The capital city of Khakassia isAbakan, and the region covers an area of about 61,900 square kilometres (23,900 sq mi). The population of Khakassia is approximately 537,000 people, with the majority of the population living in urban areas.
The region is known for its natural beauty, with numerous rivers, lakes, and mountains. TheKhakassky Nature Reserve is located in the region, and it is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including brown bears, wolves, and sable. The region is also known for its traditional crafts, such as woodworking and embroidery, and for its traditional festivals and celebrations.
On July 3, 1991, the region was transformed into an autonomous republic within the RSFSR. It has had its current name since the beginning of 1992.
The republic is located in the southwestern part of EasternSiberia and bordersKrasnoyarsk Krai in the north and east, theTuva Republic in the southeast and south, theAltai Republic in the south and southwest, andKemerovo Oblast in the west and northwest. It stretches for 460 kilometers (290 mi) from north to south and for 200 kilometers (120 mi) from east to west. Mountains (eastern slopes ofKuznetsk Alatau and theAbakan Range) cover two-thirds of the republic's territory and serve as the natural boundaries of the republic. The highest point isKyzlasov Peak. The remaining territory is flat, with theMinusinsk Hollow being the most prominent feature. TheYenisei is the largest river in the republic. Other significant rivers include theAbakan,Tom’,Bely Iyus,Black Iyus, and theChulym (between the Yenisei and the eastern mountains), with all except the Abakan part of theOb river basin. There are over three hundred lakes in the republic, both salt- and fresh-water. The climate is continental, with the average annual temperature of 0 °C (32 °F). Natural resources are abundant and include iron, gold, silver, coal, oil, and natural gas.Molybdenum deposits are the largest in Russia. Forests cover the south and the west of the republic.
The territory of modern Khakassia formed the core of theYenisei Kirghiz state from the 6th century AD. In the 13th century, following defeat by theMongols, the majority of the Kyrgyz people migrated southwest toCentral Asia to the area of present-dayKyrgyzstan. ModernKhakas people regard themselves as the descendants of those Kyrgyz who remained inSiberia. Khakassia was incorporated into the Russian state underPeter the Great (r. 1682–1725).[15]This incorporation was confirmed in a treaty—theTreaty of Burya [ru]—between Russia and China in 1729. As it was common to deport convicted criminals fromEuropean Russia to Siberia, forts were quickly constructed in Khakassia (1707 and 1718). Many prisoners remained even after release. Many of the indigenous Khakas people converted to theRussian Orthodox faith and gradually abandoned their nomadic way of life.
By the time of the1917 Russian Revolution, Russians made up approximately half of the population. UnderSoviet rule, autonomy was granted on 20 October 1930, when theKhakas Autonomous Oblast was established. The borders of the autonomous oblast are the same as the borders of the modern Khakas Republic.
During the 1920s and 1930s, the Soviet authorities resettled an estimated quarter of a million Russians in the region. These were followed by 10,000Volga Germansdeported duringWorld War II. By the time of the 1959 Census, ethnic Khakas people represented little more than 10% of the population of the Khakas oblast.
Until 1991, the Khakas Autonomous Oblast was administratively subordinated toKrasnoyarsk Krai. In July 1991, it was elevated in status to that ofAutonomous Soviet socialist republic within theRSFSR, and in February 1992 it became the Republic of Khakassia.
The highest legal act of the region is the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia.[16] It was adopted on 25 May 1995 by the Supreme Council of the Republic.
The highest official of the republic, heading the executive power in the region, is the head of the Republic of Khakassia - the chairman of the government of the Republic of Khakassia. The term of office is 5 years. Since 15 November 2018, this post has been occupied byValentin Konovalov (Communist Party of the Russian Federation).
Legislative power in Khakassia is exercised by the unicameralSupreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia, consisting of 50 deputies elected by a mixed electoral system: 25 by party lists and 25 by single-member districts. TheUnited Russia faction makes up an absolute majority in the region's parliament (35 seats, 70%). The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the current VII convocation, elected in 2018, isVladimir Shtygashev.
