vowels are shown with a beige background.
| Letter | Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ا | a | /ɑ/,/æ/,/Ø/ |
| ب | b | /b/ |
| پ | p | /p/ |
| ت | t | /t/ |
| ث | (s) | /s/ |
| ج | c | /d͡ʒ/ |
| چ | ç | /t͡ʃ/ |
| ح | (h) | /h/ |
| خ | x | /x/ |
| د | d | /d/ |
| ذ | (z) | /z/ |
| ر | r | /r/ |
| ز | z | /z/ |
| ژ | j | /ʒ/ |
| س | s | /s/ |
| ش | ş | /ʃ/ |
| ص | (s) | /s/ |
| ض | (d) | /d/ |
| ط | (t) | /t/ |
| ظ | (z) | /z/ |
| ع | ’ | /æ/,/Ø/ |
| غ | ǧ | /ɣ/ |
| ف | f | /f/ |
| ق | q | /q/ |
| ک | k | /k/ |
| گ | g | /ɡ/ |
| ل | l | /l/ |
| م | m | /m/ |
| ن | n | /n~ŋ/ |
| و | v, o, u, ü | /v~w/,/o/,/u/,/y/ |
| وْ | o | /o/ |
| وُ | u | /u/ |
| وٚ | ü | /y/ |
| ؤ | ö | /ø/ |
| ه | h, ə | /h/,/æ/ |
| ی | y, ı, i | /j/,/ɯ/,/i/ |
| یٛ | ı | /ɯ/ |
| ئ | e | /e/ |
| ء | ʿ | /ʔ/ |
| نگ | ng | /ŋ(g)/ |
Pluralization is marked on nouns with the suffix/-lar/, which has the two forms/-lar/ and/-lær/, depending onvowel harmony. As mentioned in the phonology section, plural/ɑ/ is never rounded to [ɒ], even when it follows/u/, /oː/ or/i/.
Nouns in Khorasani Turkic take a number ofcase endings that change based on vowel harmony and whether they follow avowel or aconsonant:
| After Vowels | After Consonants | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | No Ending | |
| Genitive | niŋ/nin | iŋ/in |
| Dative | ja/jæ | a/æ |
| Accusative | ni/nɯ | i/ɯ |
| Locative | da/dæ | |
| Ablative | dan/dæn | |
| Instrumental | nan/næn | |
Possession is marked with a suffix on the possessed noun.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | (I)m | (I)mIz |
| 2nd Person | (I)ŋ | (I)ŋIz |
| 3rd Person | (s)I | lArI |
Khorasani Turkic has sixpersonal pronouns. Occasionally, personal pronouns take different case endings from regularnouns.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | mæn | bɯz |
| 2nd Person | sæn | siz |
| 3rd Person | o | olar |
Verbs are declined for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. The infinitive form of the verb ends in-max.
| Translation | IPA | Romanization | Arabic script (Iran) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thus, there was a padishah named Ziyad. | ɑlɣæssabirzijæːdpæːdiʃæːhiːbæːɾɨdɨ | Al ğässa bir Ziyäd pädişähi bärıdı | .ال غسا بیر زياد پدیشهی بـهریدی |
| Almighty God had given him no son. | xodɒːʷændiæːlæmonahit͡ʃɔɣulataːelæmɑmiʃdi | Xodavändi äläm ona hiç oğul ata elämamişdi. | .خوداوندی آلم اونا هیچ اوغول اتا ایلهمامیشدی |
| Then, he spoke to his vizier: "O Vizier, I have no son. What shall I do about it?" | bæːdænvaziːɾædədi,ejvaziːɾ,mændækiɔɣuljoxdɨ,mænnæt͡ʃaːɾæejlem | Bädän vazirä dedi: "Ey vazir, mändä ki oğul yoxdı. Män nä çarä eylem?" | بدن وازیره دهدی: «ای وازیر, منده کی اوغول یوخدی. من نه چاره ایولیم»؟ |
| The vizier said: "Ruler of the whole world, what will you do with this possession?" | vaziːɾdedi,pɒːdiʃaː-iɢɨblæ-jiɒːlæm,sænbumɒːlɨ-æmwɒːlɨnæjlijæsæn | Vazir dedi: "Padişai qıbläyi aläm, sän bu malıämvalı näyliyäsän?" | وازیر دهدی: «پادیشای قیبلنهیی آلم, سن بو مالیموالی نیلیسن»؟ |
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