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Kgalagadi language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sotho–Tswana language of southern Botswana

Kgalagadi
Kalahari
SheKgalagadi
Native to	Botswana
Ethnicity	Kgalagadi
Native speakers	65,400 (2015)^[1]
Language family	Niger-Congo Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Southern Bantu Sotho–Tswana Kgalagadi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`xkv`
Glottolog	`kgal1244`
Guthrie code	`S.311 (ex-S.31d)`^[2]
ELP	Kgalagadi
Linguasphere	`incl. varieties 99-AUT-eha to 99-AUT-ehc 99-AUT-eh incl. varieties 99-AUT-eha to 99-AUT-ehc`

Kgalagadi is aBantu language spoken inBotswana, along theSouth African border. It is spoken by about 40,000 people.^[3] In the language, it is known asShekgalagari.

Classification

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Kgalagadi (also renderedKgalagari, Kgalagarhi, Kgalagari, Khalagari, Khalakadi, Kxhalaxadi, Qhalaxarzi, Shekgalagadi, Shekgalagari, Kqalaqadi) is most closely related toTswana, and until recently was classified as a dialect ofTswana.^[2]

Dialects includeShengologa, Sheshaga, Shebolaongwe, Shelala, Shekhena, Sheritjhauba andShekgwatheng.

Phonology

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Vowels

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	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e ~ɪ		o ~ʊ
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Close-mid vowels /e, o/ are frequently heard as near-close sounds [ɪ, ʊ] among speakers in free variation.

Consonants

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		Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar	Uvular	Glottal
		Labial	Dental	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t̪					c	cʷ	k	q
	aspirated	pʰ	t̪ʰ					cʰ	cʰʷ	kʰ	qʰ
	voiced	b	d̪					ɟ		g
Affricate	voiceless			t͡s	t͡sʷ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʷ
	aspirated			t͡sʰ	t͡sʰʷ	t͡ʃʰ	t͡ʃʰʷ
	voiced			(d͡z)		d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless			s		ʃ	ʃʷ				χ	h
Fricative	voiced			z		ʒ	ʒʷ					(ɦ)
Nasal		m	(n̪)	n				ɲ		ŋ
Trill				r
Approximant				l				j		w

Click sounds /ʘ, ǀ, ǀŋ, ǃŋ/ are also said to occur, but mostly in rare cases.^[4]
A voiceless trill [r̥] may also occur phonemically among dialects, and may also be pronounced as breathy [r̤] in intervocalic positions.
/r/ may also be heard as a flap [ɾ].
/n/ may also be heard as [n̪] in free variation, or when preceding dental stops.
/qʰ/ may also be heard as [q͡χʰ] in free variation.
Lateral affricates [t͡ɬ, t͡ɬʰ] may occur from loanwords.^[5]
Sounds /z, ʒ/ can be pronounced in free variation as affricates [d͡z, d͡ʒ] in the Bolaongwe dialect.
/h/ can be heard as voiced [ɦ] when in intervocalic positions.^[6]

Notes and references

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^"Kgalagadi".Ethnologue. Retrieved14 August 2018.
^^a ^bJouni Filip Maho, 2009.New Updated Guthrie List Online
^Kgalagadi language atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^Solé, Maria-Josep; Hyman, Larry M.; Monaka, Kemmonye C. (2009). "More on Post-nasal Devoicing: The Case of Shekgalagari".UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report.5:299–320.doi:10.5070/P70gk0g18d.eISSN 2768-5047.
^Lukusa, Stephen T. M.; Kemmonye, C. Monaka (2008).Shekgalagari grammar: A descriptive analysis of the language and its vocabulary. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society.OCLC 391963723.
^Dickens, Patrick J. (1986).Qhalaxarzi phonology(PDF) (MA thesis). University of the Witwatersrand.

Kgalagadi language test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

NarrowBantu languages (Zones N–S) (byGuthrie classification)

Zone N

N10	N11Manda N12Ngoni N13Matengo N14Mpoto N15Tonga [N101Ndendeule N102Nindi N121Ngoni of Malawi
N20	N21Tumbuka [N201Mwera of Mbamba Bay
N30	N31aNyanja N31bCewa N31cManganja
N40	N41Nsenga N42Kunda N43Nyungwe N44Sena N45[44]Rue N46[44]Podzo [N441Sena-Malawi

Zone P

P10	P11Ndengereko P12Ruihi P13Matumbi P14Ngindo P15Mbunga
P20	P21Yao P22Mwera P23Makonde P24Ndonde P25Mabiha
P30	P31Makua P32Lomwe P33Ngulu P34Cuabo [P311Koti P312Sakati P331Lomwe of Malawi P341Moniga

Zone R

R10	R11Umbundu R12Ndombe R13Nyaneka R14Khumbi [R101Kuvale R102Kwisi R103Mbali
R20	R21Kwanyama R22Ndonga R23Kwambi R24Ngandyera [R211Kafima R212Evale R213Mbandja R214Mbalanhu R215Ndongwena R216Kwankwa R217Dombondola R218Esinga R241Kwaluudhi R242Kolonkadhi-Eunda
R30	R31Herero [R311North-West Herero R312Botswana Herero
R40	R41Yei

Zone S

S10	S11Korekore S12Zezuru S13aManyika S13bTebe S14Karanga S15Ndau S16Kalanga
S20	S21Venda
S30	S31aTswana S31bKgatla S31cNgwatu S31d[311]Khalaxadi S32aPedi S32bLobedu S33Sotho [S301Phalaborwa S302Kutswe S303Pai S304Pulana
S40	S41Xhosa S42Zulu S43Swati S44(Northern) Ndebele [S401Old Mfengu S402Bhaca S403Hlubi S404Phuthi S405Nhlangwini S406Lala S407South Ndebele S408Sumayela Ndebele
S50	S51Tswa S52[53]Gwamba S53Tsonga S54Ronga [S511Hlengwe
S60	S61Copi S62Tonga [S611Lenge

Italics indicateextinct languages.
Languages between parentheses arevarieties of the language on their left.

TheGuthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.

Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates: Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)

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