In theFederation Council, the region is represented by a member of theCPRF, SenatorValery Usatyuk, from the executive branch (since November 2018) and a member of United Russia, SenatorAlexander Zhukov, from the legislative branch (since March 2019).
In 2007, the republic recorded a positive natural increase of population for the first time in many years (Although very small, less than +0.01% per year), being one of the 20 Russian regions to have a positive natural population growth rate.[20][21][22]
According to the 2021 Russian Census,[23] ethnicRussians make up 82.1% of the republic's population, while the ethnicKhakas are only 12.7%. Other groups includeethnic Germans (0.7%),Tuvans (0.5%),Ukrainians (0.4%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
18,689 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24]
The road network is most developed around the major cities of the centre, west, and southwest.Federal highway R-257 runs through Khakassia. Other major highways include the regional highway A161 south from R-257 in Abakan along the Abakan valley to Abaza and across the mountains to Ak-Dovurak (Tuva). The most developed sections of roads are Abakan -Sayanogorsk, Abakan - Beya, Abakan - Abaza, Abakan - Sorsk, Bograd - Shira - Kopyevo, and Kopyevo - Priiskovy.Roads to other smaller settlements are mainly dirt roads, although they are currently being replaced with a hard surface.
663 km of railways, electrified from Abakan to Kaltas. Other non-electrified sections are Tigey - Kopievo, Askiz - Abaza, Biskamzha - Toya.
The section of the Tigey-Kopyёvo railway and further to Uzhur, Achinsk connects two railway arteries: theTrans-Siberian Railway and Yuzhsib (South-Siberian: Taishet - Abakan - Novokuznetsk - Artyshta - Barnaul - Kulunda - Pavlodar - Astana - Tobol - Kartaly - Magnitogorsk). In addition to Abakan, the central station is Biskamzha. The city of Sayanogorsk is connected to the railway network through the station Kamyshta.
Airports:Abakan International Airport has regular flights to Moscow, Norilsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk.
^Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
^Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
^Anderson, David G. (11 January 2013) [1998]. "Living in a subterranean landscape: identity politics in post-Soviet Khakassia". In Bridger, Sue; Pine, Frances (eds.).Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Routledge Studies of Societies in Transition (reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 55.ISBN9781135107154. Retrieved30 November 2022.After [the fall of the Kyrgyz state] to the Mongols at the end of the thirteenth century, the pastoralists of the Saya-Altai depression controlled a much more modest regional economy of trade with surrounding peoples until the arrival of Russian Cossacks in the eighteenth century [...].
Верховный Совет Республики Хакасия. №45 25 мая 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Хакасия», в ред. Конституционного закона №19-ЗРХ от 8 апреля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Хакасия». Вступил в силу 30 июня 1995 г. Опубликован: "Вестник Хакасии", №25, 1995. (Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia. #45 May 25, 1995Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia, as amended by the Constitutional Law #19-ZRKh of April 8, 2015On Amending the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia. Effective as of June 30, 1995.).
Верховный Совет РСФСР. Закон №1539-I от 1923 г. «О порядке преобразования Адыгейской, Горно-Алтайской, Карачаево-Черкесской и Хакасской автономных областей в Советские Социалистические Республики в составе РСФСР». (Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Law #1539-I of 3 July 1923On the Process of Transformation of Adyghe, Mountain Altai, Karachay-Cherkess, and Khakass Autonomous Oblasts into Soviet Socialist Republics Within the RSFSR. ).
Верховный Совет Республики Хакасия. Закон №06-ЗРХ от 11 февраля 2015 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Хакасия». Вступил в силу 14 февраля 2015 г. Опубликован: "Хакасия", №26, 14 февраля 2015 г. (Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia. Law #06-ZRKh of 11 February 2015On the State Anthem of the Republic of Khakassia. Effective as of 14 February 2015.).
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