Kharkiv Oblast (Ukrainian:Харківська область,romanized: Kharkivska oblast,Russian:Харьковская область,romanized: Kharkovskaya oblast), also referred to asKharkivshchyna (Ukrainian:Харківщина), is anoblast (province) in easternUkraine.
The oblast is the third-most populous of Ukraine, with a population of 2,598,961 in 2021, more than half (1.42 million) of whom live in the city ofKharkiv, the oblast'sadministrative center.[3]
Most of Ukraine's oblasts are named after theircapital cities, officially called "oblast centers" (Ukrainian:обласний центр,translit.oblasnyi tsentr). The name of each oblast is arelativeadjective, formed by adding a femininesuffix to the name of respective center city:Kharkiv is the center of theKharkivs’ka oblast’ (Kharkiv Oblast). Most oblasts are also sometimes referred to in a feminine noun form, following the convention of traditional regional place names, ending with the suffix "-shchyna", as is the case with the Kharkiv Oblast,Kharkivshchyna.
Starved people on the street during theHolodomor in Kharkiv, 1933
During theSoviet administrative reform of 1923–1929, theKharkov Governorate was abolished in 1925 leaving its fiveokruhas: Okhtyrka (originally Bohodukhiv), Izium, Kupiansk, Sumy, and Kharkiv. Introduced in the Soviet Union in 1923, a similar subdivisions existed in Ukraine back in 1918. In 1930 all okruhas were also abolished withraions becoming the first level of subdivision of Ukraine until 1932.
The modern Kharkiv Oblast was established on 27 February 1932. In the summer of 1932, some parts of the oblast were included in the newly createdDonetsk Oblast originally centered inArtemivsk (later inStalino). Then in the fall, some territories of the Kharkiv Oblast were used in the creation ofChernihiv Oblast. More territories became part ofPoltava Oblast in fall of 1937 andSumy Oblast in winter of 1939.
During theHolodomor the population of the Kharkiv Oblast together with Kyiv Oblast suffered the most. DuringWorld War II, it was the site of large Soviet massacres of Poles (Piatykhatky) and German massacres of Jews (Drobytsky Yar). The region saw major fighting during World War II in severalBattles of Kharkov between 1941 and 1943.
During the1991 referendum, 86.33% of votes in Kharkiv Oblast were in favor of theDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine. A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found 4.2% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 71.5% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond.[7]
Following theEuromaidan, there waspro-Russian unrest in the region, and central government buildings were taken over by separatists in a failed attempt to create a separatist 'Kharkov's People's Republic'.[8] The region also became a very popular destination for refugees from theRussian-occupiedDonetsk andLuhansk Oblast regions.[8]
In early September 2022, the Ukrainian military commenced acounteroffensive in the region. Several settlements in the region were recaptured from Russian control.[10] By 10 September 2022, Ukraine had recapturedKupiansk andIzium.[10] On 11 September, Russia had retreated from many of the settlements it previously occupied in the oblast[11] and the Russian Ministry of Defense announced a formal withdrawal of Russian forces from most of Kharkiv Oblast stating that an "operation to curtail and transfer troops" was underway."[12][13] By 12 September 2022, as the Russian front lines in Kharkiv Oblast continued to collapse, Ukrainian forces had managed to push back to the northeastern border with Russia in some areas of the region.[14][15] By 3 October 2022, Russian forces had almost completely withdrawn from Kharkiv Oblast.[16][17] As of 2023, fighting continues in the easternmost parts of the oblast in theBattle of the Svatove–Kreminna line.[18] In May 2024, Russia launched arenewed offensive in northern Kharkiv Oblast, however the frontline stabilised shortly after and has remained at a halt since, with only marginal advances reported.[19] In late 2024, amidst aRussian offensive in Donetsk Oblast and aUkrainian offensive into Russia’s Kursk Oblast, Russian forcesstarted new offensive operations in eastern Kharkiv Oblast, with the aim of recrossing the Oskil river and capturingKupiansk.[20]
Kharkiv Oblast is administratively subdivided into sevenraions.[5] Prior to the 2020 administrative reform, there were 25 raions,[5] and also seven cities (municipalities) that were directly subordinate to the oblast government (Chuhuiv,Izium,Kupiansk,Liubotyn,Lozova,Pervomaiskyi, and the administrative center of the oblast,Kharkiv).
The Kharkiv oblast has a primarily industrial economy, includingengineering,metallurgy,manufacturing, production of chemicals andfood processing. It also has an importantagricultural sector with 19,000 square kilometres of arable land (comprising 5.9% of the total arable lands of Ukraine). Agricultural production grew substantially in 2015.[24]
Also in Kharkiv is the airplane plant for space controlling systems. It is a major center for all branches of engineering, from large-scale manufacture to microelectronics. Also situated in Kharkiv Oblast is a gas field, which is one of the biggest in Ukraine.
The Kharkiv Oblast has an undeveloped transport network, 60% of the total transportation falls on the part of therail transport. At the end of 2020, the operational life of the salivary lines of the gas station on the territory of the Kharkiv region was 1520 km.[25]
Kharkiv Salvage University serves 10 million passengers on the river,road transport, sedation, buses - about 12 million. The largest salvage stations areIzium,Kupiansk,Liubotyn,Lozova.
In the Kharkiv Oblast, in 2019, 31.4878 million passengers traveled through travel transport services, or 96.5% of the total in 2018.[26]
The most important highways that pass through the region:Kharkiv-Moscow, Kharkiv-Simferopol, Kharkiv-Rostov-on-Don, Kharkiv-Poltava. The total length of highways in the past is more than 9.7 thousand km, of which 97.5% are on hard surfaces.[27] The length of the autoshlyakh of the sovereign venue in the Kharkiv Oblast is 2343.9 km, including 617.4 km - the MITERNINI, 108.2 km - National Monalni, 639.1 km - regions, 979.2 km - Teritorialne. On highways of national importance in the region there are 242 bridges with a total length of 1316.3 linear meters. m.[28]
Kharkiv airport serves domestic and international airlines, mainly engaged in passenger transportation.[29]
In 2020, 104,900 people aged 15–70 worked in the education sector of the Kharkiv region, or 8.7% of the total number of people employed in the region's economy.[31]
At the end of 2020, there were 753 preschool education institutions in the region (11 more institutions compared to 2019), designed for 79.7 thousand places. The number of their pupils was 74,100 children (3,400 less than in 2019).[32]
At the beginning of the 2020/21 academic year, there were 734 institutions of general secondary education in Kharkiv region, 258,800 students studied in them and 22,700 teachers (including part-time teachers) worked in them. In 2020, 14,300 graduates received a certificate of complete general secondary education.[33]
At the end of 2020, there were 39 institutions of professional (vocational and technical) education in the region, in which 13,700 people studied.
At the beginning of the 2020/21 academic year, there were 55 institutions of higher education in the region, and 124,200 people studied in them. In 2020, higher education institutions of the region accepted 29,800 people to study, and graduated 44,000 specialists. Postgraduate students were trained by 55 institutions of higher education and scientific institutions, in which 3,400 postgraduate students received their education. 5.6 thousand people obtained professional preliminary education in 8 educational institutions. More than 19,000 scientific, scientific-pedagogical and pedagogical workers worked in institutions of higher and professional pre-higher education.[34]
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