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Khinalug language

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Northeast Caucasian language
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Khinalug
Xinaliq
каьтш мицIkätš micʼ
кетш мицIketš micʼ
Pronunciation[kætʃmit͡sʼ]
Native toAzerbaijan
RegionQuba
EthnicityKhinalugs
Native speakers
3,000 (2007)[1]
Cyrillic script,Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3kjj
Glottologkhin1240
ELPKhinalugh
  Khinalug
(in Azerbaijan)
Khinalug is classified as Severely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Khinalug (also spelledKhinalig,Khinalugi,Xinalug(h),Xinaliq orKhinalugh) is aNortheast Caucasian language spoken by about 3,000 people in the villages ofKhinalug and Gülüstan,Quba in the mountains ofQuba Rayon, northernAzerbaijan. It may either belong to theLezgic branch of theNortheast Caucasian language family,[2] or it may form its own independent branch within that family.[3]

Khinalug isendangered,[4] and classified as "severely endangered" byUNESCO'sAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[5]

History

[edit]

Khinalug is the language of the village Khinalug in theQuba district of Azerbaijan. It has been tentatively classified by previous researchers as a member of theLezgic branch of theNortheast Caucasian languages.[2] Although Khinalug is the official language of the village, it is mostly spoken by villagers in informal circumstances, while the national languageAzerbaijani is used formally for educational purposes and to communicate with non-Khinalug speakers.[2] Khinalug is considered to be athreatened language. In recent years, the road leading to the villages where it is spoken has fallen into disrepair, leaving the area mostly isolated.[6]

Phonology

[edit]

The Khinalug language previously had its own script.[clarification needed]Alexander Kibrik and a team of 13 linguists fromMoscow State University visited the village in 2005.[7] In 2007 they developed a Latin orthography for Khinalug, in collaboration with local school teachers in the village. It is presented in angle brackets on the tables below.

Consonants

[edit]
Consonants[8][9]
LabialDentalPostalveolar/
Palatal		VelarUvularPharyngealGlottal
Nasalm⟨m⟩n⟨n⟩
Plosivevoiceless lenisp⟨p⟩t⟨t⟩k⟨k⟩q⟨q⟩ʔ⟨ʔ⟩
voicelessfortispː⟨pp⟩tː⟨tt⟩kː⟨kk⟩qː⟨qq⟩
voicedb⟨b⟩d⟨d⟩ɡ⟨g⟩
ejectivepʼ⟨p'⟩tʼ⟨t'⟩kʼ⟨k'⟩
Affricatevoiceless lenist͡s⟨c⟩t͡ʃ⟨ç⟩k͡x⟨kx⟩3q͡χ⟨x̂⟩
voicelessfortist͡sː⟨cc⟩t͡ʃː⟨çç⟩
voicedd͡ʒ⟨j⟩
ejectivet͡sʼ⟨c'⟩t͡ʃʼ⟨ç'⟩q͡χʼ⟨q'⟩
Fricativevoicelessf⟨f⟩s⟨s⟩ʃ⟨ş⟩x⟨kh⟩2χ⟨x⟩ħ⟨hh⟩4h⟨h⟩
voicedv⟨v⟩z⟨z⟩ʒ⟨z̧⟩1ɣ⟨gh⟩2ʁ⟨ğ⟩ʕ⟨ʕ⟩4
Trillr⟨r⟩
Approximantl⟨l⟩j⟨y⟩w⟨w⟩

1 The cedilla in the orthography is in themiddle of the bottom of the <z>, as is typical of Russian linguistics.

2 Kh and gh are rare.

3 Kx is very rare.

4 The pharyngeal sounds mostly appear inArabicloanwords.

Vowels

[edit]

[8]Khinalug has nine vowels and fourdiphthongs.

FrontBack
unroundedroundedunroundedrounded
Highi⟨i⟩y⟨ü⟩ɯ⟨ı⟩u⟨u⟩
Mide⟨e⟩ø⟨ö⟩o⟨o⟩
Lowæ⟨ə⟩a⟨a⟩

Diphthongs include: [iu] [ui] [oe] [oa].

Alphabet

[edit]
Khinalug Cyrillic alphabet
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637
АА̃АьБВГГъГӀГӀвДДжДзЕЕ̃ЖЗИИ̃ЙККвКкКхКхвКхкхКъвКьКьӀКӀКӀвЛЛъМНОО̃Оь
аа̃аьбвггъгӀгӀвддждзее̃жзии̃йкквкккхкхвкхкхкъвкькьӀкӀкӀвллъмноо̃оь
38394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374
ППвПӀРСТТтТӀТӀвТӀтӀУУ̃УьФХХъХъвХьХӀӀӀъЦЦвЦцЦӀЦӀвЧЧчЧӀЧӀвШШвЪЫЭӘӘ̃
ппвпӀрсттттӀтӀвтӀтӀуу̃уьфххъхъвхьхӀӀӀъццвцццӀцӀвччччӀчӀвшшвъыэәә̃

The version below was created by scientists from Frankfurt University[clarification needed] in 2013, following research into Khinalug phonology by Moscow specialists.[10]

Khinalug Latin alphabet (2013)
abcçĉċdeəf
gğĝhĥḣxx̂ıi̇
jkk̂k̇qq̂q̇lmn
oöpp̂ṗrsŝşt
t̂ṫuüvyzẑż

Kibrik's alphabet from above is presented again, this time in table form.[8]

A aB bC cCc ccC' c'Ç çÇç ççÇ' ç'Ə əF f
G gGh ghĞ ğH hHh hhİ iI ıJ jK kKk kk
K' k'Kh khKx kxL lM mN nO oÖ öP pPp pp
P' p'Q qQq qqQ' q'R rS sŞ şT tTt ttT' t'
U uÜ üV vX xY yZ zZ̧ z̧ʕ

Vocabulary

[edit]

The following words werephonetically transcribed from Khinalug:[11]

Khinalug singularKhinalug pluralTranslation
arhazarhazırdırpen (enclosure for livestock)
c’imirc’imirdirsparrow
izinizindirgingiva
kırabkırabırdırgaloshes
mısırmısırdırrope
nek’idnek’idirdirback
t’uk’unt’uk’undurcheek
t’umbolt’umboldurprune
ustotustoturdurpepper
ustulustuldurtable
dalıgdalιgιrdιrwork
culozculozurdurtooth
jalkanjalkandιrmane
kotukkotukurdurtree stump
mektebmektebirdirschool (compare:maktab)
mizermizerdirtextile

Note: ı is roughly pronounced as thee in "fallen". u is roughly pronounced as theou in "coup".

Audio samples

[edit]
Recording by Kamal Kabir-oglu Khasammadov ofWilliam Shakespeare’sRomeo and Juliet, 2.2.2–3
Khinalug (phonetic):
Iylesh toxun, ment’ekhiyly talashpy chshyi yaza?
De inq’qalsh me Juliet’dam inq’me.		English:
But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.
Recording by Kamal Kabir-oglu Khasammadov of Shakespeare’sHamlet, 3.1.57 & 84
Khinalug (phonetic):
Tagvual sam Tagondaval lishirji deme […]
De kin k’ulluqurval, kin bitiyn inqxer kir me.		English:
To be, or not to be, that is the question […]
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all.
Recording by Kamal Kabir-oglu Khasammadov of Shakespeare’sSonnet 36, ll.1–2
Khinalug (phonetic):
Yaxe chkne yem, kin djyre kotka djmin
q’iq’aly djyresh konde mheppetysh saj me.		English:
Let me confess that we two must be twain,
Although our undivided loves are one[.]
Recording by Kamal Kabir-oglu Khasammadov ofa line fromGiuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa’sThe Leopard
Khinalug (phonetic):
Djym q’yy kin yag’yqalm Chendj kui ukkoetti q’yy, kin hoz shyspqrt koa.		English:
If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Khinalug atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^abcClifton, John M.; Deckinga, Gabriela; Lucht, Laura; Mak, Janfer; Tiessen, Calvin (2005).The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Khinalug In Azerbaijan (Report). Archived fromthe original on 2014-09-07.
  3. ^Family tree of Northeast Caucasian languages at Ethnologue
  4. ^Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
  5. ^UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in DangerArchived 2009-02-22 at theWayback Machine
  6. ^Schulze, Wolfgang (Winter 2003). "Xinalugsko-russkij slovar' [Khinalug-Russian Dictionary] (Faida Abubakarovna Ganieva)".Anthropological Linguistics.45 (4): 450.JSTOR 30028912.The village of Khinalug is difficult to access, although in 1970 a road was constructed that links the village and the regional center. Nevertheless, the road is by now in very bad shape. As a result, a renewed tendency towards partial isolation of Khinalug can be observed.
  7. ^Ivchenko, Valery (September 4, 2006)."Забытый в горах Кетш – Forgotten in the mountains of Qetsh".Vokrug sveta. Archived fromthe original on 17 Mar 2023.
  8. ^abcKodzasov, S.V., et al., 2007.Khinalug language alphabet (in: Russian).
  9. ^Khvtisiashvili, Tamrika (2013).Principal aspects of Xinaliq phonology and morphosyntax. University of Utah.
  10. ^"Alphabet – xinaliq". Archived fromthe original on 3 August 2018.
  11. ^Lubotsky, Alexander; de Vaan, Michiel (2010).Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift: Breinbrekers uit alle talen [From Sanskrit to Cuneiform: Brain teasers from all languages] (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 12,58–59.ISBN 978-9089641793. Archived fromthe original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved30 April 2016.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Desheryev, Ju. D. (1959).Grammatika xinalugskogo jazyka. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.
  • Hewitt, George (2004).Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus. Munich: LINCOM. p. 29.
  • Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1972).Fragmenty grammatiki xinalugskogo jazyka. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta.
  • Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1994). "Khinalug". In Smeets, Rieks (ed.).The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus. Vol. 4. Delmar, NY: Caravan Books. pp. 367–406.
  • Khvisiashvili, Tamrika (2013).(Accessed 2024-11-18)Principal Aspects of Xinaliq Phonology and Morphosyntax (PhD dissertation). The Language Archive: University of Utah.{{cite book}}:Check|url= value (help)

External links

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